Many pesticides are listed as possible or probable human carcinogens, leading to a public concern over their environmental impact. Vegetative filter strips (VFS) have been developed to intercept runoff water and prevent pesticides from contaminating surface and ground water. The first half of this project identified five plants (big blue stem, blue flag iris, eastern gama grass, prairie cord grass and wool grass) that best removed pesticides from contaminated soil. The current study evaluated four treatment groups: the five selected plant species arranged (1) randomly, (2) in a succession from short (upslope) to tall (downslope), (3) turfgrass cut to three heights from short (upslope) to tall (downslope) and (4) unvegetated (UVFS), in an effort to optimize vegetative filter strips to reduce the movement of pesticides contained in runoff from turfgrass environments. Simulated rainfall was applied to 12 VFS (0.91 m x 4.6 m x 1.83 m), each with a 5% slope. The VFS were used to evaluate the effect of three vegetated treatments on the effectiveness of VFS for mitigation of pesticide-contaminated runoff from treated turf. For the runon simulation, five pesticides (chlorothalonil, chlorpyrifos, imidacloprid, pendimethalin, and propiconazole) were added at 5% their maximum application rate for turfgrass to a nurse tank containing the amount of runoff expected to occur from an uphill turf plot (5.5 m2) during either a 1- (6.1 cm) or 5-yr (9.65 cm) rain event. Runoff samples were collected at the downhill base (bottom) of each VFS and analyzed for pesticides to determine the effectiveness of VFS at mitigating runoff water and the pesticides contained. Soil core and soil pore water samples were taken periodically post-application. All samples were analyzed for applied pesticides and quantified by GC/MS and LC/MS/MS. All vegetated treatments were more effective in decreasing the runoff volume and the associated pesticide concentration when compared with UVFS, with turfgrass being the most effective of the three treatments. This research validates the use of VFS in slowing the flow of runon water significantly enough for it to infiltrate into the soil, instead of leaving the VFS as runoff. VFS are already suggested as a best management practice to prevent pesticides from leaving many agricultural sites treated with pesticides, but this research suggests their widespread use on golf courses, parks, athletic fields and home lawns could greatly reduce the amount of pesticides in runoff waters from turf environments and help keep our waterways clean.

This paper focuses on the Virginia Chesapeake Bay Preservation Act (the Act), the regulations promulgated thereunder and several questions arising from an examination of the Act and regulations. Specifically, the analysis examines the agricultural provisions within the regulations and asks whether the provisions are economically desirable, as well as legally enforceable. The provisions of the Act and the regulations constitute the major focus of Chapter One. Chapter One's discussion concludes with an analysis of the regulations’ main pollution prevention tool, the vegetative buffer strip, and a brief listing of various issues and controversies involving the Act and the regulations. Chapter Two introduces a linear programming model designed to determine the most cost-effective means of pollution control based on farmer profits under several regulatory scenarios. The results imply that the mandatory provisions of the regulation prevent farmers from achieving the desired level of pollution reduction in the least costly fashion. The takings issue, a major concern for all environmental legislation, forms the major focus of Chapter Three. This analysis considers the provisions of the Act and regulations within the historic context of the takings clause of the Fifth Amendment of the United States Constitution, as well as the takings clause of the Virginia Constitution, and determines the legal validity of the provisions. Finally, Chapter Four presents several criticisms of the regulations as presently constituted. Suggestions for a more cost effective regulatory scheme conclude the analysis. / Master of Science

abstract: Vegetative filter strips (VFS) are an effective methodology used for storm water management particularly for large urban parking lots. An optimization model for the design of vegetative filter strips that minimizes the amount of land required for stormwater management using the VFS is developed in this study. The resulting optimization model is based upon the kinematic wave equation for overland sheet flow along with equations defining the cumulative infiltration and infiltration rate. In addition to the stormwater management function, Vegetative filter strips (VFS) are effective mechanisms for control of sediment flow and soil erosion from agricultural and urban lands. Erosion is a major problem associated with areas subjected to high runoffs or steep slopes across the globe. In order to effect economy in the design of grass filter strips as a mechanism for sediment control & stormwater management, an optimization model is required that minimizes the land requirements for the VFS. The optimization model presented in this study includes an intricate system of equations including the equations defining the sheet flow on the paved and grassed area combined with the equations defining the sediment transport over the vegetative filter strip using a non-linear programming optimization model. In this study, the optimization model has been applied using a sensitivity analysis of parameters such as different soil types, rainfall characteristics etc., performed to validate the model / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Civil and Environmental Engineering 2015

This study focused on development of a continuous watershed-scale modelling approach capable of evaluating sediment removal performance of vegetative filter strips (VFS). This was done by integrating the single-event hydrologic and sediment transport model AGNPS with the event-based VFS model (VFSMOD) applying the methodology developed by Sebti and Rudra (2010), and also through the development and incorporation of sub-models capable of describing changes in hydrologic conditions between rainfall events into the integrated models. For modeling purposes, the buffer zone is divided to segments called “buffer cells”. The upstream source area corresponding to each buffer cell and the flow-path connecting the area to the stream are identified, and runoff and sediment generated within each area is simulated for each event applying AGNPS. Using VFSMOD, performance analysis of VFS is conducted for each buffer cell. By applying the developed “continuous simulation” sub-models the hydrologic conditions prior to each event were determined.

Regulations with respect to the storage and handling of animal waste by livestock operations state that no person shall keep animals in a permanent confinement area unless there is a nutrient management strategy. Various studies indicate that constructed wetlands and vegetative filters are effective add-on technologies to supplement the treatment provided by conventional sedimentation pond systems in livestock operations. Seven months of data from a Pond/Wetland/Vegetative Filter system receiving cattle feedlot runoff were used to i) evaluate its efficiency removing organic matter, solids and nutrients from water, (ii) quantify constructed wetland kinetic removal rates described by the P-C-k model and examine the impact of temperature, (iii) evaluate and compare the performance of a two types of vegetative filter systems at different hydraulic loading rates; and (iv) recommend an optimum management option with design loading for beef producers. Results indicate that the effect of isolated rain events on the performance of the wetland showed to be contingent on the intensity of the event, former humidity conditions of the feedlot and the hydraulic capacity of the wetland. This experiment suggests that even relatively small VFSs or short FPs can markedly improve quality of runoff from livestock operations, and that it is possible to achieve significant mass and concentration removals if they are properly operated and maintained in conjunction with a pre-treatment system. The Pond/Wetland/Vegetative Filter system was effective at reducing Chemical Oxygen Demand COD (+92%), Total Phosphorus (+93%), Orthophosphate as P (+91%), Total Inorganic Nitrogen (+96%), Ammonia as N (+97%) and Nitrate as N (+82%) from manure and exercise yard runoff, providing a cost-effective treatment option for beef producers.

Les pollutions par les xénobiotiques, en particulier les pesticides, et les métaux lourds issus des activités agricoles présentent une grande complexité de composition chimique et de dynamique spatio-temporelle. La présence de bandes enherbées entre les parcelles cultivées et les cours d’eau permet une limitation de la diffusion de ces pollutions résiduelles vers les milieux naturels. Le compartiment végétal de ces bandes enherbées peut jouer de multiples rôles dans ce contexte de protection environnementale. L’étude comparative réalisée in situ et en conditions contrôlées de laboratoire a permis de mettre en évidence le rôle biologique du compartiment végétal avec son implication directe dans les processus in planta d’absorption, de stockage et/ou de dégradation au moins partielle. Un tel rôle phytoremédiateur est dépendant de la capacité des plantes à se maintenir sur ces milieux pollués, qui diffère selon l’espèce considérée et structure ainsi les communautés végétales des bandes enherbées. L’étude intégrative en conditions contrôlées des réponses des plantes aux interactions avec les xénobiotiques à faibles doses, à différentes échelles de complexité du fonctionnement végétal, a permis de montrer les effets de ces stress chimiques chez l’espèce modèle Arabidopsis thaliana et chez l’espèce prairiale Lolium perenne. Les xénobiotiques et les métaux lourds à des doses subtoxiques ont induit d’importants bouleversements métabolomiques et moléculaires chez ces espèces, avec des effets cryptiques de ces polluants et de leurs produits de dégradation. L’analyse en conditions de multi-pollution, qui reflètent de manière réaliste les pollutions péri-agricoles, a montré la complexité et la difficulté de prédiction des interactions entre les effets des contaminants en mélange. Ces mécanismes de réponses diffèrent selon l’espèce et le polluant et laissent supposer des divergences en termes de perception et/ou de transport des polluants, ou de coordination des réponses moléculaires et métaboliques. Arabidopsis a ainsi présenté une coordination de ses réponses orientée vers une augmentation des métabolites de stress, et une diminution des métabolites carbonés (sucres solubles), en parallèle de modifications de l’expression de gènes impliqués dans les défenses antioxydantes, les défenses contre les stress xénobiotiques, ou dans la dynamique des phytohormones. Le stress chimique a entraîné chez Lolium des modifications majeures du métabolisme azoté, ainsi qu’un remaniement des processus de photorespiration. L’analyse transcriptomique de cette espèce a de plus montré que la majorité des gènes identifiés sont impliqués dans des voies de transduction de signal, montrant ainsi la complexité des mécanismes de réponse et les couplages qui existent entre les signaux métaboliques, en particulier liés aux sucres, les voies de signalisation associées aux phytohormones, les signaux de stress et la photosynthèse. / Environmental pollutions by xenobiotics, especially by pesticides and heavy metals derived from agricultural activities, show an important complexity of chemical composition and of spatiotemporal dynamic. Vegetative filter strips between cultivated fields and streams limit the diffusion of these residual pollutions to natural environments. However, the exact biological role of plant in these buffer strips is poorly understood in this context of environmental and ecological protection. A comparative study carried out in situ and in controlled conditions highlighted the role of plant compartment in the processes of absorption, storage and/or partial degradation of pollutants in planta. Such capability of phytoremediation depends on the maintenance of a vegetal cover in area subjected to recurring flow of pesticides, it varies according to species and leads to the structuration of vegetative filter strip communities. An integrative study in controlled conditions of plant responses to low doses of pollutants allowed to analyze at different levels of complexity the impacts of chemical stresses on the model species Arabidopsis thaliana and the grassland species Lolium perenne. Low and sublethal doses of xenobiotics, associated degradation products and heavy metals induced cryptic perturbations at metabolic and molecular levels. Multi-pollution analyses, which reflect realistic conditions of environmental exposure, highlighted complex interactive effects between pollutants in mixture and the difficulty to predict them. The mechanisms of response to these chemical stresses differ according to the species and the pollutant, and suggest differences in term of perception and/or transport of pollutants, or of coordination of molecular and metabolic responses. Arabidopsis presented a coordination of its responses toward an increase of stress metabolites, a decrease of carbon metabolites (soluble carbohydrates), in parallel with modifications of gene expressions implicated on antioxidant defences, defence against xenobiotic stresses, or phytohormone dynamic. Chemical stress leads to major modifications of nitrogen metabolism in Lolium, and perturbations of processes of photorespiration. De novo transcriptomic analysis of Lolium therefore showed that a majority of identified genes are related to signal transduction pathways, highlighting the complexity of response mechanisms and the links between metabolic signals, especially linked to carbohydrate, hormonal signaling pathways, stress signals and photosynthesis. Subtoxic chemical stress induced cryptic re-engineering of plant processes that may explain the development of tolerance for some species and their persistence in area affected by residual pollution.

<p>Field-edge buffers are a promising way to address nonpoint source pollution from agricultural runoff, but concentrated runoff flow often renders standard fixed-width linear buffers ineffective. AgBufferBuilder (ABB) is a tool within ESRI ArcMap Geographic Information Systems software that designs and evaluates targeted, nonlinear buffers based on hydrologic modeling and other field-specific parameters. We tested ABB on n=45 Areas of Interest (AOIs) stratified based on estimated sediment loading across three sub-watersheds within Michigan’s Saginaw Bay watershed to evaluate the effectiveness of ABB relative to existing practices across a wide range of landscape conditions. We modeled tractor movement around ABB buffer designs to assess more realistic versions of the likely final designs. ABB regularly failed to deliver the desired 75% sediment capture rate using default 9 m x 9 m output raster resolution, with Proposed buffers capturing from 0% to 68.49% of sediment within a given AOI (mean=37.56%). Differences in sediment capture between Proposed and Existing buffers (measured as Proposed – Existing) ranged from -48% to 66.81% of sediment (mean=24.70%). Proposed buffers were estimated to capture more sediment than Existing buffers in 37 of 45 AOIs, representing potential for real improvements over Existing buffers across the wider landscape. In 13 of 45 AOIs, ABB buffers modified for tractor movement captured more sediment than Existing buffers using less total buffer area. We conducted a collaborative design process with three Saginaw Bay watershed farmers to assess their willingness to implement ABB designs. Feedback indicated farmers may prefer in-field erosion control practices like cover cropping and grassed waterways over field-edge ABB designs. More farmer input is needed to better assess farmer perspectives on ABB buffers and to identify preferred data-based design alternatives. Engineered drainage systems with raised ditch berms and upslope catch basins piped underground directly into ditches were encountered several times during site visits. ABB only models surface flow and does not recognize drain output flow entering waterways. Modified ABB functionality that models buffers around drain inlets would greatly improve its functionality on drained sites. This may be accomplishable through modification of user-entered AOI margins but requires further investigation. Unfortunately, the existing tool is built for outdated software and is not widely accessible to non-expert users. We suggest that an update of this tool with additional functionality and user accessibility would be a useful addition in the toolbox of conservation professionals in agricultural landscapes.</p>