The study was undertaken to describe, analyze, and evaluate the Fraser Valley Fed Beef Industry in relation to the market requirements in the Lower Mainland and Vancouver Island regions of British Columbia. The information necessary to describe, analyze, and evaluate the industry was acquired by a review of the secondary data sources of the Provincial and Federal government agencies, to acquire industry statistics; a survey by personal interview with the majority of the fed beef producers, to acquire information on management techniques; and a financial analysis of a random sample of the feedlot operations, to provide the parameters on which to evaluate the profitability of investment in the industry. The study indicates that the fed beef market in the above regions has increased some 400 percent since 1951. The British Columbia fed beef industry has increased in size in the above period. However, it still only provides approximately 20 percent of the market requirements; with the Fraser Valley industry providing 82 percent of the British Columbia fed beef production. The balance of the market requirements are met by the importation of fed beef slaughter cattle and carcasses mainly from Alberta and to a lesser extent Saskatchewan. The analysis of the input factor markets indicates that the important resources necessary to produce fed beef are available from within the province although the present practices of the ranch industry in marketing the majority of the feeder cattle and calves in a few months of the year increases the difficulty of realizing optimum use of the feedlot facilities. There exists a significant variability in the sizes and types of operations in the Fraser Valley. The majority of the operations are farm feedlots utilizing by-products and pasture supplemented by the purchase of feeder cattle and feed grains from the interior regions of the Province. The manure produced in the feedlot is an important ingredient for use in the cash crop production on many of the farms located on the heavier soil zones. A few larger commercial feedlots exist within the region although the largest operation has a unit capacity of 2500 head of yearling cattle. The majority of the feedlots use barley as the main energy source although there exists a wide diversity in feedstuff ingredients utilized in the feed ration. A discounted benefit-cost ratio analysis of various types and sizes of feedlots would indicate that capital investment in the industry is undesirable investment opportunity at a after tax discount rate of 10 percent. However, the presence of special circumstances, ensures the continuing presence of the industry on the same scale and a moderate increase in the industry in the future under present institutional and economic policies. / Business, Sauder School of / Graduate

This thesis on some aspects of the community organization method in the expansion of welfare services in the Okanagan Valley, covers the period of five years from 1958 to 1963, during which the writer was resident in Vernon. The thesis is, therefore, by nature a field experiment in observation, with an attempt at a critical analysis of the services secured in the light of accepted methods of community organization. It was a matter of excitement that so many welfare services were secured in that relatively short- space of time, and so many others were explored or initiated; this phenomenon has significance for other areas of the province and, in so far as is known, this type of social reporting has not been carried out elsewhere in British Columbia. A review of the historical background of the Okanagan Valley shows that it is bountifully supplied with the natural elements and resources which made pioneering relatively easy. Fruit growing, lumbering, and, in the early days, trapping, were the main sources of livelihood. The study shows that these have varied to some degree, especially with the phenomenal growth of Tourism, yet the need to develop secondary industries is of prime importance. The social condition of the people reflects the economic, - increasingly the expanded population requires housing, and the old orchards are giving way to new housing subdivisions. An increasingly complex manner of life demands a comparable network of welfare services. This thesis is essentially concerned with how one city In the Okanagan Valley gradually developed a community consciousness toward getting things done by their own efforts. The research method is largely empirical, as the writer was involved in many of the group efforts made by other Vernon citizens, and came away with a great sense of admiration for the degree of sophistication the city achieved. Questionnaires, personal interviews, actual participation and observation, were some of the methods used, and a two year interval has also afforded an opportunity for some retrospection about the validity of the changes which took place. The study finds that, where public welfare-services are unable to fulfil needs, community effort at identifying these unmet needs leads to a richer concept of themselves in groups; they learn to appreciate the peculiar contribution of each other. As Murray Ross believes that the development of true community organization demands "community morale" as much as the ability to identify need, one has searched for ways in which the people of Vernon sought to achieve this morale and self-confidence. Professional involvement in the community is also shown to create an integrated approach to community problems. Better understanding of professional and volunteer function is thus fostered, which in turn creates mutual respect for each other's efforts at solving common problems and filling unmet needs. As communities grow even more complex, it is seen that the contention as made in the September, 1965 brief by the B.C. Association of Social Workers to the Provincial Secretary is justified, that is, that community organisers should be appointed to act as liaison between an advisory council and the body of volunteers, with their professional counterparts at the local level. One could hope for such a professional organizer to serve the needs of Canada's expanding population to the north, thus bringing services to new communities before problems arise, a truly preventive measure. / Arts, Faculty of / Social Work, School of / Graduate

The hypothesis tested in this thesis is that parks in the Lower Fraser Valley are crowded, that visitors perceive this crowding and, as a result, the recreational experience of the visitors has diminished. Cultus Lake and Golden Ears Provincial Parks in the Lower Fraser Valley were chosen as the parks in which the study was to be conducted. Information about perception of crowding and other factors affecting perception was solicited from both campers and day users at the park in the period July-August, 1971. Information was collected through the use of a questionnaire. Several multi-variate data analysis techniques were applied to the resultant data. The object of the analysis was to find out which socio-economic variables were significantly related to perception of crowding and if perception of crowding was related to an objective measure of the environment. The measure was density. In addition, an attempt was made to find out if the traditional concept of user groups is a meaningful way of looking at visitors when perceptions and satisfaction of visitors is the issue being studied. The research analysis revealed that perception of crowding exists to a greater extent among day users than among campers; that perception of crowding was related to density among day users. The analysis further revealed that the traditional concept of user groups, i.e., fishing, hiking, etc., offers little by way of categorizing users when perception is the object of study, since individuals in the same user group perceive crowding differently. The analysis also revealed that there is a need for more intensive research so as to reveal factors significant in influencing perception of crowding in the recreational environment. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Community and Regional Planning (SCARP), School of / Graduate

The Okanagan Valley is the boundary between the Okanagan Metamorphic and Plutonic Complex of the Omenica Belt to the east and the Intermontane Belt to the west. The Okanagan Metamorphic and Plutonic Complex consists of greenschist to amphibolite grade paragneiss and large areas of massive, gneissic, and mylonitic granitic rock. The Intermontane Belt consists of tectonically scrambled late Paleozoic to Triassic eugeosynclinal rocks, intruded by large Jurassic plutons and locally by plutons of mid-Cretaceous age. These are overlain by Eocene non-marine volcanic and sedimentary rocks, capped by fanglomerate breccias and gravity slide megabreccias. The thesis area contains all of these elements. In particular, the mid-Jurassic Oliver pluton is composed of three separate intrusive phases. The oldest phase is a heterogeneous biotite-hornblende diorite, which was intruded by the most extensive phase: a porphyritic biotite granite. The youngest phase is a garnet-muscovite granite. The intrusion of this last phase created the porphyritic biotite granite from an originally more mafic, hornblende bearing granodiorite. The mineralogy of the garnet-muscovite granite suggests that it might be of S-type. Several geochemical plots contradict this and suggests it is a highly evolved I-type magma. Previous geochronometry indicates that the tectonic boundary between the Okanagan Metamorphic and Plutonic Complex and the Intermontane Belt separates: 1) gneisses on the east that consistently yield K-Ar dates of 40-60 Ma, typically 51 Ma for hornblende and 48-50 Ma for biotite, from 2) intrusive rocks on the west that yield Jurassic K-Ar and Rb-Sr dates and Eocene volcanic rocks, erupted largely between 53 and 45 Ma. U-Pb dating of zircons indicates the presence of early Jurassic to mid-Jurassic plutons both east (granite of Anarchist Mtn., 160Ma; gneiss of Osoyoos, 201Ma deformed) and west (Similkameen granodiorite, 170Ma; Olalla Syenite, 18O-190Ma; undeformed) of the Okanagan Valley. East of the Okanagan Valley there are also mylonitic gneisses of Cretaceous age (gneiss of Skaha Lake, 105-120Ma; gneissic sill of Vaseaux Lake, 97Ma), as well as metamorphosed and deformed Eocene intrusives (Rhomb Porphyry, 51Ma). The interpretation is thaL although there are Jurassic plutons and early Mesozoic deformation in both the Okanagan Metamorphic and Plutonic Complex and the Intermontane Belt, there are also Cretaceous and Tertiary intrusive bodies within the Okanagan Metamorphic and Plutonic Complex that have been highly deformed in late Cretaceous to early Tertiary time. Regional geochronometry summarized on time versus blocking temperature graphs emphasizes the large (10 km) and rapid (1-4 mm/yr) unroofing needed to bring the gneisses east of the Okanagan Valley to near surface temperatures in Eocene time. Field evidence for a low angle west dipping detachment fault (Okanagan Valley fault) which juxtaposes brittle disrupted Eocene and older rocks against unannealed mylonitic rocks with Eocene K-Ar dates justifies comparison of the Okanagan Metamorphic and Plutonic Complex with other Cordilleran metamorphic core complexes. / Science, Faculty of / Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, Department of / Graduate

This thesis examines the relationship between water and yield for apples in the Okanagan region of British Columbia. This is accomplished through a model which simulates the water/yield relationship in tree fruits. Two soil types, two rootstocks, and two irrigation systems were included in the simulation. The results of the simulation indicate that Okanagan orchard irrigation water requirements are substantially lower than present irrigation application rates. Using sprinkler irrigation, irrigation requirements for silt-loam soils amounted to 30% of present application rates, while for sand soils 42% of present application rates were required. Trickle irrigation requirements were determined to be 71% of sprinkler requirements for similar yields. / Land and Food Systems, Faculty of / Graduate

This thesis examines four communities in the Lower Fraser Basin (Burnaby, Richmond, Langley and Abbotsford), as a case study for examining the "ecology of environmentalism". I have compared two "low environmentalism" communities (Richmond and Abbotsford), and two which have a significantly larger field of environmental groups (Burnaby and Langley). The research included 43 interviews (37 with leaders of grassroots environmental groups and a mailout questionnaire which was sent to one leader of each of the 71 groups in the four municipalities (64% response rate). Together this research amounts to 82% coverage of all the environmental groups in the four municipalities. Using this data, I argue that the differences between the municipal areas are not very well explained either in terms of the themes in Resource Mobilisation Theory, in either of the major theories of social movements and the State, or in terms of standard demographic variables associated with environmentalism (community size, gender, income, education, ethnicity, or occupation). I have therefore used the themes of "civil society" and "public spheres" (Allario 1995; Calhoun 1996; Cohen and Arato; Fraser 1992; Habermas 1989; Walzer 1991) to compare the four municipalities. I suggest that the more holistic approach especially as proposed by Jean Cohen and Andrew Arato (1992), provides a better way of analyzing both the actions and the ecology of environmental groups in the Lower Fraser Basin. / Arts, Faculty of / Anthropology, Department of / Graduate

The research reported has been carried out to develop a border irrigation system for the semi-arid region in the Nicola Valley in British Columbia. To develop a border irrigation system in the Valley a 60 acre field was surveyed and the design of land grading prepared. A small section of the larger prepared field was selected for this study and three border strips, each having the same length with different widths, were constructed. .Formulas and curves were used for the design calculation of slope, discharge, depth of water to be applied, required amount of water, and the time of application for each strip. Infiltration rates, soil moisture capacities and soil classification are reported. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Chemical and Biological Engineering, Department of / Graduate

Techniques for designing drainage/subirrigation systems in the Lower Fraser Valley of British Columbia are examined in the present study. An attempt was made to formally define the overall goal in the design of such systems. Various difficulties were encountered in proceeding formally in the design. Therefore, a "branch and bound" approach was used in which a series of studies are conducted to focus our attention on the key issues of the problem and to regroup or eliminate other issues of secondary importance. A simple study showed that drainage designs seemed to be the limiting factors in drainage/subirrigation system designs for the Lower Fraser Valley. Therefore, subirrigation design was not considered in further analyses. The drainage requirements for different seasons were discussed. It was suggested that a drainage system designed to meet workability requirements in early spring should be more than sufficient to meet other seasonal requirements of interest from a drainage point of view. It was suggested that these requirements will be met by designing a drainage system that ensures at least one workable period of twelve days in March. A Markov chain model was proposed that can simulate the transitions in the water table elevations in response to weather. Design curves were presented for some local soils that can aid designers to perform drainage designs that satisfy requirements of the individual farmers. A study was undertaken to investigate the importance of uncertainty in soil parameters on the drainage system design. First and second order methods of analyzing uncertainty were applied to Hooghoudt's equation of designing drainage systems. The applicability of the uncertainty approach was extended to the numerical model of designing drainage systems based on the Boussinesq equation. An example problem was solved to illustrate how a drainage design criterion can be formulated when uncertainties due to both the climate and the soil parameters are present at the same time. Conclusions were drawn from the present study and recommendations were made for future work. The environmental impacts of agricultural drainage were discussed. They are included in the appendix because the main thrust of the thesis was on the design of drainage/subirrigation systems. Also, a design methodology was proposed in the appendix that can be used in designing drainage systems on a steady state basis in the absence of any knowledge about the saturated hydraulic conductivity of the soil or the location of the impermeable layer. / Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies / Graduate

No description available.

Four to six month old healthy puppies were enrolled in a longitudinal study of their serostatus against the Coccidioides spp. Dog were tested every six months for one year. At the request of investigators, some dogs continued to be tested every six months for two years. Dogs that became ill with clinical signs consistent with coccidioidomycosis received additional testing. Owners were asked to complete a questionnaire regarding exposure risk factors at each routine testing visit.