As colleges and trade schools across the United States attempt to increase the number of interactive elements in their Engineering and Engineering Technology departments, many smaller institutions are having trouble accumulating enough funding to purchase the necessary robotic systems and supporting components. In addition to the lack of funding, the market for “classroom” sized manufacturing systems is virtually nonexistent. Many students must find internships outside of their institutions to gain the higher levels of experience that they desire. To provide its students with more real-life education, the robotics lab at East Tennessee State University is trying to simulate an industrial work environment, where robotic arms can interact with conveyor belts. The conveyor belt workstations currently in the lab cost tens of thousands of dollars and only include a few small conveyor belts, a hand full of sensors and actuators, and their control boards. These workstations are not only expensive, but they are limited in their functions and potential configurations. The best approach to solving these issues is to create various small-scale, or modular, systems out of inexpensive parts from reliable sources. This method allows institutions to inexpensively replicate the systems that are commonly seen in manufacturing. At present, only the basic, horizontal, conveyor belt module has been designed and tested. The goal of this sub-project will be to add a vertical conveyor belt module. The main function of this module will be to raise and lower items, so that the modular systems can be multi-level using the least amount of space possible. This will be accomplished by modifying the hardware from the base conveyor and experimenting with different belt designs to ensure the items will be able to be carried up without slipping off. The use of multilevel and overhead conveyor systems is a popular space maximization method in industry. The current systems rely on sloped conveyors to move materials to higher levels, wasting valuable space and time. A vertical conveyor belt would decrease the time and distance required to carry materials to various levels.

Clergy formation in the Presbyterian Church USA has traditionally focused on rigorous academic preparation for professional ministry, a process now noticeably incomplete as pastors lead through the unique challenges of ministry in 21st century US mainline protestant contexts. This project proposes a way to bridge the formation gap using presbytery-supported peer-learning cohorts for emerging and new pastors with an emphasis on vertical leadership development. Rooted in leadership theory, human development, and adult educational pedagogy, vertically focused cohorts can hone essential leadership and critical thinking capacities amid adaptive change and the complexities of ministry today for clergy and congregational thriving. / 2024-05-04T00:00:00Z

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I have always been fascinated by vertical living, especially in the dense Urban context. I wonder how families become neighbors and create a sense of neighborhood when under a single roof in a multifamily/ multi storied housing complex. Whereas the building also serves the various amenities to its dwellers. Vertical living plays a very significant role and is typically necessary for housing the dense population in the urban areas. However, with limited resources, the living standards in those situations are often compromised. While focusing on the built environment, the intangible essence of 'home' has been lost. The notion of home is missing when living vertically. The home is not only a place of shelter that protects us from the hostility of nature, provides security, safety and privacy but also is associated with one's memories, celebrations and interactions throughout our lives. These are the aspirations and invaluable assets in our life. The notion of home is seldom fulfilled without the sense of neighborhood. In a healthy neighborhood, streets are walkable, neighbors know each other, with diversity and mixed use, public open spaces accessible to all. My research focuses on those aspects of human aspirations regarding the built environment and strives to bring back those experiences of home and neighborhood to vertical living. / Master of Architecture / Vertical living plays a very significant role and is typically necessary for housing the dense population in the urban areas. But it often fails to respond to its context, place, culture and emotional aspects of its dwellers. Moreover, with limited resources, the living standards in those situations are also compromised. While focusing on the built environment, the intangible essence of 'home' has been lost. The home is not only a place of shelter that protects us from the hostility of nature, provides security, safety and privacy but also is associated with one's memories, celebrations and interactions throughout our lives. These are the aspirations and invaluable assets in our life. This notion of home is missing when living vertically. The notion of home and the sense of neighborhood are closely related to each other. The traits of a healthy neighborhood are- walkable streets, friendly neighbors, density, diversity and mixed land use, accessible public open spaces. 'Rethinking vertical living' focuses on those aspects of human aspirations regarding the built environment. The research strives to bring back the emotional aspects of human life regarding home and neighborhood, and to improve the living standard in vertical living.

I SKAFFERIET integrerar man forskning och produktion av VERTIKAL ODLING med SAMLINGSPLATSER för folket i SORUNDA. Anställda forskar om och håller utbildningar kring hur man effektivast kan odla HYDROPONISKT. Huset kan ses som en MASKIN där utformningen baserats på att MAXIMERA FÖRUTSÄTTNINGARNA för vertikal odling.  Huset är uppdelat i två delar. Ena delen är glasad och där sker den vertikala odlingen. Den andra delen är klädd i SOLPANELER och där finns samlingsplatserna. Odlingen är separerad från övriga huset av HYGIENSKÄL. Tanken är att plantorna ska få SOLLJUS från söder, och vid behov finns UV-LAMPOR under vintern eller vid behov.  Näringslösningen som växterna står i kommer från biomassa, vilken i sin tur kommer från restprodukter vid jordbruket i området.Växterna står i en NÄRINGSLÖSNING bestående av REGNVATTEN, som samlas från taket till en vattentank i huset, samt av BIOMASSA som kommer från spillprodukter från jordbruket i Sorunda.  Varorna som produceras kommer att gå direkt till den LOKALA COOP samt de två LOKALA RESTAURANGERNA som idag ännu inte använder några lokala matvaror. / In Skafferiet they integrate research and production of vertical farming with gathering places for the people living in Sorunda. Employees research about vertical farming and hold courses about how to grow fruits and vegetables hydroponically in the most efficient way. The house is divided into two parts. The first part has a glass facade and that is where the vertical farming takes place. The second part has a sunpanel facade and inside is where the gathering rooms are. The two parts are divided because of hygiene reasons since the crops are being sold in the supermarket, in the bottom floor and in the two local restaurants in Sorunda which today do not sell any locally produced products.  The idea is that the crops get sunlight from the south and during night and winter there are UV-lamps to cover the plants´ needs. The crops stand in a nutrient solution of rain water, that is being collected from the roof into water tanks, and of biomass from waste products from Sorunda agriculture.

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Since the AlGaInN alloy has a continuous direct bandgap from about 0.7 eV (InN) to 6.2 eV (AlN), nitride-based materials can cover most of the electromag netic spectrum from near-infrared to ultraviolet. Based on this feature, nitride based light-emitting diode (LED) devices have been widely used. With the first commercialization of blue LED devices in 1993, the LED industry became more and more important in the field of lighting. As a typical light-emitting material, LED devices are not only determined by their own components, but also their luminous efficiency is one of the focuses of attention. Generally speaking, the standard for measuring the luminous efficiency of LED devices is the ratio of the number of injected carriers to the number of emitted photons, that is, the external quantum efficiency (EQE). In order to obtain a higher EQE, it can be improved from three aspects, namely internal quantum efficiency (IQE), light extraction ef ficiency (LEE) and injection efficiency (IE). However, since LED devices are often grown by vapor phase epitaxy, the epitaxial growth substrate often absorbs the light emitted by the LED device, thereby reducing the EQE of the entire device and affecting the luminous efficiency. Especially as the light-emitting wavelength of LEDs becomes longer and longer, the EQE of LED devices tends to drop from more than 80% to 4% or even lower (the decline of red LEDs will be more signif icant). At the same time, as the size of LED devices decreases, the proportion of damage caused by the mesa etching process and the surface recombination area of devices (such as Micro LED devices) increases accordingly, and EQE will also show a clear downward trend. Therefore, in addition to further improving EQE through internal quantum efficiency, increasing LEE as much as possible through structural changes is also a key point to improve EQE. In our study, based on our group’s own grown red LEDs, we successfully transferred structured vertical InGaN red LEDs from Si(111) substrates to new substrates, achieving further improvements in LEE. At the same time, it also provides options for applying this technology to LED devices and micro-LED devices of various wavelengths in the future. The LED device with the vertical structure has a low turn-on work ing voltage and a small series resistance. The whole process adopts dry etching technology, which makes the process more precise and reliable. Compared to standard LED devices, the operating voltage and series resistance of LEDs are changed from 30Ω to less than 10Ω respectively, and the LEE is improved by 70%, which is mainly attributed to the removal of the light-collecting substrate and the use of metal reflective layers to improve light extraction efficiency. Furthermore, although the process is an improvement over LEE, this structure-based process improvement can be used for LEDs of various wavelengths as well as micro-LEDs in the future. This typical substrate transfer technique can transfer very thin (3 micron) LED structures from one substrate to another without damaging the device itself, thus providing a way to realize flexible substrates in the near future.

This project focuses on sustainable production. The monocultural large-scale agriculture and forestry contributes with great strain on nature in the form of deforestation and eutrophication. At the same time, production is a central part of rural supply, and inthe extension also for all residents of the country. Unlike the city where demand drives land prices to such an extent that it pays to build vertically, the typology of the countryside is rather characterized by the opposite. Still, the relatively low land value in the countryside is so important for the ecological and economic sustainability of the whole country. What would happen if we priced the ecological values in evaluation of rural land prices, could it also be possible to build vertically even there? With this as a starting point, I have designed a vertical aquaponic cultivation tower, which produces both vegetables and crops, but also fish and energy. The tower is clad with both solar cells and solar panels, which ensures a sustainable self-sufficient energy supply, while excess energy can also supply surrounding buildings and businesses. In this project, I have replaced a 110 ha large cultivation area with vertical cultivation towers corresponding to the same production capacity in crops but which to the surface only occupy 1.1 ha. My idea with the saved land is to allow it to return to nature, primeval forest in the long run. In addition to the obvious ecological benefits, a changed use of land can enable a place for recreation in the middle of this “tower forest”, something that the classic arable farming rarely allows to any great extent. / I detta tredje och avslutande projekt här i Alberga har jag tagit avstamp i en av demest centrala utmaningarna för landsbygden. Detta handlar om hållbar produktion.Av Sveriges totala landyta brukas idag 8 % av marken för jordbruk, att jämföramed den bebyggda ytan på 3 %. Ytterligare ca 62 % nyttjas för skogsbruk. (SCB,Markanvändningen i Sverige). Det monokulturella storskaliga jord och skogsbruketbidrar med stora påfrestningar för naturen i form av avskogning och övergödning.Samtidigt är produktionen en central del av landsbygdens försörjning, och iförlängningen även för alla landets invånare. Till skillnad från i staden där efterfrågan driver markpriser i en sådan grad att detlönar sig att bygga på höjden är landsbygdens typologi snarare kännetecknad av detmotsatta. Ändå är den relativt lågt värderade marken på landsbygden så viktig förden ekologiska och ekonomiska hållbarheten för hela landet. Vad skulle hända om viprisade in de ekologiska värdena i landsbygdens markpriser, skulle det då kunna lönasig att även där bygga på höjden? Med detta som utgångspunkt har jag utformat ett vertikalt aquaponiskt odlingstorn, som både producerar grönsaker och grödor, men även fisk och energi. Tornet är klätt med både solceller och solpaneler vilket säkerställer en hållbar självförsörjande energitillgång, samtidigt som överskott av energi även kan förse omkringliggande bebyggelse och verksamheter. I detta projekt har jag ersatt ett 110 ha stort odlingsareal med vertikala odlingstorn motsvarande samma produktionskapacitet i grödor men som till ytan bara upptar 1,1 ha. Min tanke med den bespararade marken är att tillåta den återgå till skog, urskog på lång sikt.Förutom de uppenbara ekologiska fördelarna så kan även den ändrade markanvändingenmöjliggöra en plats för rekreation mitt i odlingstornsskogen, något som det klassiskaåkerjordbruket sällan tillåter i någon större utsträckning.

The passage of the 2002 Farm Bill and the removal of the peanut quota system revealed underlying fundamental problems in the Virginia peanut industry. Lower yields and high costs plague producers at the farm level, acreage levels continue to decline and it is doubtful that peanut production in Virginia will continue at levels seen in the past. The structured market due to the quota system has provided little incentive in the past for technological investment. Investment in technology such as high oleic peanuts and capturing value at the consumer level are seen as ways to improve the situation in Virginia. In particular increased coordination at all levels of the supply chain would be needed to ensure that the consumer is brought a product with characteristics they desire. The literature provides ample information regarding the formation of alliances and coordination in general. According to Cozzarin and Barry (1998), vertical integration, similar to vertical alliances are set up for the following reasons: mitigating transactions costs, taking advantage of output or input price differentials of a competitor, and reducing uncertainties in costs and/or prices. Cozzarin and Barry (1998) also note that there is an increasing move toward vertical coordination in many agriculture sectors, the reasons cited for the current trend include: a) the growing influence of consumers in controlling the agri-food agenda; b) the increasing marketing power of large food companies; and (c) technological changes that necessitate coordination. Of these three reasons, the peanut industry falls under the first two. Vertical coordination is seen to be a solution when two or more entities are able to accomplish more efficiently their objectives than they are able to on their own. For the peanut industry, the agency theory and in particular principal-agent theory is the most applicable to the peanut industry. A linear model is used to examine the effects of increased coordination along the supply chain. The linear model also provides a snapshot of how decisions made at the farm level reverberate through the entire supply chain. The linear model includes the comparison of increased profits due to premiums at the consumer level. Results of the linear model indicate that the Virginia peanut industry will have difficulty maintaining current production levels without investment in the sector, without changing the way the supply chain operates. Principal-agent theory and specifically the work done on contracts in the pork and poultry industries provide a framework within which the peanut industry could avoid asymmetric information and moral hazard. This study attempts to identify underlying problems along with possible solutions or the Virginia peanut industry. / Master of Science

<p> An experimental study of forced convection heat transfer and friction in water flowing in a vertical tube is reported in this thesis. The study investigates the effect of coiled wire turbulence promotors of various pitch to diameter ratios (ranging from 1.00 to 5.50) upon the Nusselt Prandtl modulus Nu/Pr^1/3 and Fanning friction factor f. The investigation is carried out for three different wire sizes, 0.052 in., 0.063 in., 0.072 in. respectively.</p> <p> Analysis of the various dimensionless numbers computed from the measurements of the present study indicates that the heat transfer increases by as much as 250% for low values of pitch to diameter ratio, though at the cost of a much larger increase in pressure drop. Consequently, the tubes using coiled wire turbulence promotors can be employed with advantage for cases where pumping power is not the dominating factor and reduction in weight and size of the equipment are more important.</p> <p> The experimental data are empirically correlated in terms of the ratio of Nusselt numbers for the tubes with turbulence promoters to the empty tube as a function of Reynolds number and pitch to diameter ratio. Nu/Nuo = K(Re)^a (H/D)^-0.3 </p> <p> To evaluate the net effect of coiled wire turbulence promotors, the ratio j/f = [Nu/RePr^1/3]/f is plotted against Reynolds number. The curves for the coiled wire turbulence promotors fell below the theoretical curve for the empty tube indicating that coiled wire turbulence promotors are not advantageous in terms of heat transfer per unit pressure drop.</p> / Thesis / Master of Engineering (MEngr)