Yes / A composite silicone skin adhesive material was designed to improve its water vapor permeability to offer advantages to wearer comfort compared to existing skin adhesive dressings available (including perforated silicone and hydrocolloid products). The chemical and mechanical properties of this novel dressing were analyzed to show that it has a high creep compliance, offering anisotropic elasticity that is likely to place less stress on the skin. A participant study was carried out in which 31 participants wore a novel silicone skin adhesive (Sil2) and a hydrocolloid competitor and were monitored for physiological response to the dressings. Trans-epidermal water loss (TEWL) was measured pre- and postwear to determine impairment of skin barrier function. Sil2 exhibited a higher vapor permeability than the hydrocolloid dressings during wear. Peel strength measurements and dye counter staining of the removed dressings showed that the hydrocolloid had a higher adhesion to the participants’ skin, resulting in a greater removal of proteins from the stratum corneum and a higher pain rating from participants on removal. Once the dressings were removed, TEWL of the participants skin beneath the Sil2 was close to normal in comparison to the hydrocolloid dressings that showed an increase in skin TEWL, indicating that the skin had been highly occluded. Analysis of the skin immediately after removal showed a higher incidence of erythema following application of hydrocolloid dressings (>60%) compared to Sil2, ( / T.S. received partial funding to study skin adhesive materials from a Medical Research Council Confidence in Concept grant obtained by John Bridgeman at the University of Bradford (MC_PC_19030). Initial formulation and characterization work benchmarking the Sil2 material was funded in part by Trio Healthcare Ltd., who have had no role in the analysis or interpretation of the data presented. All data was obtained independently by staff at the University of Bradford. We also wish to thank the Royal Society of Chemistry for funding Edward Dyson’s position as a research technician via a Research Enablement Grant (E21-8346952505).

No description available.

No description available.

It was decided to determine whether or not 2,2,3-trimethylbutane could be formed by the photochemical reaction of isobutane and propane in the presence of mercury vapor energized by ultraviolet radiation from a mercury vapor lamp.

A continuous cloud chamber would be a valuable asset to laboratory work in nuclear and atomic physics. For this reason the construction and investigation of a continuously sensitive diffusion cloud chamber has been undertaken. It is the purpose of this paper to report the design and operating characteristics of such a chamber.

No description available.

No description available.

This study is an investigation of the chemical vapor deposition (CVD) of aluminum and copper on fluoropolymer surfaces and the subsequent interfacial interactions.

Filmes de carbeto de silício, SiC, cristalinos foram depositados sobre peças de mulita por meio da técnica de deposição química por vapor (CVD) a pressão atmosférica. As características da superfície do substrato determinam se o filme será denso ou poroso, enquanto a temperatura define a cristalinidade e a taxa de nucleação para formação do filme. Durante os procedimentos de preparação do substrato de mulita para a deposição do filme, observou-se o fenômeno da formação de whiskers de mulita quando adicionados 3%mol de terras raras a peça. O fenômeno de crescimento destes whiskers foi sistematicamente estudado para sua caracterização e compreensão do mecanismo de formação. A adição de terras raras promoveu um abaixamento na temperatura de mulitização e a formação de whiskers com uma composição cuja razão alumina / sílica é de 1,3, uma das mais baixas observadas. / Crystalline silicon carbide, SiC, films were deposited on mullite by atmospheric pressure chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method. The characteristic of substrate surface determinate if the film will be dense or porous, while the deposition temperature defines its crystalinity and nucleation rate in film formation. During the mullite substrate preparation process for film deposition, it was observed a whisker formation phenomenon when the piece was doped with 3%mol of rare earth. The growth phenomenon of these whiskers was studied systematically to its characterization and comprehension of its formation mechanism. The addiction of rare earth promote a reduction in mullitization temperature and the formation of whiskers with a composition that alumina / silica ration was 1.3, one of the lowest one ever observed.

Este trabalho apresenta uma revisão dos ciclos teóricos estudados por outros autores sobre o funcionamento de uma máquina a vapor funcionando como máquina de expansão e propõe um ciclo generalizado para o estudo. Esse ciclo generalizado é equacionado e seus pontos operacionais de otimização são determinados. Ao estudar os ciclos teóricos, verificou-se que a máquina a vapor pode atingir a eficiência isentrópica igual de 100%. Um estudo experimental foi conduzido em uma máquina a vapor, a fim de verificar os fenômenos que ocorrem e que influenciam na sua eficiência, fazendo o funcionamento real se afastar do ciclo teórico. Ao fazer o estudo experimental, verificou-se que a máquina a vapor real utilizada possui baixa eficiência, atingindo um máximo de 10% de eficiência isentrópica. Essa eficiência não é do ciclo e sim do conjunto todo, e é devido a diversos fatores, como, por exemplo, atritos, problemas de lubrificação, imperfeições físicas que provocam o vazamento do fluido de trabalho. Uma simulação computacional é realizada, visando prever o comportamento real da máquina a vapor e comparar com os dados obtidos experimentalmente. Verificando assim se a simulação consegue prever os fenômenos físicos e auxiliar no projeto de uma máquina a vapor. Após analisar os dados simulados, verificou-se que as válvulas possuem grande influência na eficiência isentrópica do ciclo da máquina a vapor. Válvulas de acionamento rápido preveem uma eficiência que pode chegar a 96%, enquanto as válvulas reais provocam uma eficiência de aproximadamente 60% para as mesmas condições de simulação. Uma das principais diferenças entre a simulação e os dados reais é a restrição ao fluxo provocada pelas válvulas, e que exigem coeficientes de descarga específicos para esse tipo de válvula. / This work reviews the theoretical cycles studied by other authors on the operation of a steam engine as an expansion machine and chooses a generalized cycle for the study. This generalized cycle is modeled and the points of optimization are determined. By studying the theoretical cycles, it was found that the steam engine can reach the isentropic efficiency equal to 100%. An experimental study carried out in a steam engine in order to verify the phenomena occurring that influence their effectiveness, moving the actual operation away from the theoretical cycle. By making the experimental study, it was found that the actual steam engine has a low efficiency, reaching a maximum 10% isentropic efficiency. This efficiency is not of the cycle, but of the whole set, and is due to several factors, such as friction problems, lubrication problems, physical imperfections causing leakage of the working fluid. A computer simulation was performed in order to predict the actual behavior of the steam engine and compare with the experimental data. After analyzing the simulated data, it was found that the valves have a great influence on the isentropic efficiency of the steam cycle. Valves operating instantly can reach 96% of isentropic efficiency, while real valves cause an efficiency of approximately 60% for the same simulation conditions. A major difference between the simulation and the actual data is the flow restriction caused by valves, which requires specific discharge coefficients for this type of valve.