The vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) is a simple reflex that stabilizes gaze by moving the eyes in the opposite direction to the head. The gain of the VOR (ratio of head to eye velocity) can be increased or decreased during motor learning. It is thought that the memory for learned changes in the VOR gain is initially encoded within the cerebellar flocculus. Furthermore, these learned gain changes can be disrupted or consolidated into a long-term memory. In this thesis we describe novel results that show that consolidation of the VOR can take place rapidly, within 1 hour after learning has stopped. Furthermore, we demonstrated that unlike learning, which has been shown to have frequency selectivity, disruption and rapid consolidation generalize across the range of frequencies. We suggest that disruption and rapid consolidation in the VOR are local mechanisms within the cerebellar cortex, and do not require new learning. This thesis also provides additional evidence for the idea that learned gain increases and decreases are the result of separate mechanisms, most likely long-term depression and potentiation respectively, at the parallel fibre-Purkinje cell synapses. We demonstrate that learned gain increases, but not decreases, require the activation of type 1 metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluR1) and B type γ-aminobutyric acid (GABAB) receptors. Blocking one or both of these receptors with an antagonist inverts gain-up learning, while the agonist augments gain-up learning. Furthermore, we provide novel evidence that these receptors are co-activated during gain-up learning.

Master of Science in Medicine / Saccadic and vestibular-evoked eye movements are similar in that their three-dimensional kinematic properties show eye position-dependence. When the line of sight is directed towards an eccentric target, the eye velocity axis tilts in a manner that depends on the instantaneous position of the eye in the head, with the magnitude of tilt also depending on whether the eye movement is saccadic or vestibular-evoked. The mechanism responsible for producing eye velocity axis tilting phenomena is not well understood. Some authorities have suggested that muscle pulleys in the orbit are critical for implementing eye velocity axis tilting, while others have suggested that the cerebellum plays an important role. In the current study, three-dimensional eye and head rotation data were acquired, using the magnetic search coil technique, to confirm the presence of eye position-dependent eye velocity axis tilting during saccadic eye movements. Both normal humans and humans with cerebellar atrophy were studied. While the humans with cerebellar atrophy were noted to have abnormalities in the two-dimensional metrics and consistency of their saccadic eye movements, the eye position-dependent eye velocity axis tilts were similar to those observed in the normal subjects. A mathematical model of the human saccadic and vestibular systems was utilized to investigate the means by which these eye position-dependent properties may arise for both types of eye movement. The predictions of the saccadic model were compared with the saccadic data obtained in the current study, while the predictions of the vestibular model were compared with vestibular-evoked eye movement data obtained in a previous study. The results from the model simulations suggest that the muscle pulleys are responsible for bringing about eye position-dependent eye velocity axis tilting for both saccadic and vestibular-evoked eye movements, and that these phenomena are not centrally programmed.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Washington, 1998. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves [268]-281).

In recent experiments involving acceleration stimuli, researchers instructed subjects to focus on a visual target while measuring the vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) in one eye. These experiments showed conclusively that the VOR is influenced by target distance. We, on the other hand, were interested in investigating the VOR of subjects accelerated in complete darkness. Specifically, we wished to determine the subject's vergence point, which cannot be accomplished using data obtained from only one eye. Hence, a binocular eye-tracking system that works in the dark was required. In the experiment described in this thesis, the subject was rotated in the dark on NAMRL's Coriolis Acceleration Platform. The position of each pupil center was tracked and recorded by two helmet-mounted infrared cameras connected to a computer-controlled data acquisition system. The position data were used to calculate the angles through which the eyes rotated, and then trigonometric principles were applied to construct the line of sight for each eye for any moment in time; the intersection of these two lines is the vergence point. With the NAMRL binocular eye-tracking system, an accelerating subject's vergence point can accurately be determined if it is less than 1. 5 meters away. The vergence data obtained from this experiment suggest that vergence distance does not exclusively drive the VOR in the dark. / Master of Science

La scoliose idiopathique de l’adolescent est caractérisée par une déformation en trois dimensions de la colonne vertébrale. Les causes qui expliquent l'apparition de la scoliose demeurent encore aujourd’hui incertaines, ce qui suggère que l’étiologie de la pathologie est d’ordre multifactoriel. (Lowe et al., 2000). Il a été démontré que les patients atteints de la scoliose idiopathique voient leur contrôle postural affecté lorsque leurs informations sensorielles sont manipulées (Simoneau et al., 2006). Le but de cette étude était d’évaluer si les patients atteints de scoliose idiopathique utilisent davantage les informations vestibulaires que les informations proprioceptives pour contrôler leur équilibre. La stimulation galvanique vestibulaire a été utilisée afin d’engendrer une réponse vestibulomotrice lors de trois conditions : debout, assis stable et assis instable. De plus, la morphologie de l'appareil vestibulaire de 5 patients scoliotiques et 6 individus sains a été mesurée par la technique d’imagerie par résonnance magnétique. Les présents résultats démontrent que certains patients atteints d’une scoliose idiopathique intègrent moins efficacement les informations vestibulaires et proprioceptives du tronc et des membres inférieurs.

Professional research project (Au.D.)--University of South Florida, 2002. / Title from PDF of title page. / Document formatted into pages; contains 24 pages. / Includes bibliographical references. / Text (Electronic thesis) in PDF format. / ABSTRACT: Patients with non-compensated vestibular dysfunction frequently complain of the ability to maintain dynamic visual acuity during activities which require the movement of the head. When this occurs the patient is experiencing oscillopsia, which is the symptom resulting from a non-functional vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR). To measure the presence of oscillopsia, tests of dynamic visual acuity (DVA) may be used.A recent test of DVA has been reported which is administered while patients are walking on a treadmill. Although this test has been shown to be useful in evaluating DVA in patients, there are several disadvantages to treadmill use. These include physical space, cost and accessibility. Additionally, walking at the required treadmill speed to produce sufficient head movement may pose difficulties and be medically contraindicated for patients with certain health risks. The purpose of this study was to evaluate a different method to measure DVA in patients which would not require the use of the treadmill, but instead utilize a volitional head movement to reveal oscillopsia. In this study, patients performed the DVA test in two conditions: (1) walking on a treadmill, and (2) seated on a chair volitionally moving the head.In this study, DVA was tested in both conditions with 15 adults with normal vestibular function, and 16 adults with vestibular impairment. Results revealed that both methods, treadmill walking and volitional head movement, appeared equivalent for measuring DVA in normal subjects and vestibular impaired subjects. The lack of finding a significant main effect of method, and interactions that include method, supports the equivalence of volitional head movement to a treadmill approach for the measurement of DVA. / System requirements: World Wide Web browser and PDF reader. / Mode of access: World Wide Web.

Diss. Linköping : Univ., 2003. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.

In this study we examined dynamic visual acuity as a functional testing of the vestibulo- ocular reflex. Two groups were examined: 22 healthy seniors and 22 healthy young people as controls. We used two types of situations for testing: while walking on a treadmill at a speed of 2, 4 and 5 kmph, and with a subject's head passively moved in yaw and pitch plane. Visual acuity was measured with optotype charts (for the walking test it was a standard Snellen optotype chart at 6 m distance, for the test of head moves it was a Jaeger chart at 30 cm distance). The values obtained in these ways we related to values of a subject's static visual acuity, measured in the same conditions, just before the dynamic situations were examined. We found significant difference of dynamic visual acuity in senior group within each condition tested. We also found a significant decline as for difference of dynamic visual acuity in the senior group compared to young subjects - in the walking test at 4 and 5 kmph and in both head-moving conditions. These results indicate age-related impairment in function of vestibulo-ocular reflex. Based on our results, the test of passive head moves appears to be more suitable for ordinary clinical examination of dynamic visual acuity.

La suppression du vecteur gravité lors des vols spatiaux normalement orienté de la tête vers les pieds en position debout agit sur les fluides de l’organisme par la perte du gradient de pression hydrostatique, ce qui aboutit à un syndrome de déconditionnement cardio-vasculaire. Cette absence de gravité perturbe également le système vestibulaire, particulièrement les otolithes qui perdent leur capacité à détecter les inclinaisons de la tête. Nous avons conduit nos études chez l’homme à l’aide du modèle d’immersion sèche durant 3 jours ainsi que du modèle d’alitement anti-orthostatique durant 60 jours.Le but de notre premier travail de recherche est d’étudier l’influence du système otolithique sur la régulation du système cardio-vasculaire au travers du réflexe vestibulo-sympathique. Il a pour cela été utilisé des expérimentations de stimulation galvanique pour évaluer la sensibilité otolithique ainsi que des manœuvres de flexion de cou associées à des mesures cardio-vasculaires conventionnelles et de pléthysmographie. Un accéléromètre a, de plus, été utilisé pour quantifier les phases d’activité et d’inactivité.Le but de notre second travail de recherche est d’étudier l’évolution du baroréflexe carotidien au cours des modèles de stimulation d’impesanteur et d’établir d’éventuelles hypothèses d’interaction avec les afférences otolithiques. Il a pour cela été utilisé des mesures de pression artérielle et de fréquence cardiaque en réponse à des stimulations mécaniques des barorécepteurs carotidiens appliquées de façon directe via la technique du collier de pression.Nos résultats ont confirmé que la manœuvre de flexion du cou est bien une stimulation otolithique avec l’apparition des modifications de réactivité otolitiques seulement en décubitus ventral et non en décubitus latéral. Néanmoins le rôle du réflexe vestibulo-sympathique sur la régulation cardio-vasculaire n’est pas clairement mis en évidence. Par ailleurs, la sensibilité du baroréflexe carotidien au cours de ces protocoles n’est pas modifiée.Notre hypothèse générale d’une modification du contrôle cardio-vasculaire en lien avec la réduction de la stimulation otolithique au cours de protocoles de simulation d’impesanteur n’est pas vérifiée. Il reste à comprendre la signification réelle de la manœuvre du head-down neck flexion et son lien avec l’authentique stimulation otolithique qu’elle provoque. Il est vraisemblable que de multiples systèmes sensoriels interviennent dans la régulation cardio-vasculaire en lien avec la gravité. Le rôle spécifique du système vestibulaire sera vraisemblablement mieux appréhendé dans des situations où sa plasticité est le mieux mise en jeu c’est-à-dire en impesanteur réelle. / The removal of the gravity vector during spaceflight normally directed from the head to the feet in the standing position acts on the body fluids by the loss of the hydrostatic pressure gradient, which results in a cardiovascular deconditioning syndrome. This lack of gravity also disturbs the vestibular system, particularly otoliths that lose their ability to detect head tilts. We conducted our studies in humans using the 3-day dry immersion model and the 60-day anti-orthostatic bed rest model. The aim of our first research work is to study the influence of the otolithic system on the regulation of the cardiovascular system through the vestibulo-sympathetic reflex. For this purpose, galvanic stimulation experiments were used to evaluate otolithic sensitivity as well as neck flexion maneuvers associated with conventional cardiovascular and plethysmography measurements. In addition, an accelerometer has been used to quantify the activity and inactivity phases. The aim of our second research project is to study the evolution of the carotid baroreflex during weightlessness simulation models and to establish possible hypotheses of interaction with otolithic afferents. For this purpose, blood pressure and heart rate measurements were used in response to mechanical stimulations of carotid baroreceptors applied directly via the pressure collar technique. Our results confirmed that the neck flexion maneuver is indeed an otolithic stimulation with the appearance of otolitic changes of reactivity only in ventral decubitus and not in lateral decubitus. Nevertheless, the role of vestibulo-sympathetic reflex on cardiovascular regulation is not clearly demonstrated. Moreover, the sensitivity of the carotid baroreflex during these protocols is not modified. Our general hypothesis of a change in cardiovascular control related to the reduction of otolithic stimulation during weightless simulation protocols is not verified. It remains to understand the real meaning of the head-down neck flexion maneuver and its connection with the authentic otolithic stimulation it causes. It is likely that multiple sensory systems are involved in cardiovascular regulation in relation to gravity. The specific role of the vestibular system is likely to be better understood in situations where its plasticity is best brought into play, that is to say in real weightlessness.

The Vestibulo-Ocular Reflex (VOR) produces compensatory eye movements in response to head and body rotations movements, over a wide range of frequencies and in a variety of dimensions. The individual components of the VOR are separated into parallel pathways, each dealing with rotations or movements in individual planes or axes. The Horizontal VOR (hVOR) compensates for eye movements in the Horizontal plane, and comprises a linear and non-linear pathway. The linear pathway of the hVOR provides fast and accurate compensation for rotations, the response being produced through 3-neuron arc, producing a direct translation of detected head velocity to compensatory eye velocity. However, single neurons involved in the middle stage of this 3-neuron arc cannot account for the wide frequency over which the reflex compensates, and the response is produced through the population response of the Medial Vestibular Nucleus (MVN) neurons involved. Population Heterogeneity likely plays a role in the production of high fidelity population response, especially for high frequency rotations. Here we present evidence that, in populations of bio-physical compartmental models of the MVN neurons involved, Heterogeneity across the population, in the form of diverse spontaneous firing rates, improves the response fidelity of the population over Homogeneous populations. Further, we show that the specific intrinsic membrane properties that give rise to this Heterogeneity may be the diversity of certain slow voltage activated Potassium conductances of the neurons. We show that Heterogeneous populations perform significantly better than Homogeneous populations, for a wide range of input amplitudes and frequencies, producing a much higher fidelity response. We propose that variance of Potassium conductances provides a plausible biological means by which Heterogeneity arises, and that the Heterogeneity plays an important functional role in MVN neuron population responses. We discuss our findings in relation to the specific mechanism of Desynchronisation through which the benfits of Heterogeneity may arise, and place those findings in the context of previous work on Heterogeneity both in general neural processing, and the VOR in particular. Interesting findings regarding the emergence of phase leads are also discussed, as well as suggestions for future work, looking further at Heterogeneity of MVN neuron populations.