<p>The purpose of this master thesis was to study computer vision algorithms for vehicle detection in monochrome images captured by mono camera. The work has mainly been focused on detecting rear-view cars in daylight conditions. Previous work in the literature have been revised and algorithms based on edges, shadows and motion as vehicle cues have been modified, implemented and evaluated. This work presents a combination of a multiscale edge based detection and a shadow based detection as the most promising algorithm, with a positive detection rate of 96.4% on vehicles at a distance of between 5 m to 30 m. For the algorithm to work in a complete system for vehicle detection, future work should be focused on developing a vehicle classifier to reject false detections.</p>

This thesis evaluates the performance of a vehicle detection technology, Automated License Plate Recognition (ALPR) camera systems, with regards to its ability to produce real-time travel time information in active work zones. A literature review was conducted to investigate the ALPR technology as well as to identify other research that has been conducted using ALPR systems to collect travel time information. Next, the ALPR technology was tested in a series of field deployments in both an arterial and a freeway environment. The goal of the arterial field deployment was to evaluate the optimal ALPR camera angles that produce the highest license plate detection rates and accuracy percentages. Next, a series of freeway deployments were conducted on corridors of I-285 in Atlanta, Georgia in order to evaluate the ALPR system in active work zone environments. During the series of I-285 freeway deployments, ALPR data was collected in conjunction with data from Bluetooth and radar technologies, as well as from high definition video cameras. The data collected during the I-285 deployments was analyzed to determine the ALPR vehicle detection rates. Additionally, a script was written to match the ALPR reads across two data collection stations to determine the ALPR travel times through the corridors. The ALPR travel time data was compared with the travel time data produced by the Bluetooth and video cameras with a particular focus on identifying travel time biases associated with each given technology. Finally, based on the knowledge gained, recommendations for larger-scale ALPR work zone deployments as well as suggestions for future research are provided.

Este trabalho apresenta um novo método para o rastreamento e contagem de veículos em vídeos de tráfego urbano. Usando técnicas de processamento de imagens e de agrupamentos de partículas, o método proposto usa coerência de movimento e coerência espacial para agrupar partículas, de modo que cada grupo represente veículos nas sequências de vídeo. Uma máscara contendo os objetos do primeiro plano é criada usando os métodos Gaussian Mixture Model e Motion Energy Images para determinar os locais onde as partículas devem ser geradas, e as regiões convexas dos agrupamentos são então analisadas para verificar se correspondem a um veículo. Esta análise leva em consideração a forma convexa dos grupos de partículas (objetos) e a máscara de foreground para realizar a fusão ou divisão dos agrupamentos obtidos. Depois que um veículo é identificado, ele é rastreado utilizando similaridade de histogramas de cor em janelas centradas nas partículas dos agrupamentos. A contagem de veículos acontece em laços virtuais definidos pelo usuário, através da interseção dos veículos rastreados com os laços virtuais. Testes foram realizados utilizando seis diferentes vídeos de tráfego, em um total de 80000 quadros. Os resultados foram comparados com métodos semelhantes disponíveis na literatura, fornecendo, resultados equivalentes ou superiores. / This work presents a new method for tracking and counting vehicles in traffic videos. Using techniques of image processing and particle clustering, the proposed method uses motion coherence and spatial adjacency to group particles so that each group represents vehicles in the video sequences. A foreground mask is created using Gaussian Mixture Model and Motion Energy Images to determine the locations where the particles must be generated, and the convex shapes of detecting groups are then analyzed for the potential detection of vehicles. This analysis takes into consideration the convex shape of the particle groups (objects) and the foreground mask to merge or split the obtained groupings. After a vehicle is identified, it is tracked using the similarity of color histograms on windows centered at the particle locations. The vehicle count takes place on userdefined virtual loops, through the intersections of tracked vehicles with the virtual loops. Tests were conducted using six different traffic videos, on a total of 80.000 frames. The results were compared with similar methods available in the literature, providing results equivalent or superior.

Este trabalho apresenta um novo método para o rastreamento e contagem de veículos em vídeos de tráfego urbano. Usando técnicas de processamento de imagens e de agrupamentos de partículas, o método proposto usa coerência de movimento e coerência espacial para agrupar partículas, de modo que cada grupo represente veículos nas sequências de vídeo. Uma máscara contendo os objetos do primeiro plano é criada usando os métodos Gaussian Mixture Model e Motion Energy Images para determinar os locais onde as partículas devem ser geradas, e as regiões convexas dos agrupamentos são então analisadas para verificar se correspondem a um veículo. Esta análise leva em consideração a forma convexa dos grupos de partículas (objetos) e a máscara de foreground para realizar a fusão ou divisão dos agrupamentos obtidos. Depois que um veículo é identificado, ele é rastreado utilizando similaridade de histogramas de cor em janelas centradas nas partículas dos agrupamentos. A contagem de veículos acontece em laços virtuais definidos pelo usuário, através da interseção dos veículos rastreados com os laços virtuais. Testes foram realizados utilizando seis diferentes vídeos de tráfego, em um total de 80000 quadros. Os resultados foram comparados com métodos semelhantes disponíveis na literatura, fornecendo, resultados equivalentes ou superiores. / This work presents a new method for tracking and counting vehicles in traffic videos. Using techniques of image processing and particle clustering, the proposed method uses motion coherence and spatial adjacency to group particles so that each group represents vehicles in the video sequences. A foreground mask is created using Gaussian Mixture Model and Motion Energy Images to determine the locations where the particles must be generated, and the convex shapes of detecting groups are then analyzed for the potential detection of vehicles. This analysis takes into consideration the convex shape of the particle groups (objects) and the foreground mask to merge or split the obtained groupings. After a vehicle is identified, it is tracked using the similarity of color histograms on windows centered at the particle locations. The vehicle count takes place on userdefined virtual loops, through the intersections of tracked vehicles with the virtual loops. Tests were conducted using six different traffic videos, on a total of 80.000 frames. The results were compared with similar methods available in the literature, providing results equivalent or superior.

Este trabalho apresenta um novo método para o rastreamento e contagem de veículos em vídeos de tráfego urbano. Usando técnicas de processamento de imagens e de agrupamentos de partículas, o método proposto usa coerência de movimento e coerência espacial para agrupar partículas, de modo que cada grupo represente veículos nas sequências de vídeo. Uma máscara contendo os objetos do primeiro plano é criada usando os métodos Gaussian Mixture Model e Motion Energy Images para determinar os locais onde as partículas devem ser geradas, e as regiões convexas dos agrupamentos são então analisadas para verificar se correspondem a um veículo. Esta análise leva em consideração a forma convexa dos grupos de partículas (objetos) e a máscara de foreground para realizar a fusão ou divisão dos agrupamentos obtidos. Depois que um veículo é identificado, ele é rastreado utilizando similaridade de histogramas de cor em janelas centradas nas partículas dos agrupamentos. A contagem de veículos acontece em laços virtuais definidos pelo usuário, através da interseção dos veículos rastreados com os laços virtuais. Testes foram realizados utilizando seis diferentes vídeos de tráfego, em um total de 80000 quadros. Os resultados foram comparados com métodos semelhantes disponíveis na literatura, fornecendo, resultados equivalentes ou superiores. / This work presents a new method for tracking and counting vehicles in traffic videos. Using techniques of image processing and particle clustering, the proposed method uses motion coherence and spatial adjacency to group particles so that each group represents vehicles in the video sequences. A foreground mask is created using Gaussian Mixture Model and Motion Energy Images to determine the locations where the particles must be generated, and the convex shapes of detecting groups are then analyzed for the potential detection of vehicles. This analysis takes into consideration the convex shape of the particle groups (objects) and the foreground mask to merge or split the obtained groupings. After a vehicle is identified, it is tracked using the similarity of color histograms on windows centered at the particle locations. The vehicle count takes place on userdefined virtual loops, through the intersections of tracked vehicles with the virtual loops. Tests were conducted using six different traffic videos, on a total of 80.000 frames. The results were compared with similar methods available in the literature, providing results equivalent or superior.

This thesis dissert on traffic monitoring. There are couple of different methods of background extraction and four methods vehicle detection described here. Furthermore there is one method that describes vehicle counting. All of these methods was realized in Matlab where was created graphical user interface. One whole chapter is dedicated to process of practical realization. All methods are compared by set of testing videos. These videos are resulting in statistics which diagnoses about efficiency of single one method.

Analysis of overhead imagery has a great potential to produce real-time data cost-effectively. This can be an important foundation for decision-making for businesses and politics. Every day a massive amount of new satellite imagery is produced. To fully take advantage of these data volumes a computationally efficient pipeline is required for the analysis. This thesis proposes a pipeline which outperforms the Segment Before you Detect network [6] and different types of fast region based convolutional neural networks [61] with a large margin in a fraction of the time. The model obtains a prediction error for counting cars of 1.67% on the Potsdam dataset and increases the vehiclewise F1 score on the VEDAI dataset from 0.305 reported by [61] to 0.542. This thesis also shows that it is possible to outperform the Segment Before you Detect network in less than 1% of the time on car counting and vehicle detection while also using less than half of the resolution. This makes the proposed model a viable solution for large-scale satellite imagery analysis. / Analys av flyg- och satellitbilder har stor potential att kostnadseffektivt producera data i realtid för beslutsfattande för företag och politik. Varje dag produceras massiva mängder nya satellitbilder. För att fullt kunna utnyttja dessa datamängder krävs ett beräkningseffektivt nätverk för analysen. Denna avhandling föreslår ett nätverk som överträffar Segment Before you Detect-nätverket [6] och olika typer av snabbt regionsbaserade faltningsnätverk [61]  med en stor marginal på en bråkdel av tiden. Den föreslagna modellen erhåller ett prediktionsfel för att räkna bilar på 1,67% på Potsdam-datasetet och ökar F1- poängen for fordons detektion på VEDAI-datasetet från 0.305 rapporterat av [61]  till 0.542. Denna avhandling visar också att det är möjligt att överträffa Segment Before you Detect-nätverket på mindre än 1% av tiden på bilräkning och fordonsdetektering samtidigt som den föreslagna modellen använder mindre än hälften av upplösningen. Detta gör den föreslagna modellen till en attraktiv lösning för storskalig satellitbildanalys.

This thesis presents the development of a surveillance testbed using wireless sensors and video cameras for vehicle detection and tracking. The experimental study includes testbed design and discusses some of the implementation issues in using wireless sensors and video cameras for a practical application. A group of sensor devices equipped with light sensors are used to detect and localize the position of moving vehicle. Background subtraction method is used to detect the moving vehicle from the video sequences. Vehicle centroid is calculated in each frame. A non-linear minimization method is used to estimate the perspective transformation which project 3D points to 2D image points. Vehicle location estimates from three cameras are fused to form a single trajectory representing the vehicle motion. Experimental results using both sensors and cameras are presented. Average error between vehicle location estimates from the cameras and the wireless sensors is around 0.5ft.

This thesis descries the evolution and testing of a fully portable, inductive loop vehicle counter system. As a component of the NFS Embedded Distributed Simulation for Transportation System Management project, the system's cellular modem transmits real-time data to servers at Georgia Institute of Technology. From there, the data can be fed into simulations predicting travel behavior. Researchers revised both the detector circuit, and the temporary, reusable loop pad several times over multiple rounds of field testing. The final tested version of this system demonstrates the efficacy of uncommonly small inductive loops. When paired with a reliable data transmission channel, the system was shown to capture nearly 96% of actual through traffic.

The purpose of this master thesis was to study computer vision algorithms for vehicle detection in monochrome images captured by mono camera. The work has mainly been focused on detecting rear-view cars in daylight conditions. Previous work in the literature have been revised and algorithms based on edges, shadows and motion as vehicle cues have been modified, implemented and evaluated. This work presents a combination of a multiscale edge based detection and a shadow based detection as the most promising algorithm, with a positive detection rate of 96.4% on vehicles at a distance of between 5 m to 30 m. For the algorithm to work in a complete system for vehicle detection, future work should be focused on developing a vehicle classifier to reject false detections.