According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), the temperatures on Earth will increase by up to 5°C during this century, and in particular during winter at northern latitudes. Temperature influences ectotherms, like fish, in many different ways. The eggs of salmon, for example, develop during the winter, and previous work has shown that juvenile salmon grow faster if they experience warm incubation temperatures as eggs as compared to juvenile salmon that experience cold incubation temperatures. A possible explanation could be that metabolic rates could be reduced for salmon that experience warm incubation temperatures as eggs. The goal of this project was to examine whether this is correct. To do so, salmon eggs were subjected to three different temperature regimes: a control treatment with natural temperature conditions, a treatment with elevated temperature, and a mixed temperature treatment, where eggs were incubated in elevated temperature until the beginning of January, and thereafter exposed to natural conditions. Ventilation rate was measured, since previous studies have shown that ventilation rate is a proxy for metabolism. Also fish activity and body size were measured. The results showed no significant effect of incubation temperature on ventilation rate, nor did activity or body size affect ventilation rate. The results regarding fish activity and body size are uncertain in this case. Therefore, further studies are appropriate. Studies, like this one, on physiological traits and how they are influenced by climate change, are crucial for the conservation of biodiversity. / Enligt FN:s klimatpanel (IPCC) kommer temperaturerna på jorden att stiga med upp till ca 5°C under detta sekel, i synnerhet på vintern och på nordliga breddgrader. Temperatur påverkar ektotermer, exempelvis fiskar, på många olika sätt. Laxen har, till exempel, ägg som utvecklas under vintern och tidigare studier har visat att juvenila laxar växer fortare efter att ha utsatts för varmare temperaturer under inkubationsperioden. En möjlig förklaring är att högre inkubationstemperatur skulle kunna leda till reducerad metabolism. Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka om detta stämmer. För att göra det utsattes laxägg för tre olika temperaturförhållanden: en kontrollbehandling med naturliga temperaturförhållanden, en behandling med höjd temperatur och en blandbehandling, där ägg inkuberades i högre temperatur fram till början av januari, för att därefter utsättas för naturliga förhållanden. Gälslagsfrekvens mättes, eftersom att tidigare studier har visat att gälslagsfrekvens är en indikator för metabolism. Även fiskens aktivitet och storlek mättes. Resultaten visade ingen signifikant effekt av inkubationstemperatur på gälslagsfrekvens. Varken aktivitet eller storlek påverkade gälslagsfrekvens. Resultaten vad gäller aktivitet och storlek är dock osäkra. Därför är vidare studier lämpliga. Studier, liksom denna, av fysiologiska egenskaper och hur de kan påverkas av klimatförändringar är nödvändiga för naturvårdsarbetet.

Sandtallskogar är en av Sveriges mest hotade naturtyper. Utmärkande för sandtallskog är att det är en torr, näringsfattig och ljusöppen miljö. I dessa skogar finns en rik artmångfald som hotas av bland annat exploateringar, igenväxning och brist på ekologiska störningar som till exempel brand och bete. Många arter är beroende av dessa störningar samt att det finns en ständig tillgång på gamla träd. Studien utgår från en vegetationsstudie som gjordes på uppdrag av Länsstyrelsen på Hökensås 1978. Syftet med den här studien var att undersöka om vegetationstypen lavskog på Hökensås förändrats sedan 1978. För att undersöka om det skett någon förändring av lavskogen på Hökensås genomfördes en inventering som omfattade 55 stycken cirkulära provytor som var och en omfattade en yta på 100 m². Resultatet visade att under de senaste 40 åren har andelen lavskog minskat med 25%. Resultatet skulle dels kunna bero på igenväxning av gran (Picea abies) och blåbärsris (Vaccinium myrtillus) som ökar skuggningen i den annars glesa tallskogen och därmed minskar förutsättningarna för marklavarnas överlevnad och spridning. Brist på ekologiska störningar som brand och skogsbete kan också vara möjliga faktorer som påverkar vegetationen och reducerat andelen lavskog. Framtida studier bör undersöka möjligheten att åter skydda Hökensås som ett naturreservat istället för det nuvarande naturvårdsområdesskydd som i första hand skyddar geologin men som inte omfattar träden och den biologiska mångfalden. / Sandy pine forests are one of Sweden´s most threatened habitats. The characteristics of sandy pine forest is that it is a dry, nutrient-poor and light-open environment. These forests contain a rich variety of species that is threatened by exploitation, overgrowth, and lack of ecological disturbances such as fire and grazing. Many species depend on these disturbances and the presence of a constant supply of old trees. This study is based on a vegetation study commissioned by the County Administrative Board at Hökensås 1978. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether the proportion of lichen vegetation on Hökensås had changed since 1978. To investigate if there was any change in the lichen forest at Hökensås, an inventory was carried out that included 55 test areas, each covering an area of 100 m². The results showed that during the last 40 years the proportion of lichen forest has decreased by 25%. The result could partly be due to the overgrowth of spruce (Picea abies) and blueberry rice (Vaccinium myrtillus) which increases the shading in the otherwise sparse pine forest and thus reduces the conditions for the survival and spread of the ground lichens. Future studies should explore the possibility of protecting Hökensås as a nature reserve instead of the current nature conservation area which primarily protects the geology but does not include the trees and biodiversity.

Androgenetic alopecia, also known as male pattern baldness, affects the majority of menat some point during their life. This can significantly damage the mental health of theindividuals suffering, especially at a young age. The pathophysiology is not fullyunderstood, but according to the scientific literature, it is mediated by androgensignaling in the scalp. A lack of androgen signaling completely eliminates thepossibility of developing the condition. This is the primary reason behind theeffectiveness of 5ɑ-reductase inhibitors, which effectively reduce androgen signaling bylowering dihydrotestosterone (DHT) concentrations by 98%. These medications areassociated with adverse effects such as sexual dysfunction and anxiety. Use of topicalforms of 5ɑ-reductase inhibitors and minoxidil is therefore on the rise. The purpose ofthis work was to examine the effectiveness of the combinations of the availabletreatments and the most effective monotherapy option. The results indicate thatdutasteride is the most effective option as monotherapy and that a combination of a5ɑ-reductase inhibitor and minoxidil is more effective than either on their own. It wasalso shown that microneedling is a valid adjuvant therapy to minoxidil.

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Background: Sepsis is a life-threatening organ dysfunction occurring during infections. Meropenem is a hydrophilic β-lactam carbapenem antibiotic. Its pharmacokinetic parameters are expected to change due to sepsis-induced physiological alterations and will thus require altered dosing strategies for optimal treatment of sepsis patients. Aim: This is a review with the purpose to compare the pharmacokinetics of meropenem between healthy adults and adult septic patients and explore the potential covariates that affect the pharmacokinetic parameters. Methods: Articles that were explored were collected from PubMed and were screened through inclusion and exclusion criteria. Results: Total of 19 articles were identified and selected. Participants in the studies were in the age range of 18–91 years, with the weight range of 37–120 kg. Volume of distribution at steady-state in the healthy participants had a median of 22.2 L, while the volume of distribution in septic patients had median 27.6 L. Clearance had median 13.89 L/h in healthy, compared to the median 10.43 L/h in septic. The median half-life was 1 h in healthy, whereas in septic, the median half-life was 2.5 h. Patients with fluid overload from fluid therapy had larger Vd & lower Cl, while patients with creatinine clearance < 50 mL/min had lower Cl. Conclusions: The physiological alterations developing in sepsis lead to an increase of the meropenem’s distribution and a decrease of its elimination, which is exacerbated by fluid overload. These findings could be a good starting point for building a physiologically based pharmacokinetic model of meropenem in sepsis.

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Background: Pharmaceutical development has taken new ground in recent decades and placed new demands on the regulations. Since 2005, a risk management plan (RMP) has been required when applying for a first marketing authorization for a drug. The RMP forms the basis for how identified risks with the drug are to be managed. In the RMP for all drugs, regular measures (rRMM) such as summary of product characteristics (SPC) are applied. As only rRMM is not considered sufficient, additional measures (aRMM) are also applied, which can be, for example, extra training material for prescribers or patients. aRMM material is today distributed to prescribers via physical letters. Are aRMM materials communicated today in a way that fulfills the purpose of the regulations? Aim: The aim of this study is to gain knowledge through qualitative interviews with the pharmaceutical industry and regulatory authority in Sweden about how risks with drugs are communicated. Methods: Semi-structured individual interviews were conducted with 7 persons from the pharmaceutical industry and 1 person from the regulatory authority in Sweden, during March and April 2022. The interviews were transcribed and the data were analyzed with systematic text condensation. Results: The five main identified desired improvements in the communication of aRMMs are  these; 1. National common database for aRMM materials, 2. Flagging and availability in prescribing systems, 3. Swedish Medical Products Agency labeled materials, 4. Dialogue between healthcare, pharmaceutical companies and the pharmaceutical authority, 5. Diversity and availability of aRMM materials to patients.  Conclusion: aRMM is considered in itself to be an effective tool for managing and minimizing risks with medicines, but the measures lose effect and purpose due to lack of communication and understanding.