Hintergrund und Ziele: Das Krankheitsbild der Depression gehört zu den häufigsten psychischen Erkrankungen. Als Therapieoptionen stehen in erster Linie Antidepressiva der verschiedensten Klassen und unterschiedliche Formen der Psychotherapie zur Verfügung (Möller, Laux et al. 2015). Trotz allem gibt es jedoch immer wieder Patienten, die trotz intensiver Therapiebemühungen keine Besserung zeigen. Neben der Elektrokonvulsions-therapie (EKT) als Gold-Standard bietet hier die Vagusnervstimulation (VNS) in vielen Ländern bereits ein zugelassenes Verfahren zur Behandlung sogenannter therapie-refraktärer Depressionen. Das Problem besteht allerdings im Verlauf des N. vagus, da dieser im Halsbereich nur schwer in einem operativen Verfahren zugänglich ist und er hier mit anderen lebenswichtigen Strukturen gemeinsam verläuft (Benninghoff, Drenckhahn et al. 2008). Dies macht eine Therapie nicht ganz ungefährlich. Allerdings gibt der N. vagus einen Hautast ab, der Teile des äußeren Gehörganges (insbesondere den Tragus), sensibel versorgt. Im Jahr 2000 schlug Ventureyra erstmals die Möglichkeit vor, diesen Ramus auricularis n. vagi als alternativen Zugangsweg zum Hals zu nutzen (Ventureyra 2000). Wenig später gelang es Fallgatter und Kollegen erstmals, durch elektrische Stimulation in diesem Innervationsgebiet somatosensibel evozierte Potentiale des N. vagus (VSEP) an der Schädelkalotte abzuleiten (Fallgatter, Neuhauser et al. 2003). Hierbei konnte in Einzelfällen gezeigt werden, dass nur an dieser Stelle diese Potentiale evoziert werden können, nicht jedoch an anderen Stellen des Ohres, die größtenteils vom N. trigeminus innerviert werden (Benninghoff, Drenckhahn et al. 2008). Dieser Vorbefund sollte in dieser Studie in einer Subgruppenanalyse an 10 Probanden überprüft werden. Darüber hinaus stellte sich die Frage, ob durch transkutane Stimulation des Hautastes eine ähnliche gute klinische Verbesserung bei Depressionen wie bei konventioneller VNS, möglich ist. Ziel dieser Studie war es zu untersuchen, ob über diesen alternativen Zugangsweg der VNS am Ohr positive Effekte auf affektive Parameter ähnlich denen der konventionellen VNS bei depressiven Patienten zu erzielen sind. Die Hypothese dabei lautete, dass nach der VNS ein stimmungsaufhellender Effekt zu sehen ist, während man bei der ausschließlichen Stimulation des N. trigeminus an den übrigen Stellen des Ohres keinen antidepressiven Effekt sieht. Für viele Patienten wäre es eine Erleichterung, wenn man künftig die Möglichkeit einer einfachen Therapieform zur unterstützenden Behandlung von therapierefraktären Depressionen hätte. Methoden: Hierzu wurden 50 Patienten aus der Universitätsklinik für Psychiatrie, Psychosomatik und Psychotherapie des Universitätsklinikums Würzburg, die unter unipolarer oder bipolarer Depressionen leiden rekrutiert. Jeder Patient wurde jeweils 20 Minuten sowohl im Innervationsgebiet des Vagus als auch an einer Stelle, welche rein vom Trigeminus innerviert wird, stimuliert. Die Reihenfolge der Stimulation erfolgte randomisiert, so dass der Patient nicht wusste, welche Stimulation er als erstes erhält. Jeweils vor und nach jeder Stimulation wurde der Proband mittels visueller Analogskala bezüglich affektiver Parameter befragt. 30 Patienten wurden kontinuierlich über 20 Minuten stimuliert, während 20 Patienten pulsatil dergestalt stimuliert wurden, dass immer nach 5 Minuten eine Stimulationspause von 30 Sekunden folgte, damit wieder ein neuer Reiz gesetzt werden konnte. Bei 10 Patienten wurden zusätzlich noch evozierte Potentiale sowohl bei transkutaner Vagusnervstimulation, als auch bei Kontrollstimulation im Innervationsgebiet des N. trigeminus, abgeleitet. Ergebnisse und Beobachtungen: Zusammenfassend kann man sagen, während sich unter kontinuierlichen Stimulationsbedingungen keine signifikanten Ergebnisse zeigten, fühlten sich die Probanden unter pulsatilen Stimulationsbedingungen nach der Versuchsstimulation signifikant fröhlicher (t(38)= 5,24; p< 0,001), optimistischer (t(38)= 3,28; p= 0,002) und schätzten ihr allgemeines Empfinden danach besser ein (t(38)= 3,50; p= 0,001). Daher ist in künftigen Studien die pulsatile Stimulationsart der kontinuierlichen vorzuziehen. Keinen Einfluss hingegen schienen die Stimulationen auf die Vigilanz zu nehmen. Bei der Auswertung der evozierten Potentiale zeigte sich, dass die Amplitude P1-N1 in Ableitung FzF3 bei Kontrollstimulation signifikant kleiner als bei Versuchsstimulation war (t(9)= 3,13; p= 0,012). Darüber hinaus war die Amplitude im Schnitt immer unter Kontrollstimulation kleiner, als bei Versuchsstimulation. Für die Amplitude P1-N1 in Ableitung C3F3 war hierfür ebenfalls ein Trend zu sehen (t(9)= 1,85; p= 0,097). Auffallend war auch, dass die Latenzen P1, N1 und P2 sehr oft im Schnitt bei Kontrollstimulation verlängert waren. Die Latenz an Punkt P1 in Ableitung C3F3 war hier sogar bei Kontrollstimulation signifikant länger, als bei Versuchsstimulation (t(9)= -2,37; p= 0,042). Praktische Schlussfolgerungen: In Ansätzen konnte gezeigt werden, dass die Versuchsstimulation am Tragus ein anderes Potential auf Hirnstammebene generiert als die Kontrollstimulation am Ohrläppchen. Während sich bei kontinuierlicher Stimulationsart keine signifikanten Ergebnisse zeigten, fühlten sich die Probanden nach pulsatiler Vagusnervstimulation signifikant fröhlicher, optimistischer und schätzten ihr allgemeines Empfinden besser ein. Nur auf die Vigilanz scheint die pulsatile VNS keinen Einfluss zu nehmen. Gerade die pulsatile VNS zeigt vielversprechende Ergebnisse und sollte in künftigen Studien näher untersucht und der kontinuierlichen Stimulationsart vorgezogen werden. Natürlich sind noch intensivere Studien notwendig, trotzdem besteht aufgrund der Ergebnisse die Hoffnung, die transkutane VNS in Zukunft zur unterstützenden Therapie bei der Depressionsbehandlung einsetzen zu können. / Backgrounds and aims: The clinical picture of depression is one of the most common mental diseases. Antidepressants of various kinds as well as different forms of psychotherapy are available (Möller, Laux et al. 2015). In spite of this, there are consistently encountered patients who do not respond positively to these intensive efforts of therapy. In addition to the electro-convulsion therapy (ECT) as the gold-standard, the vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) already offers a permitted method of treatment for so-called therapy-refractory depressions. However, the run of the Vagus nerve turns out to be problematic in the way that it is only accessible with difficulties and by means of a surgical intervention at the neck. At that exact place it also runs parallel to other crucial structures so that a therapy entails severe risks (Benninghoff, Drenckhahn et al. 2008). Prior to passing through the base of the skull via the Foramen jugulare, the N. vagus does however yield a cutaneous branch which sensitively supplies parts of the outer auditory canal (the tragus in particular). In 2000, Ventureyra for the first time proposed the possibility to use this Ramus auricularis n. vagi as an alternative access path to the neck (Ventureyra 2000). Slightly afterwards, Fallgatter and colleagues unprecedentedly succeeded in deriving somatosensitive evoked potentials of the N. vagus (VSEP) at the calvarium by the use of electrical stimulation (Fallgatter, Neuhauser et al. 2003). By doing so, it could be shown in individual cases that at this place only these potentials can be evoked in contrast to other areas of the ear, which are predominantly innervated by the N. trigeminus (Benninghoff, Drenckhahn et al. 2008). This initial finding was to be checked in the context of an analysis of a subgroup comprising ten probands. The question was now whether by stimulation of the cutaneous branch, a similarly sound clinical improvement as observed in conventional VNS was possible. The aim of the study was to examine this alternative path of access of VNS at the ear more closely regarding a possibly mood-lifting effect on depressive patients. The corresponding hypothesis says that after the VNS a mood-lifting effect can be observed, whereas no anti-depressive effect becomes visible in the case of exclusive stimulation of the N. trigeminus at the other parts of the ear. For many patients it would constitute a relief, if there was the possibility of a simple form of therapy to support the treatment of therapy-refractory depressions in the future. Methods: For the subgroup analysis, 50 patients of the Department of Psychiatry at the University of Wuerzburg suffering from unipolar or bipolar depression were recruited. Each patient respectively was stimulated for 20 minutes in the area of innervation of the Vagus as well as in the area which is innerved purely by the Trigeminus. The sequence of stimulation was carried out in a randomized manner, so that the patient did not know which stimulation was received first. The patient was asked to fill out a questionnaire regarding the current feeling prior to as well as after each stimulation. 30 patients were stimulated continuously for a period of 20 minutes, whereas 20 patients were stimulated in pulses in the way that after five minutes there always followed 30 seconds of pause of stimulation, so that a new impulse could be placed. In addition, there were derived evoked potentials from ten patients during transcutaneous vagusnervstimulation and during test stimulation in the area of the innervation of Trigeminus. Results and observations: In summary it is assumed that after continuous stimulation no significant effects turned out. Following the pulsatile test stimulation the probands evaluated their mental state significantly more cheerful (t(38)= 5,24; p< 0,001) and more optimistic (t(38)= 3,28; p= 0,002) and judged their general situation significantly better (t(38)= 3,50; p= 0,001). Therefore pulsatile stimulation is to be preferred to continuous one in future studies. However the stimulations seemed to have no influence on vigilance. Evaluating the evoked potentials it turned out, that amplitude P1-N1 in FzF3 was significantly smaller under control stimulation than under test stimulation (t(9)= 3,13; p= 0,012). Furthermore amplitude under control stimulation was on average always smaller than under test stimulation. For this a trend could be seen for amplitude P1-N1 in C3F3 (t(9)= 1,85; p= 0,097) as well. It was also noticeable that the period of latency of the points P1, N1 and P2 was on average much longer. The period of latency of point P1 in C3F3 was even significantly longer after control stimulation than after test stimulation (t(9)= -2,37; p= 0,042). Conclusion: On a rudimental level, it could be shown that the test stimulation at the tragus generates a different potential at the level of the brain stem than the control simulation at the earlobe. While after continuous stimulation no significant effects turned out, after pulsatile VNS the probands stated to be feeling significantly more cheerful, more optimistic and judged their general situation significantly better. Only vigilance seems to be unaffected by pulsatile VNS. Especially the pulsatile kind of VNS showed promising results and is to be preferred to the continuous one in future studies. Certainly, more intensive studies will be necessary; however the results raise hope that the transcutaneous VNS could be used as a supportive therapy in the context of depression treatment in the future.

No description available.

¡iAbstract¡j Vagal sensory neurons play an important role in the neural control of airway and other visceral organs. Regional distribution of vagal sensory neurons in the vagal ganglia that correspond to different viscera is uncertain. Horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was applied to the right thoracic vagus nerve and recurrent laryngeal nerve to be retrogradely transported to the neurons in vagal nodose and jugular ganglia. Labeling of neuronal cell bodies was visualized with diaminobenzidine reaction. Ricinus communis agglutinin-60 (RCA-60) was injected into the right thoracic vagus nerve and transported retrogradely to cause destruction of the ribosome in the vagal ganglia neuron cell bodies. The magnitude of neurogenic plasma extravasation induced by capsaicin was measured by the area density of the India ink-labeled leaky blood vessels in the trachea and bronchi. The present study demonstrated that there was no distinct localization of HRP- labeled neurons, except at the level of pharyngeal nerve that was connected to the middle of the nodose ganglion. There were approximately 42.2 % of labeled neurons in the nodose ganglion and 30.5 % in the jugular ganglion 3 days after application of HRP in the thoracic vagus nerve. After application of HRP to the recurrent laryngeal nerve, 13.3 % of labeled neurons was found in the nodose ganglion and 8.3 % in the jugular ganglion. One to two weeks after RCA injection into the thoracic vagus nerve, many cell bodies of neurons had a striking degenerative alteration and the cytoplasmic density was markedly reduced. Nissl¡¦s bodies obviously disappeared and vacuoles were the usual feature. Application of RCA-60 also inhibited the neurogenic plasma extravasation in the right bronchial tree that were reduced by 71- 89 %. It is suggested that RCA- 60 selectively destroyed the vagal sensory neurons that innervated the ipsilateral branchial tree. It is concluded that vagal nodose and jugular ganglia supplied different number of sensory neurons to the vagal branches and regulated the physiological function of the visceral organs.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Washington, 2001. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 98-109).

Bibliography: leaves 118-161 / 161 [46] leaves : ill ; 30 cm. / Title page, contents and abstract only. The complete thesis in print form is available from the University Library. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Physiology, 1984

Proefschrift Universiteit van Amsterdam. / Met samenvatting in het Nederlands.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Medicine, 1999. / Additional appendix (5 p.) is pasted onto back end-paper. Bibliography: leaves 219-244.

No description available.

abstract: Electrical nerve stimulation is a promising drug-free technology that could treat a variety of ailments and disorders. Methods like Vagus Nerve Stimulation have been used for decades to treat disorders like epilepsy, and research with non-invasive vagus nerve stimulation has shown similar effects as its invasive counterpart. Non-invasive nerve stimulation methods like vagus nerve stimulation could help millions of people treat and manage various disorders. This study observed the effects of three different non-invasive nerve stimulation paradigms in human participants. The first study analyzed the safety and efficacy of transcutaneous auricular vagal nerve stimulation in healthy humans using a bilateral stimulation protocol with uniquely designed dry-hydrogel electrodes. Results demonstrate bilateral auricular vagal nerve stimulation has significant effects on specific parameters of autonomic activity and is safe and well tolerated. The second study analyzed the effects of non-invasive electrical stimulation of a region on the side of the neck that contains the Great Auricular Nerve and the Auricular Branch of the Vagus Nerve called the tympanomastoid fissure on golf hitting performance in healthy golfers. Results did not show significant effects on hitting performance or physiological activity, but the nerve stimulation had significant effects on reducing state-anxiety and improving the quality of feel of each shot. The third study analyzed the effects of non-invasive nerve stimulation of cervical nerves on the back of the neck on putting performance of yips-affected golfers. Results demonstrated that cervical nerve stimulation had significant effects on improving putting performance but did not have significant effects on physiological activity. Data from these studies show there are potential applications for non-invasive electrical nerve stimulation for healthy and athletic populations. Future research should also examine the effects of these stimulation methods in clinical populations. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Biomedical Engineering 2020

Vagal afferents form the primary gut-to-brain neural axis and are thought to communicate negative feedback signals to the central nervous system to attenuate consummatory behaviors by promoting satiation and possibly satiety. The expansive and fluid nature of the gastrointestinal organs has made it methodologically challenging to decipher the negative feedback signals, and how the signals are disseminated or converged within the central feeding systems. We sought to understand the anatomical relationship and organization between the terminal fields of the peripheral axonal projections and the central axonal projections of gastrointestinal (GI) vagal afferents for clues about what and how information is communicated along the gut-brain axis. Here, we quantified the density and distribution of peripheral and central GI vagal axonal projections in neurotrophin-4 deficient (KO) and control mice. KO mice exhibited a 75 and 55% reduction in small intestinal vagal mucosal afferents, proximally distally, and no significant reduction of mucosal vagal afferents in the stomach, compared to controls. Previous characterization, similarly, reported a >70% reduction in small intestinal vagal muscle afferents and no loss of muscle afferents in the stomach. Centrally, KO mice exhibited an increase in central terminal axonal projections in the medial nucleus tractus solitarius. Our findings support previous hypotheses that neurotrophin-4 exerts an organ-specific regulation of development of gastrointestinal vagal afferents innervation. Furthermore, our findings highlight the dynamic relationship between the peripheral and central axonal projections of vagal afferents.