The purpose of this study was to investigate the extent to which a non-verbal test of intelligence, the Test of Non-Verbal Intelligence (TONI), may be used for assessing intellectual abilities of children in India. This investigation is considered important since current instruments used in India were developed several years ago and do not adequately reflect present standards of performance. Further, current instruments do not demonstrate adequate validity, as procedures for development and cultural transport were frequently not in adherence to recommended guidelines for such practice. Data were collected from 91 normally achieving and 18 mentally retarded Indian children, currently enrolled in elementary schools. Data from an American comparison group were procured from the authors of the TONI. Subjects were matched on age, grade, and area of residence. Subjects were also from comparative socioeconomic backgrounds. Literature review of the theoretical framework supporting cross-cultural measurement of intellectual ability, a summary of major instruments developed for cross-cultural use, non-verbal measures of intellectual ability in India, and issues in cross-cultural research are discussed, with recommended methodology for test transport. Major findings are: (a) the factor scales derived from the Indian and American normally achieving groups indicate significant differences; (b) items 1, 3, 5, 8, 10, and 22 are biased against the Indian group, though overall item characteristic curves are not significantly different; (c) mean raw scores on the TONI are significantly different between second and third grade Indian subjects; and (d) mean TONI Quotients are significantly different between normally achieving and mentally retarded Indian subjects. It is evident that deletion of biased items and rescaling would be necessary for the TONI to be valid in the Indian context. However, because it does discriminate between subjects at different levels of ability, adaptation for use in India is justified. It may prove to be a more current and parsimonious method of assessing intellectual abilities in Indian children than instruments presently in use.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Columbia University, 1929. / Thesis note on label mounted on t.p. Printed in Great Britain. Bibliography: p. 213-226.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Columbia University, 1929. / Thesis note on label mounted on t.p. Printed in Great Britain. Bibliography: p. 213-226.

This study examined performance on the Memory Quotient Tester (MQT) and the Raven’s Advanced Progressive Matrices (RAPM) in relation to academic performance in a sample of 51 Psychology students. The relationship between working memory (MQT), non-verbal intelligence (RAPM), demographic factors and academic success were determined. Results indicated no significant relationship between working memory and academic success in undergraduate Psychology courses, whereas the first set of the RAPM revealed some significance in relation to both academic success and the variables of race and language. This indicates the possible role of eductive reasoning in tertiary level academic success.

The problem of the study is to investigate the effect of sex differences in the use of the California Achievement Tests and the California Test of Mental Maturity in predicting academic success in high school. The specific predictors which are analyzed for sex differences are verbal intelligence quotient from the California Test of Mental Maturity and reading vocabulary, reading comprehension, arithmetic achievement, and language achievement from the California Achievement Tests.

The association between intelligence and achievement has been investigated by many researchers, and a moderate to strong correlation between the two has been repeatedly found. Few researchers, however, have studied the intelligence–achievement relationship within the context of poverty. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between the verbal and the nonverbal scores of students within the context of poverty. The study investigated how students’ verbal and nonverbal scores differentiate by ability levels within each grade, specifically kindergarten through fifth grades. It also focused on gifted fifth grade students, and investigated the relationship between their verbal scores and poverty status. Research questions guiding the study were: (1) What is the relationship between verbal and nonverbal intelligence scores of students from poverty, (2) how does this relationship differ by ability levels within each grade, and (3) what is the relationship between verbal scores and poverty status of fifth grade gifted students? The data was collected and analyzed with quantitative methods. The study had two different samples. The first sample consisted of 1935 kindergarten through fifth graders and was used to answer the first and second research questions. The second sample consisted of 128 gifted fifth grade students and was used to answer the third question. The Reynolds Intellectual Assessment Scale (RIAS), the Otis-Lennon School Ability Test, Eighth Edition (OLSAT 8), and the Stanford Achievement Test–Tenth Edition (Stanford 10) were used to collect data. The results indicated that students living in poverty, as measured by free- or reduced lunch status, evidenced large gaps between their verbal and nonverbal intelligence scores. The observed gaps were not specific to any grade level or ability level. Rather, all grades from kindergarten through fifth, demonstrated large gaps between their verbal and nonverbal IQ scores. These gaps were even larger for students with higher nonverbal IQ scores. In addition, free or reduced-lunch status was a significant predictor of verbal intelligence scores as well as of achievement scores. In the light of the results, the study discussed the findings and offered implications: Identification and placement processes for gifted and talented students from poverty should be extra cautious given this demonstrated verbal-nonverbal score discrepancy. Verbal abilities should be assessed when placing students into advanced programs given the verbal demands of these programs. While many students with high nonverbal scores may have had the potential to learn, they were not ready to learn due to their lower verbal scores. Therefore, building verbal intelligence of impoverished students with lower achievement scores will make them more likely to be successful in academic coursework that demands high verbal ability.

M.A. / Traditional measures often used in the assessment of cognitive functions of individuals, are regarded as unsuitable for two reasons. Firstly, since a particular language is utilized in the test items and instructions of most cognitive tests, the overall lower verbal test scores of culturally diverse individuals often is an indicator of poor verbal knowledge and language proficiency that in effect has a bearing on an invalid lower Full Scale IQ score. The verbal item content fail to provide important information regarding the potential learning and reasoning abilities of a person from a different culture. Secondly, due to past standardization practices in the construction of measuring instruments, important elements regarding the cultural relevance of the content of the measures, have often failed to be included. In order to address such problems, this research examined the suitability of the S.O.N.-R 5 % - 17 according to three objectives: (a) to cognitively assess the non-verbal intelligence of 400 secondary school children from four culturally diverse groups in the Johannesburg metropolitan area, viz. Afrikaans-, English-, Sotho- and Zulu-speaking learners who are in grades 8-10; (b) to determine whether home language, grade level, socio-economic status (SES), gender, handedness and the use of visual aids (spectacles/contact lenses) were important variables in determining subtest total scores; and (c) to determine the appropriateness of the S.O.N.-R 5%- 17 for local use in terms of its psychometric properties, viz. reliability (internal consistency) as well as its construct and predictive validity. Apart from providing the developmental aspects pertaining to the cognitive development of adolescents, other important theoretical aspects of intelligence were discussed from a cross-cultural perspective in reference to various conceptual frameworks from which intelligence was viewed as a function of the internal (innate) psychological processes of the individual and the external (socio-cultural) psychological processes of the individual. An outline based on the psychometric and cultural implications for such theories of intelligence was also delineated in an effort to define the concept of intelligence as related to culture-fair testing.

Mentaliseringsförmåga innebär förmågan att ta en annan persons perspektiv, att förstå hur någon annan tänker och känner. Det innebär även att förstå de egna tankarna och reaktionerna relaterat till andra personers tankar och känslor. Det är viktigt med en välfungerande mentaliseringsförmåga för att kunna samverka med andra individer och sin omgivning på ett pragmatiskt och ändamålsenligt sätt. Det finns flera olika förmågor som kan vara viktiga för mentaliseringsförmågan, i vilken grad de påverkar är dock fortfarande oklart. Syftet med detta arbete var att undersöka mentaliseringsförmågan och dess samvariation med andra kognitiva förmågor hos barn i åldrarna 6-7 år. I föreliggande studie användes tio test för att undersöka vilka kognitiva förmågor som samverkade med mentaliseringsförmågan. De förmågor som testades var visuellt och auditivt arbetsminne, korttidsminne, språkförståelse och ickeverbal intelligens. Testgruppen bestod av 25 typiskt utvecklade barn i åldrarna 6:0–8:0 år med svenska som modersmål. Resultatet av testerna visade att ickeverbal intelligens, korttidsminne och språkförståelse korrelerade med barnens mentaliseringsförmåga. Vad gällde arbetsminnet verkade det främst som att en arbetsminneskapacitet upp till en viss nivå gynnade mentaliseringsförmågan, kapacitet över denna nivå verkade inte ha någon betydelse för prestationen. Det upptäcktes ingen enskild faktor som var viktigare än de andra för mentaliseringsförmågan, utan att samverkan av dessa förmågor är viktig. / Theory of mind, or mentalization ability, is the ability to understand how another individual thinks, acts and feels. It is important to develop a mentalization ability in order to interact with other people and the surrounding social environment in a pragmatic way. There are several abilities that might play an important role in the developmental process of Theory of mind. It is still uncertain to which degree these abilities effect the mentalization ability. The purpose with this study was to investigate the mentalization ability and its relationship with other cognitive abilities in children aged 6-7 years. In this study, ten different tests were used to analyze which abilities correlated with Theory of mind. The abilities that were tested were visual- and auditory working memory, short-term memory, non-verbal intelligence and language understanding. The participating test group consisted of 25 typically developed children aged 6:0-8:0 with Swedish as mother tongue. The results from the tests showed that the mentalization ability correlated with nonverbal intelligence, short-term memory and language understanding. It appears that a certain level of working memory is important, but that an exceptionally good working memory will not improve the mentalization ability further. The result showed that no single ability were more important than the others for the mentalization ability.

The object of this research is to establish verbal and visual intelligence abilities among bilingual and monolingual youth teenagers. There were 150 Lithuanian speaking younger teenagers 12-14 year old from J. Basanavičiaus and Senamiesčio secondary schools in Ukmergė and 150 Lithuanian-Polish speaking youth teenagers from 12-14 year old from J. Lelevel secondary school in Vilnius that took part in the research. An attempt is made using R. Amthauer Intelligenz-Struktur Test I S T 70 verbal and visual subtests. There were raised such hypotheses: 1. Verbal intelligence abilities of monolingual and bilingual youth teenagers differ. 2. Visual intelligence abilities of monolingual and bilingual youth teenagers don‘t differ. The data were comparing among bilingual and monolingual youth teenagers, 12 year old bilingual and monolingual youth teenagers, 13 year bilingual and monolingual youth teenagers, 14 year bilingual and monolingual youth teenagers. The conclusion received during this research is that intelectual verbal abilities among bilingual youth teenagers differ only partly, intelectual visual abilities among bilingual youth teenagers don’t differ.

In Miranda v. Arizona (1966), the Supreme Court of the United States required that custodial arrestees be informed of their constitutional and continuous rights to silence and to legal counsel. Moreover, the ruling mandated that waivers be considered valid only if they were made knowingly, intelligently, and voluntarily. However, in the decades that followed, evidence from both caselaw and empirical scholarship clarified that, for many vulnerable populations, these rights are in jeopardy. Among these vulnerable populations, those with limited cognitive capacities (LCCs) have been functionally excluded from research which primarily focused on persons with intellectual disabilities. This thesis offers a novel exploration of the role of specific cognitive impairments on Miranda comprehension and reasoning, with a focus on verbal intelligence (VIQ). Using a large archival sample of pretrial defendants (N = 820), current results suggest that defendants struggled with Miranda abilities regardless of other, individual characteristics. However, verbal intelligence emerged as a very strong predictor of Miranda comprehension such that those with lower VIQ were considerably more vulnerable to impaired comprehension. More so, data suggest that several compounded vulnerabilities (i.e., minoritized racial/ethnic identity status, limited academic achievement, illiteracy) are essential to understanding the extent of vulnerability in the criminal legal system in addition to the negative impacts of cognitive impairments. Several crucial implications for clinical practice and legal decision-making are explored. Finally, essential areas for future research are presented.