Em tecidos biológicos lesados, a viscoelasticidade é a propriedade física que mais se modifica em relação ao tecido normal. Palpação manual é geralmente usada para identificar estas lesões, tais como nódulos e cistos. Recentemente, vários estudos envolvendo técnicas ultrassônicas e de ressonância magnética, denominadas elastografia, têm sido empregadas para avaliar as propriedades viscoelásticas dessas lesões. Uma das dificuldades neste tipo de estudo está relacionada ao desenvolvimento de simuladores de tecidos biológicos com inclusões equivalentes, uma vez que, essas estruturas lesadas originam-se a partir do próprio tecido biológico. Com base nessas motivações, técnicas quantitativas de elastografia por ressonância magnética e ultrassom foram exploradas para avaliar lesões simuladas em fantomas viscoelásticos. Estas lesões, com diferentes propriedades viscoelásticas, foram geradas no interior de um fantoma usando radiação ionizante. Os fantomas, também conhecidos como gel dosimétrico, foram desenvolvidos a base de pele animal, e irradiados utilizando um sistema de terapia de radiação convencional. Imagens de relaxometria por ressonância magnética (RRM) foram adquiridas nestes fantomas e usadas como referência padrão da dose absorvida e de sua distribuição. Os perfis da distribuição de dose avaliados nessas imagens de RRM e pelo sistema de planejamento radioterápico TPS 3D foram comparados aos de rigidez das imagens elastográficas. O estudo elastográfico nestes fantomas foi realizado utilizando os métodos de Vibroacustografia (VA), Vibrometria por Ultrassom (VU) e Elastografia por Ressonância Magnética (ERM). O segundo objetivo desta tese foi explorar a viabilidade de existência de speckle em imagens de vibroacustografia. Para testar essa idéia, um modelo tridimensional (3D) para a função de espalhamento de ponto (PSF) do sistema de VA foi simulada. O código da simulação foi desenvolvido em ambiente MATLAB e empregando sub-rotinas do programa Field II para simulação numérica dos transdutores. Imagens de ultrassom modo-B (IUSB) e vibroacustografia foram simuladas usando esse modelo de PSF-3D para um transdutor esférico e confocal, respectivamente. Essas IUSB foram simuladas para servir como um parâmetro comparativo com as imagens geradas por VA. As imagens de ultrassom foram exibidas em um plano tomográfico que corresponde ao plano de imagem da VA. As simulações foram realizadas utilizando um cluster de computadores de alto desempenho. Todas as imagens foram simuladas empregando um modelo de fantoma virtual não homogêneo com dimensões de (10 × 10 × 50) mm3. Os resultados preliminares mostraram um padrão de interferência nas imagens de VA, semelhantes à speckles, obtidas empregando o transdutor confocal. Estas imagens foram produzidas a partir de espalhadores localizados no interior do volume da célula de resolução da PSF-3D. / The viscoelasticity of injured biological tissues is the physical property that changes the most in relation to normal tissue. Manual palpation is commonly used to identify these lesions, such as nodules and cysts. Recently, several studies involving ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging techniques, called elastography, have been employed to assess the viscoelastic properties of these lesions. One difficulty in this type of study is related to the development of biological tissues mimicking materials with similar inclusions, once these injured structures originate from anomalies within the biological tissue. Based on these motivations, quantitative elastographic techniques based on magnetic resonance and ultrasound modalities have been used to assess injuries in viscoelastic mimicking-tissue phantom materials. These lesions, with different viscoelastic properties, were generated within a phantom using ionizing radiation. The phantoms, also known as dosimeter gel, were developed based on animal skin powder, and irradiated using a conventional radiation therapy system. Magnetic resonance relaxometry images (MRR) were acquired in these phantoms, and were used as absorbed dose standard reference and its distribution. The estimated dose distribution profiles from these images and the ones provided by TPS 3D software radiotherapy planning system were compared to the elastograms. The elastographic studies were conducted using Vibro-acoustography (VA), Magnetic Resonance Elastography (MRE) and Shearwave Dispersion Ultrasound Vibrometry (SDUV) techniques. The second goal of this thesis was to explore the feasibility of speckle existence in vibro-acoustography images. To test that, a three-dimensional (3D) model for the systems point spread function (PSF) was simulated. The simulation code was implemented in MATLAB and using the program Field II subroutines. The numerical simulations were performed using a cluster of high performance computers. B-mode ultrasound and VA images were simulated using that PSF 3D model, for a spherically focused and a confocal transducer, respectively. These B-mode images were simulated as a comparative parameter to the images generated by VA. The B-mode ultrasound images were displayed in a tomographic plane corresponding to the VA imaging plane. All images were simulated using a virtual phantom with dimensions (10 × 10 × 50) mm3. Preliminary results showed a interference pattern in VA images taken with a confocal transducer. These images were produced from scatterers located inside the PSF resolution cell volume.

This diploma thesis is focused on the description and summary of existing knowledge about vibro-pressed concrete products with treated surface with protective coating, that is hardering by ultravioled and infrared radiation. The theoretical part describes the production of vibro-presses products, possible wayt of finishing the surface including the description of the most commonly used materials and the methods of application and hardering of protrctive coating on the surface. Another point of the theoretical part is creating of lime efflorescence on the concrete surface and their subsequent disappearance. The experimental part of the thesis is ficused on obtaining information about the properties of the modified pavements by these techologies and comparing the acquired properties with the charakteristice of the reference pavements that do not have any protective coating on their surface.

Foundations on unbearable and yielding subsoil require such actions as to achieve both desired bearing capacity and limited settlement. Issue is presented at foundation the circular tank in saturated fine-grained soils, circular tank in Klobouky u Brna in particular. Comparison analysis is performed for alternative methods (shallow foundation, vibro stone columns, deep soil mixing, pile foundation). Differential and total settlement, time-depending analysis and baseplate stress state (bending moment, shear force) are assessed for each alternative. Pile foundation provides the best results regarding total and differential settlement, but baseplate is also under high puncture shear stress. Vibro stone columns seem suitable due to time-depending analysis of settlement, on the other hand settlement reductions are not just as good. Deep soil mixing provides satisfactory alternative for both pile foundation and vibro stone columns. Under such circumstances shallow foundation is not suitable.

Verbundwerkstoffe und Werkstoffverbunde mit geringer Dichte und hohen E-Moduli reagieren bei dynamischer Anregung empfindlich auf Abstrahlung von Luftschall, bieten aber gleichzeitig einen großen Wertebereich zur Einstellung des Materialverhaltens. Dabei sind Steifigkeit und Dämpfung gegensätzlich abhängig von der Faserorientierung. Die Auslegung der Verbunde mit FEM-Simulationen benötigt einen hohen Modellierungsaufwand und lange Rechenzeiten. Im Gegensatz dazu erfordert die mehrdimensionale numerische Optimierung eines Verbundes ein effizientes vibro-akustisches Simulationsmodell für zahlreiche Wiederholungsrechnungen. Dazu wurde ein energiebasierter modaler Dämpfungsansatz als Erweiterung vom FEM-Simulationen sowohl für anisotropes als auch für nicht-lineares Dämpfungsverhalten erforscht, experimentell parametrisiert und validiert. Ferner wird die abgestrahlte Schallleistung anstelle eines multi-physikalischen Modells effizient durch einen geschwindigkeitsbasierten Ansatz direkt aus stationären Struktursimulationen bestimmt. Analytische Formulierungen der Vergrößerungsfunktionen der modalen Leistungsbeiträge ermöglichen, die frequenzabhängige Abstrahlung mit sehr wenigen Frequenzschritten exakt zu berechnen und in eine skalare Zielfunktion zu überführen. Die gesamte Berechnungsmethodik dient der vibro-akustischen Optimierung von Verbundbauteilen. Die Ergebnisse zeigen das große Potential von thermoplastischen Verbundwerkstoffen im Vergleich zu einem Referenzteil aus Stahl.:1 Einleitung 2 Amplitudenabhängige Dämpfung von MKV 3 Anisotrope Dämpfung von Faser-Kunststoff-Verbunden 4 Berechnung und Optimierung der abgestrahlten Schallleistung 5 Strukturintensität als Mittel zur Bewertung akustischer Quellen 6 Schlussfolgerungen 7 Zusammenfassung und Ausblick A Anhang

Les travaux ont traité de l'ajustement des efforts de calcul vibro-acoustique dans le cadre d'une étude de qualité sonore sur un système vibro-acoustique dès le stade de la conception. Cette recherche d'ajustement a été appliquée au système vibro-acoustique constitué d'une plaque vibrante couplée à une cavité amortie. Pour un calcul fréquentiel, un premier pas dans ce sens demandait à ajuster deux paramètres de simulation importants : la fréquence maximale de calcul, puis le pas fréquentiel de calcul. En termes de contraintes perceptives, il a été cherché pour ces paramètres une valeur ajustée permettant de conserver les tendances qualitatives originellement établies à partir d'une évaluation auditive portant sur les sons réels rayonnés par la plaque dans la cavité. Les sons réels ont été collectés via l'expérimentation sur un banc d'essai constitué d'une plaque en acier couplée à une cavité parallélépipédique ; ces sons correspondaient au son rayonné par la plaque vibrante à l'intérieur de la cavité, enregistré dans diverses configurations structurales du système. Ces configurations impliquaient différentes combinaisons des modalités prises par les 3 paramètres structuraux variables retenus : l'épaisseur de la plaque, les conditions de serrage de la plaque et les propriétés en absorption de la cavité. Les sons enregistrés ont ensuite été soumis par paires à un jury d'auditeurs auxquels il était demandé d'évaluer leur dissimilarité et de donner un jugement de préférence. A partir de l'analyse des informations recueillies, des tendances qualitatives de référence ont été établies, en termes d'espace perceptif de dissimilarité, d'espace perceptif de préférence et de classement de préférence. Dès lors, en travaillant à partir des sons enregistrés, le processus d'ajustement a consisté, i) à déterminer, à partir d'un filtrage passe-bas appliqué aux sons, la fréquence de coupure ajustée qui permettait de préserver les tendances qualitatives de référence, ii) à rechercher le pas fréquentiel ajusté, à imposer aux spectres des sons avant synthèse, qui permettait de maintenir les tendances qualitatives précédemment établies.