Orientador: Ricardo Dahab / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Computação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-13T10:53:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Magalhaes_KarinaMochettide_M.pdf: 3703797 bytes, checksum: 931cd070eb909803435fa87f05e0f83c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Resumo: Marcas d'água vem sendo utilizadas em vários tipos de arquivos de multimídia, como áudio, vídeo e imagens de bitmap, para combater sua copia e distribuição ilegais. Somente com a popularização dos Sistemas de Informação Geográfica (GIS) e da utilização de dados espaciais na Web, marcas d'água para mapas vetoriais ganharam maior atenção, principalmente porque este tipo de imagem possui produção cara, mas pode ser reproduzido facilmente. Esse trabalho revisa o método RAWVec, que insere uma marca d'água representada por uma imagem raster ou bitmap num mapa vetorial, e apresenta uma alternativa publica para tal método. / Abstract: Watermarks have been used for a long time in several digital media to avoid the illegal copy and distribution of these items. Only with the popularization of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and the use of spatial data on the Web, watermarks for vector maps gained more attention, mostly because vector maps are expensive to produce, but easy to copy. This work reviews the RAWVec Method that embeds a watermark, in the form of a bitmap image, into digital vector maps; and presents a semi-blind alternative method. / Mestrado / Mestre em Ciência da Computação

The regular way of displaying maps in a web browser is by downloading raster images from a server and lay them side by side to make up a map. If any information on the map is changed, new images has to be downloaded, it cannot be done on the client. The introduction of WebGL opens up a whole new world of delivering advanced graphics content to the end user in a web browser. Utilizing this technology for displaying maps means only the source data is sent to the web browser where the map gets rendered using the device's GPU. This adds a number of benefits such as the ability of changing map appearance on the client, add new features to the map and often less data transfer. It however sets higher expectations of the client device's hardware as it needs to render the map at a high enough frame rate to not appear slow and unresponsive. This thesis investigates a framework for client side map rendering in a web browser, Mapbox GL JS, with focus on performance. It shows how map source data can be generated as well as its corresponding style rules are constructed with performance in mind. It provides benchmarking results of different map data sets with different detail intensity and shows that a device with good GPU performance is needed for an acceptable user experience. It also shows that lowering the amount of rendered detail does not necessarily result in better performance.

Digital maps can be represented as either raster (bitmap images) or vector data. Vector maps are often preferable as they can be stored more efficiently and rendered irrespective of screen resolution. Vector map rendering on demand can be a computationally intensive task and has to be implemented in an efficient manner to ensure good performance and a satisfied end-user, especially on mobile devices with limited computational resources. This thesis discusses different ways of utilizing the on-chip GPU to improve the vector map rendering performance of an existing iOS app. It describes an implementation that uses OpenGL ES 2.0 to achieve the same end-result as the old CPU-based implementation using the same underlying map infras- tructure. By using the OpenGL based map renderer as well as implementing other performance optimizations, the authors were able to achieve an almost fivefold increase in rendering performance on an iPad Air.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-17T14:53:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 David Cavassana.pdf: 893589 bytes, checksum: 3f41c9b2bbe82e8c81ee62e8eeb41a3b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-12-01 / The Internet has created an good environment for the sharing of geospatial data. In this environment users can transfer, visualize, manipulate and interact with these data sets. This environment not only provides new opportunities for the utilization of geospatial data, but also introduces new problems that should be addressed in order to provide an efficient and effective use of these datasets. One of such problems is related to the use of these spatial datasets in low transfer rate environments, what often becomes an impediment for the publication of those data in the Internet, given the huge volume of data to be transmitted. This paper presents a progressive transmission algorithm for vector maps on the Web, which uses techniques based on the resolution of the client device with the aim of reducing the amount of transmitted data, sending the data incrementally, thus gradually increasing the level of map details. Scale-dependent transmission techniques are combined with simplification and progressive ones, in order to maximize the overall system performance in a Web GIS environment. Furthermore, an architecture based on Web services is presented, that implements the progressive transmission of maps and allows a greater flexibility in the use of this functionality and in the development of clients in different computing platforms. / A Internet criou um ambiente adequado para o compartilhamento de dados geoespaciais, permitindo aos usuários a transferência, visualização, manipulação e interação com esses dados. Esse ambiente não apenas fornece novas oportunidades na utilização dos dados espaciais, como também introduz novos problemas que devem ser resolvidos a fim de possibilitar a utilização eficiente e efetiva desses conjuntos de dados. Um desses problemas está relacionado com a utilização dos dados espaciais em ambientes com baixa velocidade de transmissão, o que, devido ao grande volume dos dados espaciais, torna-se um empecilho para a disponibilização desses dados na Internet. Este trabalho apresenta um algoritmo para transmissão progressiva de mapas vetoriais na Web, que utiliza técnicas baseadas na resolução do dispositivo cliente com o objetivo de reduzir a quantidade de dados transmitidos, enviando os dados aos poucos, aumentando gradativamente o nível de detalhes do mapa. São combinadas técnicas de transmissão progressiva, simplificação e transmissão dependente de escala, a fim de maximizar o desempenho do sistema no ambiente Web. Ademais, apresenta-se uma arquitetura baseada em serviços Web que implementa a transmissão progressiva de mapas e possibilita uma maior flexibilidade no uso desta funcionalidade e na construção de clientes em diferentes plataformas.

La plupart des logiciels contrôlant les véhicules intelligents traite de la compréhension de la scène. De nombreuses méthodes existent actuellement pour percevoir les obstacles de façon automatique. La majorité d’entre elles emploie ainsi les capteurs extéroceptifs comme des caméras ou des lidars. Cette thèse porte sur les domaines de la robotique et de la fusion d’information et s’intéresse aux systèmes d’information géographique. Nous étudions ainsi l’utilité d’ajouter des cartes numériques, qui cartographient le milieu urbain dans lequel évolue le véhicule, en tant que capteur virtuel améliorant les résultats de perception. Les cartes contiennent en effet une quantité phénoménale d’information sur l’environnement : sa géométrie, sa topologie ainsi que d’autres informations contextuelles. Dans nos travaux, nous avons extrait la géométrie des routes et des modèles de bâtiments afin de déduire le contexte et les caractéristiques de chaque objet détecté. Notre méthode se base sur une extension de grilles d’occupations : les grilles de perception crédibilistes. Elle permet de modéliser explicitement les incertitudes liées aux données de cartes et de capteurs. Elle présente également l’avantage de représenter de façon uniforme les données provenant de différentes sources : lidar, caméra ou cartes. Les cartes sont traitées de la même façon que les capteurs physiques. Cette démarche permet d’ajouter les informations géographiques sans pour autant leur donner trop d’importance, ce qui est essentiel en présence d’erreurs. Dans notre approche, le résultat de la fusion d’information contenu dans une grille de perception est utilisé pour prédire l’état de l’environnement à l’instant suivant. Le fait d’estimer les caractéristiques des éléments dynamiques ne satisfait donc plus l’hypothèse du monde statique. Par conséquent, il est nécessaire d’ajuster le niveau de certitude attribué à ces informations. Nous y parvenons en appliquant l’affaiblissement temporel. Étant donné que les méthodes existantes n’étaient pas adaptées à cette application, nous proposons une famille d’opérateurs d’affaiblissement prenant en compte le type d’information traitée. Les algorithmes étudiés ont été validés par des tests sur des données réelles. Nous avons donc développé des prototypes en Matlab et des logiciels en C++ basés sur la plate-forme Pacpus. Grâce à eux nous présentons les résultats des expériences effectués en conditions réelles. / This thesis is situated in the domains of robotics and data fusion, and concerns geographic information systems. We study the utility of adding digital maps, which model the urban environment in which the vehicle evolves, as a virtual sensor improving the perception results. Indeed, the maps contain a phenomenal quantity of information about the environment : its geometry, topology and additional contextual information. In this work, we extract road surface geometry and building models in order to deduce the context and the characteristics of each detected object. Our method is based on an extension of occupancy grids : the evidential perception grids. It permits to model explicitly the uncertainty related to the map and sensor data. By this means, the approach presents also the advantage of representing homogeneously the data originating from various sources : lidar, camera or maps. The maps are handled on equal terms with the physical sensors. This approach allows us to add geographic information without imputing unduly importance to it, which is essential in presence of errors. In our approach, the information fusion result, stored in a perception grid, is used to predict the stateof environment on the next instant. The fact of estimating the characteristics of dynamic elements does not satisfy the hypothesis of static world. Therefore, it is necessary to adjust the level of certainty attributed to these pieces of information. We do so by applying the temporal discounting. Due to the fact that existing methods are not well suited for this application, we propose a family of discoun toperators that take into account the type of handled information. The studied algorithms have been validated through tests on real data. We have thus developed the prototypes in Matlab and the C++ software based on Pacpus framework. Thanks to them, we present the results of experiments performed in real conditions.