Second Lieutenant Charles Scheffel, B Company Platoon Leader, 39th Infantry Regiment, 9th Infantry Division modified existing methods of venereal disease control in Algeria, North Africa during Operation Torch after being ordered to reduce the venereal disease rate by his regimental commander, Colonel William Ritter. Tasked with defeating the Germans first, Scheffel learned other enemies lurked as well, and he instituted an illegal policy to solve the problem as fast and as effectively as possible. Official United States policy on the eve of World War Two prohibited the establishment and operation of a brothel. Scheffel operated this brothel as the United States Army occupied Arab lands for the first time in its history and improved the combat effectiveness of his regiment.

This study investigates the history of venereal diseases in Sweden in the period from 1785 to 1903. Medical and political perceptions of these diseases as well as the patients and their continued lives have been studied. Venereal diseases were considered a significant threat to the growth of the population throughout the period. They were recognised through the dramatic sores that they produced on the body of the patient, and were frequently cured with mercurial therapies. In the late nineteenth century, syphilis and gonorrhoea became the two most significant sexually transmitted diseases. They were believed to cause paralysis, mental illness, infant mortality and infertility. Sweden fought venereal diseases with a network of State-controlled health measures. County hospitals that contained special wards for patients diagnosed with venereal diseases were established in the late eighteenth century. These hospitals were financed by mandatory revenue after 1817. Medical care was mandatory and ministers, law officers and heads of households could inform the provincial physicians about the incidence of venereal disease. During the nineteenth century, the regulation of prostitution was enforced which implied that women were blamed for the spread of these diseases. Patients with venereal disease belonged to a cross section of contemporary Swedish society. Most of them were from the lower- or working-classes. They suffered higher age-specific mortality in the first half of the century, and high infant mortality throughout the period. It appears, however, that the constructed image of a patient with venereal disease had little impact upon their lives. Contemporary poverty and societal problems, such as unemployment and poor housing, probably played a larger part in their lives. / digitalisering@umu

Public health officials and social reformers grew concerned over the prevalence of gonorrhea and syphilis following World War I. The initiatives put in place by authorities to control the spread of venereal disease lacked any concern for women’s health and sought to control their newly found independence and mobility. This thesis examines public health policies related to venereal disease control from 1920-1945 and how these regulations affected women in the United States. Laws and social reform measures such as pre-marital blood tests, the Sheppard-Towner Maternity and Infancy Act, and the use of quarantining prostitutes during World War I and World War II were passed by government officials to ensure the future of America as a fit fighting force of men, placing women’s health concerns last in its race for domination. Women essentially were marked as the diseased dangers to America’s health.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:31:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2005Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:41:12Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 amaral_as_dr_botfmvz.pdf: 11010569 bytes, checksum: f799834df6f5beed1bbe0ee377c40fe0 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Foram analisados 132 casos de tumor venéreo transmissível (TVT) de ocorrência natural, atendidos no Hospital Veterinário de Botucatu, considerando aspectos clínicos e epidemiológicos. Os pacientes eram, em sua maioria, sem raça definida e com idade variando entre um e 18 anos, com maior freqüência na idade de quatro anos. A localização mais freqüente foi a genital, seguida pela nasal; 25% dos pacientes apresentavam metástases. Estas ocorreram mais freqüentemente na pele (31% das metástases), seguida pela localização mamária, em fêmeas, e em linfonodos, nos machos. Foram colhidas amostras de 188 tumores para avaliação citológica por microscopia ótica, microscopia eletrônica de transmissão, imunofenotipagem e estimação de danos no DNA pelo teste do cometa. As massas foram avaliadas de acordo com a localização, em genitais ou extragenitais, com o comportamento biológico, em primárias e não primárias (metastáticas ou recorrentes) e, ainda, de acordo com o tamanho e tempo de evolução clínica. A avaliação citológica incluiu a classificação de acordo com o padrão morfológico predominante, em linfocitóide (18,4%), plasmocitóide (52,5%) ou misto (29,1%). As amostras extragenitais e não primárias foram predominantemente do padrão plasmocitóide. Foram observadas as características de malignidade gerais, citoplasmáticas, nucleares e nucleolares apresentadas. Anisocitose, anisocariose e macrocariose foram observadas em todos os padrões citomorfológicos, assim como a presença de vacúolos citoplasmáticos, basofilia e eosinofilia citoplasmáticas e corpúsculos linfoglandulares. As características citoplasmáticas de malignidade observadas com maior freqüência foram projeções citoplasmáticas e espessamento... / A hundred and thirty-two dogs with naturally transplanted transmissible venereal tumor (TVT) from ambulatory service of the Veterinary Hospital UNESP, Botucatu, were analyzed for epidemiological and clinical aspects. The animals were predominantly mongrel dogs, with age range between one and eighteen years, and mean of four years. The most usual location was genital, followed by nasal; 25% presents metastasis, the cutaneous location being the most frequent, followed by lymph nodes, in males, and mammary, in females. A sample of 188 tumors were collected for cytologic evaluation in optical microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, immunophenotyping and measure of DNA damage by the Comet test. The masses were classified by location as genital or extragenital, by biological behavior as primary or non-primary (metastastatic or recurrent), and by size and time of clinical evolution. The cytologic evaluation included cytomorphological classification in lymphocyte-like (18.4%), plasma-cell-like (52.5%) and mixed pattern (29.1%). Extragenital and non-primary tumors were essentially plasma cell-like. Malignancy features were noted as general, cytoplasmatic, nuclear and nucleolar. Anisocytosis, anisocariosis and macrocariosis were present in all cytomorphological patterns, as well as cytoplasmatic vacuoles, basophilic and eosinophilic tintorial properties, and lymphoglandular bodies. Cytoplasmatic malignancy criteria most frequently observed were cytoplasmatic projections and cellular membrane thickness. Cells resembling a racket were related to lymphocyte-like pattern. Nuclear buds, perinuclear halos, hyperchromatic nuclei, pseudoinclusions, nuclear membrane thickness and mitosis (normal and abnormal), binucleation, and nuclear lobulations (pleomorphic nuclei) were the most frequents nuclear malignancy criteria. The lymphocyte-like pattern was less related... (Complete abstract click electronic address below)

Orientadores: Nelson Adami Andreollo, Norair Salviano dos Reis / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciencias Medicas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-10T14:38:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Soares_TaisMariaPinheiro_D.pdf: 3190520 bytes, checksum: 3676a9dedbebb235bb8a56bbc03aa2ef (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 / Resumo: O Tumor Venéreo Transmissível Canino (TVTC) é considerado uma neoplasia própria da espécie, sendo muito rara em outros mamíferos. A disseminação deste tumor, geralmente ocorre por contato sexual, porém ele pode ser disseminado por lambeduras e contato com as superfícies mucosas não genitais. Vários métodos terapêuticos têm sido utilizados, dentre eles, a quimioterapia, radioterapia, imunoterapia e cirurgia. Este trabalho teve como objetivo, a avaliação da eficácia do Syphonosporinum (medicamento imunoterápico) no tratamento do TVTC, analisando-se a regressão total ou parcial do mesmo. Foram tratados, durante 6 meses com Syphonosporinum, 14 cães sem raça definida, portadores de TVTC confirmados por biópsias e exames histopatológicos. Após o início da terapia imunobiológica, ocorreu melhora nos exames laboratoriais, biópsias e no quadro clínico geral dos animais. Todos os animais apresentaram remissão tumoral, com exceção de dois, nos quais ocorreu redução parcial do tumor, demonstrando que o medicamento foi eficiente no tratamento. De acordo com os resultados deste trabalho, sugere-se que o Syphonosporinum é uma opção terapêutica no tratamento do TVTC, com boa tolerância e sem efeitos colaterais aos animais / Abstract: The Canine Transmissible Venereal Tumor (TVTC) is an own tumor of this species and very rare in other mammals. The transmission of this tumor usually happens for sexual contact; however had been disseminated by licks and contact with genitals mucous surfaces. Several therapeutic methods have been used, as the chemotherapy, radiotherapy, immunotherapy and surgery. This work had as objective, the evaluation of the effectiveness of Syphonosporinum (immunotherapy) in the treatment of TVTC, analyzing the total or partial regression of the tumor. Fourteen dogs without defined race with TVTC, confirmed by biopsies and histopathology, were treated, during 6 months with Syphonosporinum. After the beginning of the therapy, the animals presented improvement in the laboratory exams, biopsies and in the general clinical. All the dogs presented remission of the tumor, except for two, which partial reduction, demonstrating that medication was efficient in the treatment. In agreement with the results, it is suggested that Syphonosporinum is a therapeutic option in the treatment of TVTC, with good tolerance and without collateral effects to the animals / Doutorado / Pesquisa Experimental / Doutor em Cirurgia

Submitted by (edna.saturno@ufrpe.br) on 2016-11-07T11:40:52Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Silvio Gomes de Sa.pdf: 2886055 bytes, checksum: 0aa7c0772b26e8fa8700c92d6f0cece5 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-11-07T11:40:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Silvio Gomes de Sa.pdf: 2886055 bytes, checksum: 0aa7c0772b26e8fa8700c92d6f0cece5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-02-23 / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq / The objective of this study was to verify the venereal transmission of Toxoplasma gondii in mice experimentally infected with oocysts of the ME49 strain. The first experiment studied the presence and distribution of T. gondii in the reproduction organs of experimentally infected male mice, in the acute infection phase. Five experimental groups were formed (MG1, MG2, MG3, MG4 and CG-control), inoculated with 50, 100, 500 and 1000 oocysts, respectively. The proof of infection was carried out by an antibodies study and the presence of parasitic DNA in the blood, urine and reproductive tissues. Reproductive tissues were histologically evaluated for the study of suggestive lesions from the infection. Suggestive forms of T. gondii were observed in the urine at the 7th and 15th post-infection days. In the serology only one animal from the MG2 and all from MG3 and MG4 presented antibodies IgM and IgG. In the PCR-Nested, 80% of animals from MG1 and MG2 were positive in the DNA blood study and no animals from MG3 and MG4 were positive. None of the animals from the control group were positive in serology and molecular techniques. Of the males from the infected groups, 30% presented parasitic DNA in the prostate, 40% in the testicle and epididymis and 60% in the seminal vesicle. In the histopathology, testicular degeneration, focal mononuclear infiltration and more accentuated olygospermia were observed in the animals from MG3 and MG4, but not in the CG. The second experiment was carried out with the objective of studying the venereal transmission of T. gondii and the reproductive disturbances in female mice divided in four groups and mated with experimentally infected males between the 2nd and 14th post-infection days. The infection was proven by using the serology and molecular techniques. Histopathology was carried out in reproductive tissues of males (prostate, seminal vesicle, testicles and epididymis) and females (uterus and ovaries). One hundred percent of males presented parasitic DNA in tissues of the reproductive organ or in the blood. However, only one male inoculated with 100 oocysts and 10 inoculated with 500 and 1000 oocysts soroconverted, respectively. Reproductive problems were also observed in mated females, however, they did not present antibodies anti-T. gondii and 75% of them (23/40) were positive in the PCR-Nested. The results obtained in this study conclude that the venereal transmission of the parasite occurs in mice experimentally infected with the ME49 strain in the doses used. / Objetivou-se com este trabalho estudar a transmissão venérea de Toxoplasma gondii em camundongos experimentalmente infectados com oocistos da cepa ME49. No primeiro experimento estudou-se a presença e distribuição de T. gondii no aparelho reprodutor de camundongos machos experimentalmente infectados na fase aguda da infecção. Foram formados cinco grupos experimentais (GM1, GM2, GM3, GM4 e GC - controle), inoculados com 50, 100, 500 e 1000 oocistos, respectivamente. A comprovação da infecção foi feita por meio da pesquisa de anticorpos e presença de DNA parasitário em sangue, urina e tecidos reprodutivos. Tecidos reprodutivos foram histologicamente avaliados para a pesquisa de lesões sugestivas da infecção. Formas sugestivas de T. gondii foram observadas na urina aos 7° e 15° dias pós-infecção. Na sorologia apenas um animal do GM2 e todos do GM3 e GM4 apresentaram anticorpos IgM e IgG. Na PCR-Nested, 80% dos animais do GM1 e GM2 foram positivos para pesquisa de DNA no sangue e nenhum animal do GM3 e GM4 foi positivo. Nenhum animal do grupo controle foi positivo na sorologia e técnicas moleculares. Dos machos dos grupos infectados, 30% apresentaram DNA parasitário na próstata, 40% no testículo e epidídimo e 60% na vesícula seminal. Na histopatologia observou-se degeneração testicular, infiltrado mononuclear focal e oligospermia mais acentuada nos animais do GM3 e GM4 e não observadas no GC. O segundo experimento foi realizado com o objetivo principal de estudar a transmissão venérea de T. gondii e os distúrbios reprodutivos em camundongas divididas em quatro grupos e acasaladas com machos experimentalmente infectados entre o 2° e 14° dias pósinfecção. A infecção foi comprovada por meio da sorologia e técnicas moleculares. Histopatologia foi realizada em tecidos reprodutivos de machos (próstata, vesícula seminal, testículos e epidídimos) e fêmeas (útero e ovários). Cem por cento dos machos apresentaram DNA parasitário em tecidos do aparelho reprodutor ou no sangue, mas apenas um macho inoculado com 100 oocistos e dez inoculados com 500 e 1000 oocistos soro converteram, respectivamente. Transtornos reprodutivos também foram observados nas fêmeas acasaladas, contudo essas não apresentaram anticorpos anti-T. gondii e 75% delas (23/40) foram positivas na PCR-Nested. Os resultados obtidos nesse estudo permitem concluir que a transmissão venérea do parasita ocorre em camundongos experimentalmente infectados com a cepa ME49 nas doses utilizadas.

Malignant melanoma arises from the pigment producing melanocytes in epidermis and is the most aggressive type of skin cancer. The incidence of malignant melanoma is increasing faster than any other type of cancer in white population worldwide, with a doubling rate every 10-20 years. So far, the only identified external risk factor for malignant melanoma is UV exposure. Elimination of photodamaged cells by apoptosis (programmed cell death) is essential to prevent tumor formation. Melanocytes are considered relatively resistant to apoptosis, however, the regulation of apoptosis in melanocytes is still unknown. The aim of this thesis was to investigate the apoptotic process following ultraviolet (UV) irradiation in primary cultures of human melanocytes. Focus was on regulation of mitochondrial stability by Bcl-2 family proteins and the possible participation of lysosomal proteases, cathepsins. UV irradiation activated the mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis, leading to cytochrome c release, caspase activation, and nuclear fragmentation. No change in protein expression of Bax and Bcl-2 was observed in response to UV. Instead, translocation of the Bcl-2 family proteins from cytosol to mitochondia was important in the regulation of survival and death of melanocytes. The findings further demonstrated permeabilization of the lysosomal membrane to occur early in the apoptotic process, resulting in cathepsin release into the cytosol. The cathepsins were potent pro-apoptotic mediators and triggered apoptosis upstream of Bax translocation and mitochondrial membrane permeabilization. In response to both heat and UV irradiation, there was a marked increase in expression of stress-induced heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70), which inhibited apoptosis by binding lysosomal and mitochondrial membranes and counteracting the release of cathepsins and cytochrome c. Furthermore, UV irradiation activated c-jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), which triggered apoptosis upstream of cathepsins release from the lysosomes. In addition, JNK mediated apoptosis through phosphorylation of pro-apoptotic Bim, which was released from anti-apoptotic Mcl-1, by UV induced Mcl-1 depletion. This thesis illustrates that permeabilization of mitochondria and lysosomes and release of their constituents to the cytosol participates in UV induced apoptosis signaling in human melanocytes in vitro. The process is regulated by a complex network of pro- and anti-apoptotic proteins, exerting their effects through intracellular translocation and alteration of protein expression.

Introduction. Plaque psoriasis (psoriasis vulgaris) is a chronic disease and the most common type of psoriasis. It is charactarized by well-defined areas with silvery scaling, erythema, puritus and sometimes pain. Psoriasis affects about 1.5 - 3 % of the world population. Patients with psoriasis often suffer with comorbidies which makes drug therapy essential in relieving symptoms. Mild to moderate disease is treated with topical therapy such as corticosteroids and retinoid creams and with phototherapy. More severe disease is treated with systemic therapy e.g. methotrexate, cyclopsorine and retinoids. Patients who do not respond well to these treatments can be put on antibody therapy, e.g., secukinumab. Secukinumab is a monoclonal antibody that specifically targets the IL-17A. It is used to treat moderate to severe psoriasis. Secukinumab binds to IL-17A and inhibits it to interact with IL-17R. This leads to downregulation of immune response and symptom relieving. Other monoclonal antibodies that are used are risankizumab that binds to the p19 subunit of IL-23 and ustekinumab that binds to the p40 subunit of IL-12 and IL-23. Clinical psoriasis symptoms are evaluated with the Psoriasis Area Severity Index (PASI) from 0 till 72 and with the Inverstigator’s Global Assessment (IGA) from 0 till 5. Method. This thesis is a literature review with an aim to evaluate the efficacy and safety of secukinumab in treating psoriasis vulgaris. The search for articles was done in PubMed with the search words ‘’secukinumab’’ and ‘’plaque psoriasis’’. Included articles were RCT-studies published between 2014 and 2022. Moreover, these studies used the PASI and the IGA scoring system. This thesis excluded studies with children. Overall, this thesis included 6 trials reported in 5 articles. Results. The trials ERASURE, FIXTURE and CAIN demonstrated that 300 mg and 150 mg secukinumab per day were effective in treating moderate to severe psoriasis vulgaris compared to  placebo and etarnecept. The trials CLARITY and CLEAR demonstrated that 300 mg secukinumab was effective in treating moderate to severe psoriasis vulgaris compared to ustekinumab. The trial IMMerge demonstrated that risankizumab was superior in treating psoriasis vulgaris compared to secukinumab. Most of the adverse effects were mild and moderate and the most common reported were nasopharyngitis, upper respiratory tract infection, diarrhea and headache.Conclusion. Secukinumab demonstrates good efficacy and safety in the treatment of moderate to severe psoriasis in patients who have not received a satisfactory result from other drugs therapies.

Community service projects have consistently been an effective means of community involvement and an avenue in which improvement in an area may be measured. Although the roles each participant assumes may differ, the ultimate accomplishment of the project is paramount to each person involved. This paper will explore the Governor's Task Force on Venereal Disease to determine both the effectiveness of the Task Force and the methods utilized to accomplish the task force goals. Primarily, this group of selected individuals will be reviewed to determine whether they were effective due to their ability to influence others, or simply through a great deal of hard work and co-operation. Data for this work was collected from individual written responses from Task Force participants, the Governor's Commission on Youth, various medical professionals, several works of other authors (see bibliography), data gathered by me as participant-observer, and through interviews from selected Task Force participants. Upon compiling the data, several concepts were revealed. I found that the influence that each participant enjoyed in the community was a primary factor of the effectiveness of the Task Force. Moreover, it was the influence of the particular individual with others who could assist with this particular problem which created a positive response, and thus effective results. This paper also explores the Task Force as a politically appointed group chosen to complete a specific project. The goals, operations, and accomplishments are detailed in an effort to measure the significance of the Task Force in the community.

No description available.