Doctor of Philosophy(PhD) / From Federation in 1901 through the first three decades of the twentieth century there was a perceptible shift in modes of rule in New South Wales (NSW) related to the management of venereal diseases. At the beginning of the twentieth century a medicopenal approach was central. By 1925, persuasion and ‘responsibilisation’ were becoming important modes, and young people rather than ‘case-hardened prostitutes' were assessed as being a ‘venereal’ risk. Framing this period were three important legislative developments which informed, and were informed by, these shifts: the NSW Prisoners Detention Act 1909, the NSW Select Committee into the Prevalence of Venereal Diseases 1915 and the NSW Venereal Diseases Act 1918. At its core this thesis is concerned with examining shifting modes of rule. This thesis closely examines each. I suggest that these modes of rule can be viewed through the lens of biopolitics, and following Foucault, deploy the ‘medical gaze’ and the ‘watchful eye’ as constructs to examine the relationship between the government of self, government of others and government of the state. I use the medical gaze to describe not only the individual venereal patient attending a hospital and the body of the patient diagnosed with syphilis and/or gonorrhoea, but most importantly to describe the power relationship between the medical practitioner, the teaching hospital and the patient. I use the watchful eye in a more overarching way to suggest the suite of techniques and apparatus deployed by government to monitor and regulate the venereal body politic, both the populations perceived to be posing a venereal risk, and populations at risk of venereal infection. In relation to the venereal body and the venereal body politic, I analyse three fundamental aspects of the management of venereal diseases: treatment, prevention and epidemiology. Treatment: Over this period, treatment moved from lock institutions to outpatient clinics. Embodied in this change was a widespread institutional ambivalence towards treating venereal patients. I contend that treatment of venereal diseases was painful, prolonged and punitive precisely because of the moral sickness perceived to be at the iv heart of venereal infection. I track this ambivalence to a systemic fear of institutional ‘venerealisation’, which decreased perceptibly across the period. Closely analysing surviving patient records, I argue that in their conduct, venereal patients were often compliant, conscientious and responsible. Prevention: I argue that preventative approaches to venereal diseases became increasingly complex, and operated in three domains – preventative medicine (diagnosis, treatment and vaccination); public health prevention (notification, isolation and disinfection); and prevention education (social purity campaigns and sex hygiene). An emerging plethora of community-based organisations and campaigns began to shift the sites and practices of power. Epidemiology: I suggest that there was a shift from danger to risk in the conceptualisation of venereal diseases. This shift necessitated a focus on factors affecting populations, as opposed to factors affecting individuals. This in turn led to the deployment of various techniques to monitor the conduct of venereal populations. The NSW Venereal Diseases Act 1918 created two important new venereal categories: the ‘notified person’ and the ‘defaulter,’ both of which came to permeate renditions of venereal patients throughout the 20th century.

Doctor of Philosophy(PhD) / From Federation in 1901 through the first three decades of the twentieth century there was a perceptible shift in modes of rule in New South Wales (NSW) related to the management of venereal diseases. At the beginning of the twentieth century a medicopenal approach was central. By 1925, persuasion and ‘responsibilisation’ were becoming important modes, and young people rather than ‘case-hardened prostitutes' were assessed as being a ‘venereal’ risk. Framing this period were three important legislative developments which informed, and were informed by, these shifts: the NSW Prisoners Detention Act 1909, the NSW Select Committee into the Prevalence of Venereal Diseases 1915 and the NSW Venereal Diseases Act 1918. At its core this thesis is concerned with examining shifting modes of rule. This thesis closely examines each. I suggest that these modes of rule can be viewed through the lens of biopolitics, and following Foucault, deploy the ‘medical gaze’ and the ‘watchful eye’ as constructs to examine the relationship between the government of self, government of others and government of the state. I use the medical gaze to describe not only the individual venereal patient attending a hospital and the body of the patient diagnosed with syphilis and/or gonorrhoea, but most importantly to describe the power relationship between the medical practitioner, the teaching hospital and the patient. I use the watchful eye in a more overarching way to suggest the suite of techniques and apparatus deployed by government to monitor and regulate the venereal body politic, both the populations perceived to be posing a venereal risk, and populations at risk of venereal infection. In relation to the venereal body and the venereal body politic, I analyse three fundamental aspects of the management of venereal diseases: treatment, prevention and epidemiology. Treatment: Over this period, treatment moved from lock institutions to outpatient clinics. Embodied in this change was a widespread institutional ambivalence towards treating venereal patients. I contend that treatment of venereal diseases was painful, prolonged and punitive precisely because of the moral sickness perceived to be at the iv heart of venereal infection. I track this ambivalence to a systemic fear of institutional ‘venerealisation’, which decreased perceptibly across the period. Closely analysing surviving patient records, I argue that in their conduct, venereal patients were often compliant, conscientious and responsible. Prevention: I argue that preventative approaches to venereal diseases became increasingly complex, and operated in three domains – preventative medicine (diagnosis, treatment and vaccination); public health prevention (notification, isolation and disinfection); and prevention education (social purity campaigns and sex hygiene). An emerging plethora of community-based organisations and campaigns began to shift the sites and practices of power. Epidemiology: I suggest that there was a shift from danger to risk in the conceptualisation of venereal diseases. This shift necessitated a focus on factors affecting populations, as opposed to factors affecting individuals. This in turn led to the deployment of various techniques to monitor the conduct of venereal populations. The NSW Venereal Diseases Act 1918 created two important new venereal categories: the ‘notified person’ and the ‘defaulter,’ both of which came to permeate renditions of venereal patients throughout the 20th century.

<p>The United States began to look beyond its continental boundaries and acquire a new, far-flung empire in the late nineteenth century. Two decades later, a national draft and mobilization program brought millions of men into the army when the United States intervened in the First World War. The U.S. Army also experienced several major changes in the first four decades of the twentieth century, including massive growth in the size of the army's forces, changes in the demographics of soldiers and a related effort "Americanize" the army, and increased professionalization and internal reform as the army attempted to improve its performance and increase its standing in the nation. Along with these changes came the efforts of influential Progressive social and moral reformers who sought to reform the U.S. Army and inculcate newly enlisted soldiers with middle-class values and behavior. Over time, army leaders and War Department officials found that they needed to address the perennial set of problems that soldiers' sexual relationships created for the army and its new long-term missions in Asia and Europe. While the U.S Army was initially interested in the sex lives of soldiers primarily for utilitarian reasons, it eventually assumed an institutional interest in cultivating particular kinds of masculine identities for soldiers.</p><p>This dissertation explores how the U.S. Army of the early twentieth century conceived of a host of issues related to sexuality: marriage and family life, prostitution and venereal disease, rape and sexual violence, same-sex sexuality, and conceptions of masculinity, among others. It examines how the army sought to regulate and shape the sexual behaviors of soldiers and the civilians with whom they came into sexual contact. The sexual cultures, practices, and behaviors of soldiers and their partners, along with the U.S. Army's efforts to regulate their sexuality, constitute what it describes as the "sexual economy of war." This dissertation argues that the U.S. Army first attempted to gain control of almost all aspects of soldiers' sexuality and then tried to carefully manage and regulate that sexual economy to best fulfill the army's missions. The army suppressed soldiers' sexual behaviors and expressions that it perceived as running counter to the good of the service or creating inefficiencies. It encouraged those aspects of sexual identity that the army believed benefited the service - for instance, hypermasculine demeanor and actions - eventually purging soldiers who engaged in same-sex sexual activities because these practices became linked with effeminacy and mental disorders and producing a set of militant masculinities among soldiers.</p><p>These issues are explored through five case studies of specific time periods and geographic areas: Fort Riley in Kansas from 1898-1940; the Philippines from 1898-1918; Camp Beauregard in Louisiana, 1917-1919; the American Expeditionary Forces (AEF) in France and the American Forces in Germany (AFG), 1917-1923; and Hawaii, 1909-1940. The army's new position in American society, especially after World War I, and its overseas operations opened up a host of new and different kinds of sexual politics, possibilities, and relationships for all those touched by the U.S. Army's regulation of sexuality.</p> / Dissertation

Resumo: O tumor venéreo transmissível (TVT) caracteriza-se por ser uma neoplasia de origem controversa. Baseado nos resultados obtidos anteriormente por nosso grupo de pesquisa, dos três tipos morfológicos do TVT, os de morfologia plasmocitóide são mais agressivos. De acordo com as características morfológicas do TVT, a resposta à terapia é variável e sabendo-se que a utilização da survivina, bem como da caspase-3, do Bcl-6, do Bcl-2, do Ki-67 e da COX-2 são importantes para auxiliar no prognóstico, no manejo do paciente e na monitoração da doença durante e após a terapia, este projeto visou, além de estudos citogenéticos, observar se há diferenças na expressão dos imunomarcadores acima citados, nos TVTs plasmocitóides e linfocitóides. Para tal, foram utilizados 30 cães atendidos no Hospital Veterinário da FMVZ-UNESP, Campus de Botucatu. Devido baixa incidência de TVT linfocitóide no HV-UNESP-Botucatu, não foi possível fazer correlações entre os tipos plasmocitóide e linfocitóide. A positividade da survivina variou de 96,15 a 100% em 200 células contadas e, em dois casos, a marcação da survivina foi citoplasmática e nuclear, nos outros casos a marcação foi apenas citoplasmática. A marcação pelo anticorpo anti-caspase-3 nos 30 casos de TVT foi baixa, variando de 0 a 6,5% de positividade em 200 células contadas, o que sugere um comportamento agressivo do TVT. Neste estudo, o TVT não expressou Bcl-2 nem Bcl-6 nas tentativas de imunomarcação. Dos 30 casos de TVT que foi realizado marcação pelo Ki-67, em 21 casos foi possível a contagem de células e houve uma média de positividade de 15,57%. Houve expressão de COX-2 em todos os casos e os valores variaram de 90,66 a 100% de positividade em 200 células contadas, exceto por um caso que apresentou 24,50% de positividade. A distribuição... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The characterization of transmissible venereal tumor (TVT) as neoplastic in origin is controversial. Based on results obtained previously by our research group, of the three TVT morphological types, those of plasmocytoid morphology are most aggressive. According to morphological characteristics of TVT, response to therapy is variable; and given that using survivin, caspase-3, Bcl-6, Bcl-2, Ki-67 and COX-2 to aid in prognosis, patient management and the monitoring of this disease during and after therapy, this project aimed, besides cytogenetic studies, to observe whether there are differences in expression of the aforementioned immunomarkers, in plasmocytoid TVTs and lymphocytoids. For this, 30 dogs, treated at the Veterinary Hospital of FMVZ-UNESP, Campus at Botucatu, were utilized without restriction as to sex, breed or age, with cytological diagnosis of transmissible venereal tumor. There was prevalence of males; age varied from 1 to 14 years, the majority were SRD dogs and localization was preferentially genital. Due to low lymphocytoid TVT incidence (5.91%) at HV-UNESP-Botucatu, it was not possible to make correlations between plasmocytoid and lymphcytoid types. Positivity of survivin varied from 96.15 to 100% in the 200 cells counted and, in two cases, marking for survivin was cytoplasmic and nuclear, while in other cases marking was only cytoplasmic. Survivin is associated with more aggressive behavior and shorter lifespan in the majority of tumors. In men, highly aggressive neoplasias present lower cytoplasmic expression of caspase-3 than low-grade neoplasias. Marking by anti-caspase-3 antibody in 30 TVT cases was low, varying from 0 to 6.5% positiviity in 200 cells counted, which suggests aggressive TVT behavior. In our study, TVT did not express Bcl-2 or Bcl-6... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Orientador: Noeme Sousa Rocha / Coorientador: Lígia Souza Lima Silveira da Mota / Banca: Júlio Lopes Sequeira / Banca: Claudia Valéria Seullner Brandão / Banca: Louisiane de Carvalho Nunes. / Banca: Maria Aparecida Custódio Domingues / Doutor

This thesis discusses the development of penicillin during World War II, made possible by a complex relationship between private industry, academic researchers, and government research facilities and funding. It also examines the media response to the emergence of penicillin, the wide-spread war-time preoccupation with venereal disease, and the discovery of the potency of penicillin in treating such illnesses. It argues that the societal importance of penicillin was leveraged by policy makers in the post-war period to expand government funding for medical research and the role of the US Public Health Service. This was part of an overall trend of post-war expansion in government. / History

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:33:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2008-07-04Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:45:08Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 silva_sb_dr_botfmvz.pdf: 1670441 bytes, checksum: a3ebab095a955dd5ab0d977a8cafe405 (MD5) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / O tumor venéreo transmissível (TVT) caracteriza-se por ser uma neoplasia de origem controversa. Baseado nos resultados obtidos anteriormente por nosso grupo de pesquisa, dos três tipos morfológicos do TVT, os de morfologia plasmocitóide são mais agressivos. De acordo com as características morfológicas do TVT, a resposta à terapia é variável e sabendo-se que a utilização da survivina, bem como da caspase-3, do Bcl-6, do Bcl-2, do Ki-67 e da COX-2 são importantes para auxiliar no prognóstico, no manejo do paciente e na monitoração da doença durante e após a terapia, este projeto visou, além de estudos citogenéticos, observar se há diferenças na expressão dos imunomarcadores acima citados, nos TVTs plasmocitóides e linfocitóides. Para tal, foram utilizados 30 cães atendidos no Hospital Veterinário da FMVZ-UNESP, Campus de Botucatu. Devido baixa incidência de TVT linfocitóide no HV-UNESP-Botucatu, não foi possível fazer correlações entre os tipos plasmocitóide e linfocitóide. A positividade da survivina variou de 96,15 a 100% em 200 células contadas e, em dois casos, a marcação da survivina foi citoplasmática e nuclear, nos outros casos a marcação foi apenas citoplasmática. A marcação pelo anticorpo anti-caspase-3 nos 30 casos de TVT foi baixa, variando de 0 a 6,5% de positividade em 200 células contadas, o que sugere um comportamento agressivo do TVT. Neste estudo, o TVT não expressou Bcl-2 nem Bcl-6 nas tentativas de imunomarcação. Dos 30 casos de TVT que foi realizado marcação pelo Ki-67, em 21 casos foi possível a contagem de células e houve uma média de positividade de 15,57%. Houve expressão de COX-2 em todos os casos e os valores variaram de 90,66 a 100% de positividade em 200 células contadas, exceto por um caso que apresentou 24,50% de positividade. A distribuição... / The characterization of transmissible venereal tumor (TVT) as neoplastic in origin is controversial. Based on results obtained previously by our research group, of the three TVT morphological types, those of plasmocytoid morphology are most aggressive. According to morphological characteristics of TVT, response to therapy is variable; and given that using survivin, caspase-3, Bcl-6, Bcl-2, Ki-67 and COX-2 to aid in prognosis, patient management and the monitoring of this disease during and after therapy, this project aimed, besides cytogenetic studies, to observe whether there are differences in expression of the aforementioned immunomarkers, in plasmocytoid TVTs and lymphocytoids. For this, 30 dogs, treated at the Veterinary Hospital of FMVZ-UNESP, Campus at Botucatu, were utilized without restriction as to sex, breed or age, with cytological diagnosis of transmissible venereal tumor. There was prevalence of males; age varied from 1 to 14 years, the majority were SRD dogs and localization was preferentially genital. Due to low lymphocytoid TVT incidence (5.91%) at HV-UNESP–Botucatu, it was not possible to make correlations between plasmocytoid and lymphcytoid types. Positivity of survivin varied from 96.15 to 100% in the 200 cells counted and, in two cases, marking for survivin was cytoplasmic and nuclear, while in other cases marking was only cytoplasmic. Survivin is associated with more aggressive behavior and shorter lifespan in the majority of tumors. In men, highly aggressive neoplasias present lower cytoplasmic expression of caspase-3 than low-grade neoplasias. Marking by anti-caspase-3 antibody in 30 TVT cases was low, varying from 0 to 6.5% positiviity in 200 cells counted, which suggests aggressive TVT behavior. In our study, TVT did not express Bcl-2 or Bcl-6... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Orientador: Noeme Sousa Rocha / Banca: Alessandre Hataka / Banca: Ana Maria Barros Soares / Banca: Mirela Tinucci Costa / Banca: Julio Lopes Sequeira / Resumo: Foram analisados 132 casos de tumor venéreo transmissível (TVT) de ocorrência natural, atendidos no Hospital Veterinário de Botucatu, considerando aspectos clínicos e epidemiológicos. Os pacientes eram, em sua maioria, sem raça definida e com idade variando entre um e 18 anos, com maior freqüência na idade de quatro anos. A localização mais freqüente foi a genital, seguida pela nasal; 25% dos pacientes apresentavam metástases. Estas ocorreram mais freqüentemente na pele (31% das metástases), seguida pela localização mamária, em fêmeas, e em linfonodos, nos machos. Foram colhidas amostras de 188 tumores para avaliação citológica por microscopia ótica, microscopia eletrônica de transmissão, imunofenotipagem e estimação de danos no DNA pelo teste do cometa. As massas foram avaliadas de acordo com a localização, em genitais ou extragenitais, com o comportamento biológico, em primárias e não primárias (metastáticas ou recorrentes) e, ainda, de acordo com o tamanho e tempo de evolução clínica. A avaliação citológica incluiu a classificação de acordo com o padrão morfológico predominante, em linfocitóide (18,4%), plasmocitóide (52,5%) ou misto (29,1%). As amostras extragenitais e não primárias foram predominantemente do padrão plasmocitóide. Foram observadas as características de malignidade gerais, citoplasmáticas, nucleares e nucleolares apresentadas. Anisocitose, anisocariose e macrocariose foram observadas em todos os padrões citomorfológicos, assim como a presença de vacúolos citoplasmáticos, basofilia e eosinofilia citoplasmáticas e corpúsculos linfoglandulares. As características citoplasmáticas de malignidade observadas com maior freqüência foram projeções citoplasmáticas e espessamento... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: A hundred and thirty-two dogs with naturally transplanted transmissible venereal tumor (TVT) from ambulatory service of the Veterinary Hospital UNESP, Botucatu, were analyzed for epidemiological and clinical aspects. The animals were predominantly mongrel dogs, with age range between one and eighteen years, and mean of four years. The most usual location was genital, followed by nasal; 25% presents metastasis, the cutaneous location being the most frequent, followed by lymph nodes, in males, and mammary, in females. A sample of 188 tumors were collected for cytologic evaluation in optical microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, immunophenotyping and measure of DNA damage by the Comet test. The masses were classified by location as genital or extragenital, by biological behavior as primary or non-primary (metastastatic or recurrent), and by size and time of clinical evolution. The cytologic evaluation included cytomorphological classification in lymphocyte-like (18.4%), plasma-cell-like (52.5%) and mixed pattern (29.1%). Extragenital and non-primary tumors were essentially plasma cell-like. Malignancy features were noted as general, cytoplasmatic, nuclear and nucleolar. Anisocytosis, anisocariosis and macrocariosis were present in all cytomorphological patterns, as well as cytoplasmatic vacuoles, basophilic and eosinophilic tintorial properties, and lymphoglandular bodies. Cytoplasmatic malignancy criteria most frequently observed were cytoplasmatic projections and cellular membrane thickness. Cells resembling a racket were related to lymphocyte-like pattern. Nuclear buds, perinuclear halos, hyperchromatic nuclei, pseudoinclusions, nuclear membrane thickness and mitosis (normal and abnormal), binucleation, and nuclear lobulations (pleomorphic nuclei) were the most frequents nuclear malignancy criteria. The lymphocyte-like pattern was less related... (Complete abstract click electronic address below) / Doutor

Orientador: Konradin Metze / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciencias Medicas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-11T22:07:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Scarpelli_KarimeCury_M.pdf: 4019689 bytes, checksum: 327500d1e9eaf9d7ba789fda03cc4064 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / Mestrado / Ciencias Biomedicas / Mestre em Ciências Médicas

Malignant melanoma is one of the most rapidly increasing cancers and accounts for about three-quarter of all skin cancer deaths worldwide. Despite compelling evidence that ultraviolet (UV) irradiation causes melanoma the knowledge how various wavelength spectra affect the balance between proliferation and apoptosis controlling the homeostasis of the melanocyte population is still limited. The aim of this thesis was to elucidate the regulation of UVA/B induced apoptotic signaling in human epidermal melanocytes in vitro in relation to redox alterations and antioxidant photoprotection. UVA irradiation induced changes in plasma membrane stability, decreased cell proliferation and increased apoptosis. In comparison, melanocyte plasma membrane was markedly resistant to UVB irradiation although apoptosis was triggered. Thus, UVA irradiation should not be overlooked as an etiologic factor in melanoma development. Further, after irradiation with UVA/B we found alterations in redox state manifested by a reduction of intracellular GSH levels, translocation of nuclear factor-κB from the cytosol to the nucleus, an increase of γ-glutamylcysteine synthetase, the rate-limiting enzyme in GSH synthesis, and an increased apoptosis frequency. α-Tocopherol provided photoprotection through several modes of action affecting redox alterations and signaling, stabilizing the plasma membrane, and decreased proliferation and apoptosis rate, while β-carotene did not show the same protective capacity. Altogether, α-tocopherol might be a useful substance in protecting melanocytes from UV induced damage. We demonstrate UVA/B irradiation to activate the intrinsic pathway of apoptosis in melanocytes where translocation of Bcl-2 family proteins to the mitochondria modulates the apoptosis signal. Interestingly, the anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 family proteins generally thought to be attached to membranes, were localized in the cytosol before UV irradiation and translocated to the mitochondria in the surviving population, which might be a critical event in preventing apoptotic cell death. Lysosomal cathepsins were released to the cytosol acting as pro-apoptotic mediators upstream of activation and translocation of Bax to the mitochondria. When melanocytes were exposed to UVA, p53 participated in apoptosis regulation through interaction with Bcl-2 family proteins, while UVB induced p53-transcriptional activity and apoptosis involving lysosomal membrane permeabilization. Thus, depending on the UV wavelength p53 mediated apoptosis in melanocytes by transcriptional dependent or independent activity. These results emphasize p53 as an important pro-apoptotic component in the regulation of apoptosis. This thesis gives new insight in the harmful and various effects of different wavelengths within the UV spectrum on human melanocytes in vitro. Improved knowledge of the apoptosis regulatory systems in melanocytes might lead to a better understanding of the formation of pigment nevi and malignant melanoma and, in the future, provide better strategies to prevent and eliminate tumor development and progression.

The aim of this work was to examine the effects of sampling method on accuracy of culture for Tritrichomonas foetus; and the effects of sampling method, time delay, and addition of a DNA preservative on the accuracy of a PCR test. Samples from two different sources were used for Experiment 1. Preputial scrapings were collected from one group of three infected and one uninfected bull 10 times. Secondly, samples were collected from 5 infected bulls by both sheath washing and scraping on 6 occasions, while 8 uninfected animals were sampled three or more times. Twenty nine out of 30 samples from the first sample set were found to be positive, and 83 % of samples collected by both methods for the second sample set tested positive. No samples from the control bulls were found to be positive. Scraping was found to offer significant practical advantages over washing. It may be subject to greater operator variability than sheath washing. The second experiment utilised the same samples as were used for the second data set under Experiment 1. Guanidinium thiocyanate (GuSCN) was added to half of each sample. Each sample was cultured, while all samples were subjected to DNA extraction within 6 and 30 hours and after 5 days of storage at 4 °C. PCR and agarose gel electrophoresis was performed. No samples from the control animals tested positive on PCR. The sensitivity of the PCR on samples from infected bulls ranged from 0,9 in samples extracted within 6 hours to 0,31 in samples extracted after 5 days. Sampling method had no effect with the exception of samples held for 5 days with GuSCN, where sheath washing was superior to scraping. The addition of GuSCN had no effect. Holding time reduced sensitivity at 5 days, but the effect was not significant at 30 hours. It is concluded that preputial scraping is equal in sensitivity to washing for culture of Tritrichomonas foetus. Preputial samples for PCR testing should be submitted as soon as possible after collection, and the addition of GuSCN has no effect. Samples collected by sheath washing may be superior to those collected by scraping for PCR testing. The requirement for a test with sufficient sensitivity to allow reliable identification of infected bulls based on one sample has not been met with the described method. / Dissertation (MMedVet (Gyn))--University of Pretoria, 2002. / Production Animal Studies / unrestricted