O presente trabalho reúne elementos teóricos e experimentais envolvendo os principais fenômenos hidráulicos causadores de danos em bombas hidráulicas de fluxo radial de grande porte. A preocupação do texto está centrada em proporcionar um aprofundamento técnico acerca destes fenômenos hidráulicos de cavitação, a fim de contribuir na análise e solução de problemas em sistemas de bombeamento. Além disso, este trabalho tem a pretensão de transmitir alguma experiência prática fornecida por um evento em que foi detectada a ocorrência de dois destes fenômenos hidráulicos simultâneos em um sistema de bombeamento e a partir disso, realizou-se a análise completa deste evento, incluindo as propostas de solução aos problemas encontrados, as análises técnica e econômica das alternativas de solução e a análise após a implantação da proposta escolhida. O texto apresenta também uma grande quantidade de gráficos e figuras que buscam facilitar a compreensão das definições e das análises dos fenômenos hidráulicos, além de exemplificar os danos típicos dos fenômenos pela visualização direta destes danos nas bombas. / This work presents theoretical and experimental data on the principal hydraulic phenomena responsible for damage in high loaded radial flow hydraulic pumps. The main objective is to provide a technical overview in order to contribute for the analysis and solution on these cavitation pumping systems problems. In addition this work intends to transmit practical experience through a “study of case” where two simultaneous of these hydraulic phenomena were detected. The complete analysis of technical and economical aspects of the alternatives solutions is presented including a great amount of graphs and illustrations that better explain the phenomena of cavitation in hydraulic pumps.

Os ensaios de palheta são frequentemente utilizados na estimativa da resistência não-drenada de depósitos de argilas moles devido à simplicidade do equipamento, rapidez de execução e baixo custo. A velocidade de deformação em ensaios de palheta de campo é, geralmente, de 6º/min. Contudo, os resultados destes ensaios são influenciados por vários fatores e, dentre eles, a velocidade de rotação pode ser considerada um dos mais importantes. Sob condições não-drenadas, os materiais argilosos apresentam ganho de resistência não-drenada com o aumento da velocidade de cisalhamento, resultante da viscosidade da água adsorvida nas partículas de solo. Como o ensaio de palheta tem sido cada vez mais utilizado para estimar a resistência não-drenada de outros solos de granulometria fina, como siltes, resíduos de mineração entre outros, é preciso ter cautela na interpretação dos resultados nestes materiais, pois a utilização da velocidade padrão de campo pode levar à ocorrência de drenagem parcial durante o cisalhamento e, nestes casos, os solos apresentam resistência e rigidez maiores que sob condições não-drenadas. Desta forma, o objetivo deste trabalho consiste na avaliação da influência da velocidade de rotação do ensaio de palheta na resistência dos solos. Foram realizados ensaios de palheta, utilizando palhetas de 20,2, 25,5 e 40,0 mm de diâmetro e com relação altura-diâmetro igual a 2 a velocidades de rotação de 0,68 a 10800o/min, utilizando três misturas compostas por 85% caulim e 15% bentonita com 100, 130% e 160% de umidade (argilosas), uma mistura composta por caulim puro a 50% de umidade (silte) e uma mistura composta por 60% caulim e 40% areia com 40% de umidade (silte). A partir dos resultados dos ensaios de palheta, observou-se que a resistência não-drenada aumenta com a velocidade, sob condições não-drenadas, tanto para os solos argilosos quanto para os siltosos. A resistência não-drenada também é influenciada pelo diâmetro da palheta e pelo índice de vazios do solo, e consequentemente pelo seu teor de umidade. A resposta viscosa dos ensaios de palheta ao longo de toda a faixa não-drenada pode ser descrita por uma equação potencial (para valores de velocidade adimensional maiores que 10). Os solos siltosos, especialmente a argila misturada com areia, também apresentam aumento de resistência com o aumento da velocidade, sob condições não-drenadas, mais pronunciado que para os solos argilosos. Entretanto, a pequenas velocidades, uma parcela do excesso de poro pressão gerado durante a rotação da palheta foi dissipado, ocasionando efeitos de drenagem parcial durante o cisalhamento. O torque medido durante os ensaios é influenciado pelas dimensões da palheta. Porém, não foi verificada qualquer tendência de variação na resistência normalizada (T/Tref) decorrente das dimensões da palheta. A velocidade normalizada (V) considera diretamente, além da velocidade, a geometria da palheta e o coeficiente de adensamento do solo e reflete os efeitos de permeabilidade, rigidez e velocidade de cisalhamento, fatores que também controlam a viscosidade. Desta forma, os efeitos viscosos dos ensaios de palheta são representados com precisão no espaço normalizado. Além da avaliação dos efeitos de velocidade devido a viscosidade, a normalização dos resultados no espaço T/Tref versus V possibilita também a avaliação dos efeitos de drenagem parcial. Ou seja, dois fenômenos físicos distintos podem ser identificados e interpretados utilizando a mesma abordagem. / Vane tests are frequently used to estimate the undrained shear strength of soft clays deposits because of the equipment simplicity, speed and low costs. The strain rate used in vane shear tests is generally of 6o/min. However, vane tests results are influenced by many factors and rate of shear can be considered one of the most important. Under undrained conditions, undrained shear strength of clayey soils increases with shear velocity. This increase on undrained shear strength occurs due to viscous effects. Furthermore, this method has been used to estimate the undrained shear strength of other fine-grained materials such as silts, tailings, among others. Tests results interpretation must to be careful on these materials, because partial drainage can occur during shear tests conducted at the standard field shear rate. In this cases, soil strength and stiffness are higher than under undrained conditions. Thus, this research is aimed to evaluate the influence of the vane shear velocity in soils strength. Vane tests were conducted using vanes with 20.2, 25.5 and 40.0 mm in diameter and with aspect ratio of 2, at rotation rates from 0.68 to 1800o/min using three kaolin-bentonite mixtures composed by 85% kaolin and 15% bentonite with a water content of 100, 130 and 160% (clay), a mixture composed just by kaolin with a 50% water content (silt) and a mixture composed by 60% kaolin and 40% Osório sand with a 40% water content (silt). Tests results shows that clay and silt strength increases with shear rate, under undrained conditions. Undrained shear strength is also influenced by vane diameter and soil void ratio, and consequently by water content. Viscous response on vane tests throughout the undrained range of velocities can be described by a power law (for normalized velocity values further than 10). Silty soils, especially clay-sand mixtures under undrained conditions, exhibited a greater increase on strength than the increased observed for clayey soils. Neverthless, in some tests conducted at low shear velocities, part of pore pressure excess generated during vane rotation was dissipated, occasioning partial drainage effects during shear. The measured torque has been influenced by vane blade dimensions, but any variation on normalized resistance (T/Tref) wasn’t found as a result of vane dimensions. Normalized velocity considers directly peripheral velocity, vane geometry and soil coeficient of consolidation and reflects permeability, stifness and shear rate effects, factors that also control viscous effects. Thus, viscous effects in vane tests are accurately represented on normalized space. In addiction to rate effects due to viscosity evaluation, results normalization on T/Tref versus V space enable partial drainage effects assessment. It shows that the two distinct physical phenomena can be identified and interpreted using one single approach.

This master thesis deals with the design of the turbine housing of turbocharger VNT for supplying separated pressure pulses from the exhaust manifold. Subsequently, the work includes strength analysis of the designed turbine housing. The aim of the thesis is to create components for the supply of separate pressure pulses as close as possible to the turbine. Furthermore, the modification of the existing turbine housing and the assessment of the functionality of the VNT mechanism after this modification and strength analysis. The final aim of this thesis is the creation of 2D and 3D technical documentation of newly designed and modified parts.

This master thesis deals with the design of the turbine housing of turbocharger VNT for supplying separated pressure pulses from the exhaust manifold. Subsequently, the work includes strength analysis of the designed turbine housing. The aim of the thesis is to create components for the supply of separate pressure pulses as close as possible to the turbine. Furthermore, the modification of the existing turbine housing and the assessment of the functionality of the VNT mechanism after this modification and strength analysis. The final aim of this thesis is the creation of 2D and 3D technical documentation of newly designed and modified parts.

This master’s thesis deals with kinematics model of blade rotating mechanism of turbocharger, which is called as VNT (“Variable nozzle turbine”). The first section treat of turbochargers generally, why we use them, summary description of construction and parts. In the next section deals with supercharge control, about types of controlling and theirs principles, of their vantages or disadvantages and comparison. Following section is about building kinematics model in software ADAMS. First step is analytics solving of mechanism, because it was necessary for parametric model. After this is described main model building. In the last section is kinematics model used on real turbocharger for checking results.

The aim of this thesis is to provide research into turbocharger regulation, and analyze the force load of vanes in the VNT mechanism of Garrett turbocharger by CFD simulation. In the thesis there is one model with two different mesh densities. It describes the relevance of supercharging vehicle engines and the kinds of supercharging aggregates in the introduction. Then, the thesis is divided into two chapters. The first chapter provides research, describing primary principle of supercharging, turbocharger construction and kinds of air regulation. The practical part of the thesis solves the force load of VNT mechanisms. It was necessary to optimalize the 3D Garrett turbocharger model, create two meshes with different element densities, specify boundary conditions and analyse the results of both cases. A general description of solved problems, comparison of results of force load vanes and propose simplifying and verifying the CFD calculation are included in the conclusion.

This diploma thesis deals with turbochargers with a focus on the ways of their regulation. The main subject is to design CFD simulation for a turbocharger with VNT mechanism at specific positions. Simulation is based on the turbocharger Garrett by Honeywell, for which measurement was realized. Finally torques acting on the vanes are evaluated from the simulation. The means of results improvement are considered at the end of the thesis.

An aerodynamic investigation was performed to assess the effectiveness of combined boundary layer suction and trailing edge blowing at reducing the blade profile losses and the wake momentum deficit of a cascade of tandem IGV's operating at realistic flow conditions. Two trailing edge blowing designs were tested: metal-angle blowing, which oriented the blowing jets very near to the blade exit angle, and deviation-angle blowing, which oriented the blowing jets at a significant deviation angle from the blade exit angle. Both blowing designs used the same boundary layer suction arrangement. A linear cascade of five IGV's was tested with a flap deflection angle of 40 degrees and an inlet Mach number of 0.3. The Reynolds number based on the overall IGV chord length for these experiments was greater than 500,000. The inlet and exit angles of the IGV at this flap setting were 0 degrees and 55 degrees, respectively. Tests performed with no flow control showed significant suction surface flow separation that generated large wakes with high losses and large momentum deficits. The application of boundary layer suction reduced the baseline pressure loss coefficient and wake momentum thickness by 22%. A suction mass flow of 0.4% of the passage flow was used to obtain these results. The addition of metal-angle blowing with the suction resulted in total reductions of 48% and 38% for the pressure loss coefficient and wake momentum thickness. A blowing mass flow of 3.1% of the passage flow was used in addition to 0.4% suction mass flow to obtain these results. The application of the deviation-angle blowing was detrimental to the aerodynamics of the IGV, as both the pressure loss coefficient and wake momentum thickness increased slightly over their suction-only values. This was attributed to a manufacturing defect which distorted the flow of the blowing jet. The results of the deviation-angle blowing experiments were not considered representative of the design intent and reinforced the importance of the hole design for creating a proper blowing jet. While low speed tests of this cascade showed results and trends very similar to those of previous research, the application of flow control proved to be less effective at higher speeds due to the generation of significantly larger wakes. / Master of Science

The Utah Department of Transportation commissioned a study to determine whether or not shallow-flow rock structures could reliably be used at bridge abutments in place of riprap. Research was conducted in a two-phase effort beginning with numerical modeling and ending with field verification of model findings. As part of phase one, two finite element meshes were created in Surface-water Modeling Software (SMS) and analyzed with FESWMS-2DH. Second, field studies were conducted and a preliminary database was developed to track field studies conducted on 98 shallow-flow rock structures in Utah. Data organization in ArcGIS® and Microsoft Access® is presented followed by instructions on how to use the database. Both numerical model and field research results indicate that shallow-flow rock structures are not viable scour countermeasures at bridges.

No description available.