Two concerns dominate speculation about the lack of progress in motivational disposition research. First, truly unique dispositional constructs have not been identified since wide acceptance of the approach / avoidance distinction. Second, research has largely neglected to account for context in models of motivated behavior. Effective avoidance has systematically been unassessed in motivation research. Social cognitive theory was used to define an effective avoidance motivational trait, vigilance, as an antecedent to effective regulatory behaviors that are avoidant in nature and/or strategy. Two studies were conducted: First, development and psychometric evaluation of a scale measuring vigilance within the existing motivational trait framework (Heggestad and Kanfer, 2000). Exploratory and confirmatory analyses provided initial validity evidence for the vigilance construct; composed of diligence and error-detection facets. Convergent – discriminant analysis revealed that vigilance is significantly related to approach and avoidance motivational constructs identifying two possible sources of contamination in self-report measures of motivational traits. Measurement items may be contaminated with implied outcomes and measurement items may be contaminated with generalized self-efficacy. In the second study, a within-subjects experiment tested the predictive validity of the vigilance measurement scale for task-specific self-efficacy and performance on a task that rewards avoidance-oriented strategies. Vigilance predicted prevention task-specific self-efficacy ( = .29) in one of two experimental conditions. The validation study also offered construct validity evidence for the vigilance construct. Implications and future directions are discussed. / Ph. D. / Motivation is defined as the force that energizes, directs, and maintains behavior. Researchers in the field of motivation continuously strive to understand individual differences in motivation levels (e.g., personality traits) and how those individual differences are related to task performance. Current consensus is that individuals differ on their levels of approach-oriented motivation (the motive to approach success) and/or avoidance-oriented motivation (the motive to avoid failure). Researchers tend to treat approach-oriented motivation as “good” and avoidanceoriented motivation as “bad”. The current study argues that, in a variety of contexts, avoidanceoriented motivation is actually good and that it leads to enhanced task performance. Thus, effective aspects of avoidance motivation were identified and used to define a new individual difference trait construct termed “vigilance”. Vigilance is defined as a predisposition for maintaining alertness, meticulousness, fastidiousness, and being heedful of overt warnings or obscure warning signs. Highly vigilant individuals are more likely to engage in careful planning, be good at error detection, and engage in safety-related behaviors. Results of this two-part study indicate that vigilance is a unique motivational trait construct and that it may be related to enhanced performance for some tasks. To the extent that vigilance is a valid motivational trait, it can be used to predict individual’s performance in on various tasks and help ensure that people are entered into jobs that they are likely to excel in. However, support for vigilance was mixed in these studies and further research is required.

La vigilance permet de détecter des menaces de congénères et de prédateurs pour les éviter, mais peut aussi diminuer la valeur adaptative en réduisant le temps alloué à d’autres activités améliorant la performance individuelle. J’ai étudié les facteurs extrinsèques et intrinsèques qui modulent la vigilance ainsi que son effet sur la valeur adaptative des femelles adultes marquées de la population de chèvres de montagne (Oreamnos americanus) de Caw Ridge (Alberta, Canada). J’ai cerné les facteurs influençant la vigilance à partir d’observations cibles récoltées sur 12 ans. J’ai ensuite utilisé une approche par modèle multivarié bayésien pour estimer la corrélation latente au niveau individuel entre trois traits de vigilance et un trait de la valeur adaptative. Ma première hypothèse était que l’ajustement de la vigilance dépend soit du risque de prédation à lui seul ou soit du compromis entre les besoins nutritifs et le risque de prédation. Ma deuxième hypothèse était que la vulnérabilité du chevreau influence la vigilance de sa mère. Finalement, je m’attendais à ce que la vigilance favorise la survie annuelle des femelles adultes et de leur chevreau. J’ai observé que les femelles étaient plus vigilantes en forêt ouverte, lorsqu’elles étaient isolées de leurs voisins et quand le risque d’interactions augmentait, une fois l’effet confondant des voisins pris en compte. Les femelles reproductrices étaient plus vigilantes et leurs alertes tendaient à s’allonger quand leur chevreau était plus loin. La fréquence et le temps total en alerte des mères étaient positivement corrélés à la probabilité de survie de leur chevreau, mais la vigilance n’était pas corrélée à la survie des femelles adultes. Mes résultats indiquent que le risque de prédation et la vulnérabilité du chevreau sont les mécanismes modulant la vigilance et que cette tactique améliore probablement la valeur adaptative des femelles car leurs jeunes survivent mieux. / Vigilance allows animals to quickly detect threats from conspecifics and predators to avoid or minimize costly encounters, but it can often limit other fitness-enhancing activities, such that fitness returns are expected when vigilance is properly adjusted. I studied drivers of vigilance and the link between vigilance and fitness in a wild population of individually marked mountain goats (Oreamnos americanus) at Caw Ridge (Alberta, Canada). I first investigated the proximate factors influencing vigilance by using focal observations recordedover 12 years. Then I used a joint modelling framework to estimate the latent correlations at the individual level among three vigilance traits and two fitness components. I first hypothesized that vigilance adjustment would either be influenced by predation risk only orby the trade-off between predation risk and daily energetic requirements. My second hypothesis was that offspring vulnerability would drive mother’s vigilance. Finally, I hypothesized that vigilance would favor annual survival of adult females and of their offspring. I observed that females increased vigilance in open forest, when they were notsurrounded by conspecific neighbours, and when the risk of social interactions increased, once accounting for a cofounding effect of surrounding neighbours. Alerts of reproductive females were more frequent and longer than alerts of females without offspring. Mothers also tended to perform longer alerts when their offspring was >10 meters away than at shorter distances. There was no association between vigilance and annual survival of adult females, whereas offspring from mothers that were more often alert and spent more time vigilant survived better. Predation risk and offspring vulnerability were the main mechanisms behind variation in vigilance. My results indicate that vigilance is driven both by predation risk and offspring vulnerability, and that this behavioral tactic likely improved adult female fitness by increasing their offspring’s chances of survival.

Esta investigação teve como objetivo analisar as ações de Busca de Sintomáticos Respiratórios nos municípios prioritários para o controle da tuberculose do Estado de São Paulo no ano de 2005, sob a óptica de coordenadores/ membros coordenação de PCTs municipais. Para a realização do estudo optou-se pela utilização da abordagem metodológica qualitativa. Foram realizadas entrevistas semi-estruturadas com os coordenadores/ membros de coordenação dos municípios prioritários do Estado. No total foram coordenadores de 22 municípios. Para a análise dos dados utilizou-se a técnica da Análise de Conteúdo, Modalidade Temática, a qual permitiu a definição da Unidade Temática: A Busca de Sintomáticos Respiratórios sob a óptica dos coordenadores/ membros de coordenação dos PCTs. Quanto à organização da Busca de SR, observou que esta atividade tem sido fortemente descentralizada para as unidades básicas de saúde, com uma tendência inicial a descentralizar-se para os PSFs. É uma atividade reconhecidamente de responsabilidade de todos os profissionais de saúde das unidades e vem sendo realizada como rotina nos serviços e através de campanhas, porém observando que a rotina focaliza-se fortemente na demanda espontânea. Quanto ao envolvimento dos profissionais observou-se através das entrevistas que o adequado envolvimento e a falta de envolvimento aparecem em igual proporção nos municípios estudados. Observou-se também que os municípios têm utilizado diferentes estratégias para ampliar as ações de Busca de SR nas unidades, incluindo a aplicação do livro de SR, um carimbo de SR, treinamento das equipes de saúde e mobilizações ou divulgações da Busca de SR. Quanto aos laboratórios que realizam baciloscopias observou-se que os municípios possuem uma rede laboratorial estruturada, que possibilita o fortalecimento das ações de Busca de SR. / The objective, of this research, was to analyze the actions taken to respiratory symptomatic finding, in the counties that have priority in the program to control the tuberculosis, in Sao Paulo state, in 2005; the study was carried out considering the perspective of the coordinators/ coordination members belonging to the municipal PCTs. To realize the study, it was adopted the qualitative methodological approach. The semi-structured interviews were accomplished with the coordinators/ coordination members belonging to the Sao Paulo counties that have priority. The coordinators of 22 counties were interviewed. The data was analyzed using the Content Analyzes method - Thematic Mode; this type of analyses allowed to name the thematic Unit: The Respiratory Symptomatic Finding under the optical of coordinators and PCTs coordination members. Related to the organization created to SR Finding, it was found that, this activity, in the basic health units, was highly decentralized; with a initial tendency to decentralize the PSFs. Without doubt, the responsibility for this activity, belongs to the health professionals allocated to the units; among the services offered, in the units, this activity has been performed as a routine practice and also through periodical campaigns; however, this routine was mostly based in the spontaneous demand. In the studied counties, the interviews given by the professionals showed that the compromise – appropriated or not appropriated – appeared in the same proportion. Also, it was observed that the units, in the counties, used other strategies to widen the actions taken to SR Finding; such as: application of the SR book; use of a SR stamp; training the health team; and, obilizations or publicity related to the SR Finding. Related to the baciloscopies analyses, it was observed that the counties have a net of structured laboratories, that make possible to strengthen the actions taken to SR Finding.

The contagious nature of the black-tailed prairie dog (Cynomys ludovicianus) jump-yip display may provide information to signalers and receivers regarding the vigilance of neighbours. Videotaping jump-yip bouts and the behaviour of both bout initiators and respondents within those bouts provided evidence that: 1) individuals became vigilant immediately following jump-yip production, but exhibited minimal changes in their immediate post-jump-yip behaviour with changes in the characteristics of the preceding bout, 2) bout initiators spent more time actively foraging and exhibited vigilance behaviours less frequently with greater levels of response in the preceding jump-yip bout, 3) respondents spent more time actively foraging and less time vigilant following bouts with greater response. These results suggest that black-tailed prairie dogs base behavioural decisions at least in part on the characteristics of their jump-yip bouts and thus the jump yip display may provide information about the vigilance of group members. / October 2007

The contagious nature of the black-tailed prairie dog (Cynomys ludovicianus) jump-yip display may provide information to signalers and receivers regarding the vigilance of neighbours. Videotaping jump-yip bouts and the behaviour of both bout initiators and respondents within those bouts provided evidence that: 1) individuals became vigilant immediately following jump-yip production, but exhibited minimal changes in their immediate post-jump-yip behaviour with changes in the characteristics of the preceding bout, 2) bout initiators spent more time actively foraging and exhibited vigilance behaviours less frequently with greater levels of response in the preceding jump-yip bout, 3) respondents spent more time actively foraging and less time vigilant following bouts with greater response. These results suggest that black-tailed prairie dogs base behavioural decisions at least in part on the characteristics of their jump-yip bouts and thus the jump yip display may provide information about the vigilance of group members.

The contagious nature of the black-tailed prairie dog (Cynomys ludovicianus) jump-yip display may provide information to signalers and receivers regarding the vigilance of neighbours. Videotaping jump-yip bouts and the behaviour of both bout initiators and respondents within those bouts provided evidence that: 1) individuals became vigilant immediately following jump-yip production, but exhibited minimal changes in their immediate post-jump-yip behaviour with changes in the characteristics of the preceding bout, 2) bout initiators spent more time actively foraging and exhibited vigilance behaviours less frequently with greater levels of response in the preceding jump-yip bout, 3) respondents spent more time actively foraging and less time vigilant following bouts with greater response. These results suggest that black-tailed prairie dogs base behavioural decisions at least in part on the characteristics of their jump-yip bouts and thus the jump yip display may provide information about the vigilance of group members.

Esta investigação teve como objetivo analisar as ações de Busca de Sintomáticos Respiratórios nos municípios prioritários para o controle da tuberculose do Estado de São Paulo no ano de 2005, sob a óptica de coordenadores/ membros coordenação de PCTs municipais. Para a realização do estudo optou-se pela utilização da abordagem metodológica qualitativa. Foram realizadas entrevistas semi-estruturadas com os coordenadores/ membros de coordenação dos municípios prioritários do Estado. No total foram coordenadores de 22 municípios. Para a análise dos dados utilizou-se a técnica da Análise de Conteúdo, Modalidade Temática, a qual permitiu a definição da Unidade Temática: A Busca de Sintomáticos Respiratórios sob a óptica dos coordenadores/ membros de coordenação dos PCTs. Quanto à organização da Busca de SR, observou que esta atividade tem sido fortemente descentralizada para as unidades básicas de saúde, com uma tendência inicial a descentralizar-se para os PSFs. É uma atividade reconhecidamente de responsabilidade de todos os profissionais de saúde das unidades e vem sendo realizada como rotina nos serviços e através de campanhas, porém observando que a rotina focaliza-se fortemente na demanda espontânea. Quanto ao envolvimento dos profissionais observou-se através das entrevistas que o adequado envolvimento e a falta de envolvimento aparecem em igual proporção nos municípios estudados. Observou-se também que os municípios têm utilizado diferentes estratégias para ampliar as ações de Busca de SR nas unidades, incluindo a aplicação do livro de SR, um carimbo de SR, treinamento das equipes de saúde e mobilizações ou divulgações da Busca de SR. Quanto aos laboratórios que realizam baciloscopias observou-se que os municípios possuem uma rede laboratorial estruturada, que possibilita o fortalecimento das ações de Busca de SR. / The objective, of this research, was to analyze the actions taken to respiratory symptomatic finding, in the counties that have priority in the program to control the tuberculosis, in Sao Paulo state, in 2005; the study was carried out considering the perspective of the coordinators/ coordination members belonging to the municipal PCTs. To realize the study, it was adopted the qualitative methodological approach. The semi-structured interviews were accomplished with the coordinators/ coordination members belonging to the Sao Paulo counties that have priority. The coordinators of 22 counties were interviewed. The data was analyzed using the Content Analyzes method - Thematic Mode; this type of analyses allowed to name the thematic Unit: The Respiratory Symptomatic Finding under the optical of coordinators and PCTs coordination members. Related to the organization created to SR Finding, it was found that, this activity, in the basic health units, was highly decentralized; with a initial tendency to decentralize the PSFs. Without doubt, the responsibility for this activity, belongs to the health professionals allocated to the units; among the services offered, in the units, this activity has been performed as a routine practice and also through periodical campaigns; however, this routine was mostly based in the spontaneous demand. In the studied counties, the interviews given by the professionals showed that the compromise – appropriated or not appropriated – appeared in the same proportion. Also, it was observed that the units, in the counties, used other strategies to widen the actions taken to SR Finding; such as: application of the SR book; use of a SR stamp; training the health team; and, obilizations or publicity related to the SR Finding. Related to the baciloscopies analyses, it was observed that the counties have a net of structured laboratories, that make possible to strengthen the actions taken to SR Finding.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / VIGILANCE EXPERIENCES: CANCER PATIENTS, FAMILIES, AND NURSES Cancer disease, treatment, and errors in health care put patients at increased risk for poor outcomes. To improve outcomes and protect patients, researchers recommend increased vigilance; yet, research on vigilance in health care is minimal. There are even fewer studies on patients, family members, and nurses’ experiences of vigilance, although such studies could contribute to understanding mechanisms that foster vigilance within and across groups. The purpose of this study was twofold: Aim 1 was to describe the experiences of vigilance as perceived at the individual levels of patients receiving treatment for cancer, family members of a patient with cancer, and oncology nurses. Aim 2 was to evaluate commonalities in the lived experience of vigilance as described by patients receiving treatment for cancer, one of their family members, and a nurse caring for them. A qualitative, empirical phenomenological method guided this research. The sample consisted of 7 cancer patients, 6 family members of cancer patients, and 7 oncology nurses. Broad, data generating questions were constructed to elicit rich, narrative descriptions of participants’ experiences with vigilance, which were audio-taped and transcribed. Each participant group data were individually analyzed, using Colaizzi’s method. Significant statements from each participant were identified, restated in the language of science, and interpreted for formulated meanings. From formulated meanings, theme categories were constructed and merged across participants within the groups. A narrative of the commonalities of the experience within each group was developed. The across group commonalities were analyzed in a matrix. A total of 5,272 total significant statements were derived from three participant groups. Eleven themes were derived from patient data, ten from family member data, and ten from nurses’ data. Vigilance appeared as a complex, multidimensional phenomenon, which is implicitly shared within and across these three groups. Common vigilance themes found across all 3 groups included: identification of threats, the key importance of knowledge, trust, hope and connectedness, the beyond the call of duty nature of vigilance, ways vigilance takes energy and effort, what promotes and interferes with vigilance, and vigilance as a shared phenomenon. Implications were found for the healthcare system and nursing care.

No description available.

This study investigated effects of monitoring on correspondence between nonverbal responding and verbal descriptions of those contingencies, when verbal descriptions and contingencies were compatible and when incompatible. In the Nonverbal Component, the contingency for key pressing was either on a 0.8 s IRT or a 3.4 s IRT. In the Verbal Component, subjects made responses to a statement about the contingency for reinforcement in the Nonverbal Component. Shaping was used to establish targets of 0.8 s and 3.4 s in this component. Results indicated that across 7/8 opportunities subjects exhibited nonverbal and verbal behavior that was sensitive to their respective contingencies regardless of compatibility. This sensitivity to contingencies was not affected by the presence of a monitor.