Urban conservation and development practices are often in conflict. This thesis examines this general claim in the context of rapid urban development in East Asia through an analysis of the postcolonial historic city of Tainan, in Southern Taiwan. Following a particular line of urban conservation scholarship (Ashworth, Larkham, Conzen) this thesis argues that urban conservation is best conceived as the management of urban change, and that change should be considered as part of urban conservation policy. The aim of such urban conservation practice would be not only to maintain the historic traditions of a place, but also to promote the development of new possibilities of place. In this sense, the treatment of historical urban fabric should aim to preserve memory and tradition as much as serving as an ‘incubator’ for new senses of place. To this end, the thesis seeks to combine morphological and everyday life approaches to urban scholarship. A sense of place is not only derived from the emotional feelings, orientation or identity attached to an existing environment, but also relies on the practices of everyday life. These practices are significant aspects of urban places, but they are often difficult to map, measure and analyse. Thus, the thesis argues, mapping the morphological changes of a city is not enough for a rounded study of the everyday life dimensions of urban space. As a result, this thesis proposes that empirical approaches to everyday life are as important as morphological studies when exploring issues of urban change. The thesis builds on a number of existing approaches to this wider issue of the interrelationship between urban morphology and everyday life. In particular, it examines the Versailles School’s approach to typomorphological study. This approach to urban analysis emphasizes morphological change and its grounding in existing typological rules of everyday space, so as to continue the everyday life culture that it supports. This thesis develops methodologies based on these principles. In addition, it draws on the concepts of time-geography and heterotopic spaces as a means of specifying the representational approaches to everyday life narratives and an understanding of postcolonial complex urbanism, respectively. Following this approach, this thesis presents a series of case studies on the historic city centre of Tainan, the ancient capital of Taiwan. As a result of its colonial past, the urban blocks in that city can be understood as heterotopias in the contemporary city. Drawing on the case studies, this thesis argues that the everyday life-style in Tainan city centre is inseparable from the existing block typology and the functional conditions that reside in the coexistence of the historical and the modern urban structures. Thus, when considering urban conservation policies, the relationship between this social spatial condition and the everyday life that it supports must be carefully considered.

Florida Department of Transportation (FDOT) has been using Open Graded Friction Course (OGFC) mixture to improve skid resistance of asphalt pavements under wet weather. The OGFC mixture design strongly depends on the Optimum Binder Content (OBC) which represents if the mixture has sufficient bonding between the aggregate and asphalt binder. At present, the FDOT designs OGFC mixtures using a pie plate visual draindown method (FM 5-588). In this method, the OBC is determined based on visual inspection of the asphalt binder draindown (ABD) configuration of three OGFC samples placed on pie plates with pre-determined trial asphalt binder contents (AC). The inspection of the ABD configuration is performed by trained and experienced technicians who determine the OBC using perceptive interpolation or extrapolation based on the known AC of the above samples. In order to eliminate the human subjectivity involved in the current visual method, an automated method for quantifying the OBC of OGFC mixtures was developed using digital images of the pie plates and concepts of perceptual image coding and neural network (NN). Phase I of the project involved the FM-5-588 based OBC testing of OGFC mixture designs consisting of a large set of samples prepared from a variety of granitic and oolitic limestone aggregate sources used by FDOT. Then the digital images of the pie plates containing samples of the above mixtures were acquired using an imaging setup customized by FDOT. The correlation between relevant digital imaging parameters and the corresponding AC was investigated initially using conventional regression analysis. Phase II of the project involved the development of a perceptual image model using human perception metrics considered to be used in the OBC estimation. A General Regression Neural Network (GRNN) was used to uncover the nonlinear correlation between the selected parameters of pie plate images, the corresponding AC and the visually estimated OBC. GRNN was found to be the most viable method to deal with the multi-dimensional nature of the input test data set originating from each individual OGFC sample that contains AC and imaging parameter information from a set of three pie plates. GRNN was trained by 70% and tested by 30% of the database completed in Phase I. Phase III of the project involved the configuration of a quality control tool (QCT) for the aforementioned automated method to enhance its robustness and the likelihood of implementation by other agencies and contractors. QCT is developed using three quality control imaging parameters (QCIP), orientation, spatial distribution, and segregation of ABD configuration of pie plate specimens (PPS) images. Then, the above QCIP were evaluated from PPS images of a variety of independent mixture designs produced using the FDOT visual method. In general, this study found that the newly developed software (GRNN-based) provides satisfactory and reliable estimations of OBC. Furthermore, the statistical and computer-generated results indicated that the selected QCIP are adequate for the formulation of quality control criteria for PPS production. It is believed that the developed QCT will enhance the reliability of the automated OBC estimation image processing-based methodology.

O limiar de anaerobiose (LA) é definido como a intensidade de exercício físico em que a produção de energia pelo metabolismo aeróbio é suplementada pelo metabolismo anaeróbio. Este índice constitui-se de um delimitador fisiológico de grande importância para o fornecimento de informações concernentes aos principais sistemas biológicos do organismo, os quais estão envolvidos na realização de um exercício físico. O LA é um importante parâmetro de determinação da capacidade aeróbia funcional de um indivíduo. Diversos métodos são usados para estimar o LA durante exercício. Existem métodos invasivos, como a medida repetida da concentração de lactato sanguíneo; e métodos não-invasivos, por meio de análise de variáveis biológicas como medidas contínuas dos gases respiratórios, através da análise de mudança do padrão de resposta das variáveis ventilatórias e metabólicas, e também pela análise da mudança do padrão de resposta da freqüência cardíaca (FC) frente a um exercício físico incremental. O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar e correlacionar o LA determinado por métodos não-invasivos de análise visual gráfica das variáveis ventilatórias e metabólicas, considerado como padrão-ouro neste estudo, e pelo modelo matemático de regressão linear bi-segmentado utilizando o algoritmo de Hinkley, aplicado a série de dados de FC (Hinkley – FC) e da produção de dióxido de carbono ( CO2) (Hinkley – CO2). Metodologia: Treze mulheres jovens (24 ± 2,63 anos) e dezesseis mulheres na pós-menopausa (57 ± 4,79 anos), saudáveis e sedentárias realizaram teste ergoespirométrico continuo do tipo rampa em cicloergômetro (Quinton Corival 400), com incrementos de 10 a 20 Watts/min até a exaustão física. As variáveis ventilatórias e metabólicas foram captadas respiração a respiração (CPX-D, Medical Graphics), e a FC batimento a batimento (ECAFIX, ACTIVE-E). Os dados foram analisados por testes não paramétricos de Friedman, Mann-Whitney e correlação de Spearman. Nível de significância de ? = 5%. Resultados: Os valores das variáveis potência (W), FC (bpm), consumo de oxigênio relativo ( O2) (mL/kg/min), O2 absoluto (mL/min), CO2 (mL/min) e ventilação pulmonar ( E) (L/min) no LA não apresentaram diferenças significativas entre as metodologias (p > 0,05) nos dois grupos de mulheres estudadas. A análise de correlação dos valores de potência em W, FC em bpm, O2 em mL/kg/min, O2 em mL/min, CO2 em mL/min e E em L/min, entre o método padrão-ouro com o Hinkley – CO2 foram respectivamente: rs=0,75; rs=0,57; rs=0,48; rs=0,66; rs=0,47 e rs=0,46 no grupo jovem, e rs=-0,013; rs=0,77; rs=0,88; rs=0,60; rs=0,76 e rs=0,80 no grupo pós-menopausa. Os valores de correlação do método padrão-ouro com Hinkley – FC para as variáveis potência em W, FC em bpm, O2 em mL/kg/min, O2 em mL/min, CO2 em mL/min e E em L/min, obtidas no LA foram respectivamente: rs=0,58; rs=0,42; rs=0,61; rs=0,57; rs=0,33 e rs=0,39 no grupo de jovens, e rs=0,14; rs=0,87; rs=0,76; rs=0,52; rs=0,33 e rs=0,65 no grupo pós-menopausa. O grupo pós-menopausa apresentou melhores valores de correlação em relação ao grupo de jovens, exceto para as variáveis potência e consumo de oxigênio absoluto (mL/min). Este fato pode estar relacionado a uma maior taxa de variação e magnitude das variáveis analisadas em indivíduos jovens em relação aos de meia-idade, sendo, desta forma, obtida melhor adequação do modelo matemático estudado em mulheres de meia idade. Conclusão: O algoritmo matemático de Hinkley proposto para detectar a mudança no padrão de resposta da CO2 e da FC foi eficiente nos indivíduos de meia-idade, portanto, a metodologia matemática utilizada no presente estudo constitui-se de uma ferramenta promissora para detectar o LA em mulheres saudáveis, por ser um método semi-automatizado, não invasivo e objetivo na determinação do LA. / The anaerobic threshold (AT) is defined as the intensity level of physical exercise at which energy production by aerobic metabolism is supplemented by anaerobic metabolism. This index provides a physiologic delimitation of great importance to supply the organism biological systems information involved in physical exercise performance. The AT constitutes a most important determining of an individuals functional aerobic capacity. Several methods are used for estimating the AT during exercise. There are invasive methods that require repeated blood lactate accumulation; and there exist non-invasive methods by biological variables analysis, like continuous respiratory gases determination by analysis of changes in pattern respiratory and metabolic responses, and heart rate (HR) responses too. The aim of the present study was to compare AT obtained by a graphic visual method of ventilatory and metabolic variables, considered by gold standard method in the present study, with the bi-segmental linear regression mathematic model of Hinkley’s algorithm applied in a HR (Hinkley – HR) and carbon dioxide output ( CO2) (Hinkley – CO2) data. Methodology: Thirteen young women, 24 ± 2,63 years old, and sixteen postmenopausal women, 57 ± 4,79 years old, leading healthy and sedentary life style were submitted to an incremental test in a cicloergometer electromagnetic braking (Quinton Corival 400), with 10 to 20 W/min increments up to physical exhaustion. The ventilatory variables were registered breath-to-breath (CPX-D, Medical Graphics) and HR was obtained beat-to-beat (ECAFIX, ACTIVE-E), over real time. The data were analyzed by Friedman’s test and Spearman’s correlation test, with a level of significance set at 5%. Results: The Power output (W), HR (bpm), oxygen uptake ( O2) (mL/kg/min), O2 (mL/min), CO2 (mL/min) and pulmonary ventilation ( E) (L/min) data in AT have showed no significant differences (p > 0,05) between methods to determine AT in both women groups. The correlation analysis of power output in W, HR in bpm, O2 in mL/kg/min, O2 in mL/min, CO2 in mL/min and E in L/min values, determined by gold standard method and by Hinkley – CO2 data were respectively: rs=0,75; rs=0,57; rs=0,48; rs=0,66; rs=0,47 and rs=0,46 in young group, and rs=-0,013; rs=0,77; rs=0,88; rs=0,60; rs=0,76 and rs=0,80 in postmenopausal group. The correlation analysis by gold standard method and Hinkley – FC in AT of power output in W, HR in bpm, O2 in mL/kg/min, O2 in mL/min, CO2 in mL/min and E in L/min data were respectively: rs=0,58; rs=0,42; rs=0,61; rs=0,57; rs=0,33 and rs=0,39 in young group, and rs=0,14; rs=0,87; rs=0,76; rs=0,52; rs=0,33 and rs=0,65 in postmenopausal group. The postmenopausal group presents better correlations values than young group, except in power output and O2 (mL/min) data. This may be related to more variability rate and higher kinetics responses to variables studied in young group in relation to postmenopausal group. Nevertheless, there was obtained better mathematical model adequacy in middle-age women. Conclusion: the Hinkley’s mathematical algorithm proposed to detect the response patterns changes of CO2 and HR variables was efficient to detect AT in health postmenopausal women’s group, therefore, the mathematical methodology used in the present study showed be a promissory tool because this method represent a semi-automatized, non invasive and objective measure of AT determination.

O limiar de anaerobiose (LA) é definido como a intensidade de exercício físico em que a produção de energia pelo metabolismo aeróbio é suplementada pelo metabolismo anaeróbio. Este índice constitui-se de um delimitador fisiológico de grande importância para o fornecimento de informações concernentes aos principais sistemas biológicos do organismo, os quais estão envolvidos na realização de um exercício físico. O LA é um importante parâmetro de determinação da capacidade aeróbia funcional de um indivíduo. Diversos métodos são usados para estimar o LA durante exercício. Existem métodos invasivos, como a medida repetida da concentração de lactato sanguíneo; e métodos não-invasivos, por meio de análise de variáveis biológicas como medidas contínuas dos gases respiratórios, através da análise de mudança do padrão de resposta das variáveis ventilatórias e metabólicas, e também pela análise da mudança do padrão de resposta da freqüência cardíaca (FC) frente a um exercício físico incremental. O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar e correlacionar o LA determinado por métodos não-invasivos de análise visual gráfica das variáveis ventilatórias e metabólicas, considerado como padrão-ouro neste estudo, e pelo modelo matemático de regressão linear bi-segmentado utilizando o algoritmo de Hinkley, aplicado a série de dados de FC (Hinkley – FC) e da produção de dióxido de carbono ( CO2) (Hinkley – CO2). Metodologia: Treze mulheres jovens (24 ± 2,63 anos) e dezesseis mulheres na pós-menopausa (57 ± 4,79 anos), saudáveis e sedentárias realizaram teste ergoespirométrico continuo do tipo rampa em cicloergômetro (Quinton Corival 400), com incrementos de 10 a 20 Watts/min até a exaustão física. As variáveis ventilatórias e metabólicas foram captadas respiração a respiração (CPX-D, Medical Graphics), e a FC batimento a batimento (ECAFIX, ACTIVE-E). Os dados foram analisados por testes não paramétricos de Friedman, Mann-Whitney e correlação de Spearman. Nível de significância de ? = 5%. Resultados: Os valores das variáveis potência (W), FC (bpm), consumo de oxigênio relativo ( O2) (mL/kg/min), O2 absoluto (mL/min), CO2 (mL/min) e ventilação pulmonar ( E) (L/min) no LA não apresentaram diferenças significativas entre as metodologias (p > 0,05) nos dois grupos de mulheres estudadas. A análise de correlação dos valores de potência em W, FC em bpm, O2 em mL/kg/min, O2 em mL/min, CO2 em mL/min e E em L/min, entre o método padrão-ouro com o Hinkley – CO2 foram respectivamente: rs=0,75; rs=0,57; rs=0,48; rs=0,66; rs=0,47 e rs=0,46 no grupo jovem, e rs=-0,013; rs=0,77; rs=0,88; rs=0,60; rs=0,76 e rs=0,80 no grupo pós-menopausa. Os valores de correlação do método padrão-ouro com Hinkley – FC para as variáveis potência em W, FC em bpm, O2 em mL/kg/min, O2 em mL/min, CO2 em mL/min e E em L/min, obtidas no LA foram respectivamente: rs=0,58; rs=0,42; rs=0,61; rs=0,57; rs=0,33 e rs=0,39 no grupo de jovens, e rs=0,14; rs=0,87; rs=0,76; rs=0,52; rs=0,33 e rs=0,65 no grupo pós-menopausa. O grupo pós-menopausa apresentou melhores valores de correlação em relação ao grupo de jovens, exceto para as variáveis potência e consumo de oxigênio absoluto (mL/min). Este fato pode estar relacionado a uma maior taxa de variação e magnitude das variáveis analisadas em indivíduos jovens em relação aos de meia-idade, sendo, desta forma, obtida melhor adequação do modelo matemático estudado em mulheres de meia idade. Conclusão: O algoritmo matemático de Hinkley proposto para detectar a mudança no padrão de resposta da CO2 e da FC foi eficiente nos indivíduos de meia-idade, portanto, a metodologia matemática utilizada no presente estudo constitui-se de uma ferramenta promissora para detectar o LA em mulheres saudáveis, por ser um método semi-automatizado, não invasivo e objetivo na determinação do LA. / The anaerobic threshold (AT) is defined as the intensity level of physical exercise at which energy production by aerobic metabolism is supplemented by anaerobic metabolism. This index provides a physiologic delimitation of great importance to supply the organism biological systems information involved in physical exercise performance. The AT constitutes a most important determining of an individuals functional aerobic capacity. Several methods are used for estimating the AT during exercise. There are invasive methods that require repeated blood lactate accumulation; and there exist non-invasive methods by biological variables analysis, like continuous respiratory gases determination by analysis of changes in pattern respiratory and metabolic responses, and heart rate (HR) responses too. The aim of the present study was to compare AT obtained by a graphic visual method of ventilatory and metabolic variables, considered by gold standard method in the present study, with the bi-segmental linear regression mathematic model of Hinkley’s algorithm applied in a HR (Hinkley – HR) and carbon dioxide output ( CO2) (Hinkley – CO2) data. Methodology: Thirteen young women, 24 ± 2,63 years old, and sixteen postmenopausal women, 57 ± 4,79 years old, leading healthy and sedentary life style were submitted to an incremental test in a cicloergometer electromagnetic braking (Quinton Corival 400), with 10 to 20 W/min increments up to physical exhaustion. The ventilatory variables were registered breath-to-breath (CPX-D, Medical Graphics) and HR was obtained beat-to-beat (ECAFIX, ACTIVE-E), over real time. The data were analyzed by Friedman’s test and Spearman’s correlation test, with a level of significance set at 5%. Results: The Power output (W), HR (bpm), oxygen uptake ( O2) (mL/kg/min), O2 (mL/min), CO2 (mL/min) and pulmonary ventilation ( E) (L/min) data in AT have showed no significant differences (p > 0,05) between methods to determine AT in both women groups. The correlation analysis of power output in W, HR in bpm, O2 in mL/kg/min, O2 in mL/min, CO2 in mL/min and E in L/min values, determined by gold standard method and by Hinkley – CO2 data were respectively: rs=0,75; rs=0,57; rs=0,48; rs=0,66; rs=0,47 and rs=0,46 in young group, and rs=-0,013; rs=0,77; rs=0,88; rs=0,60; rs=0,76 and rs=0,80 in postmenopausal group. The correlation analysis by gold standard method and Hinkley – FC in AT of power output in W, HR in bpm, O2 in mL/kg/min, O2 in mL/min, CO2 in mL/min and E in L/min data were respectively: rs=0,58; rs=0,42; rs=0,61; rs=0,57; rs=0,33 and rs=0,39 in young group, and rs=0,14; rs=0,87; rs=0,76; rs=0,52; rs=0,33 and rs=0,65 in postmenopausal group. The postmenopausal group presents better correlations values than young group, except in power output and O2 (mL/min) data. This may be related to more variability rate and higher kinetics responses to variables studied in young group in relation to postmenopausal group. Nevertheless, there was obtained better mathematical model adequacy in middle-age women. Conclusion: the Hinkley’s mathematical algorithm proposed to detect the response patterns changes of CO2 and HR variables was efficient to detect AT in health postmenopausal women’s group, therefore, the mathematical methodology used in the present study showed be a promissory tool because this method represent a semi-automatized, non invasive and objective measure of AT determination.

How can political participatory processes online be understood in the dynamic, conflicted and highly mediated situations of contemporary society? What does democracy mean in a scenario where inequality and difference are the norms, and where people tend to abandon situations in which they and their interests are not recognized? How can we accommodate differences rather than consensus in a scenario where multiple networks of people are the starting point rather than a single community? In this thesis, these questions are explored through an iterative process in two studies that have used or resulted in three prototypes and one art exhibition. The first study is of communication practices in a global interest community, which resulted in two prototypes: Actory, a groupware that takes differences rather than equality as the starting point for a collaborative tool, and The Affect Machine, a social network where differences are used as a relational capital. The second study is of communication practices in a local commonality where the art exhibition Performing the Common created a public space and involved participants. This resulted in Njaru, a collaborative tool with integrated decision support and visualization of representativeness. In summary, these works depart from the notion of the importance of belonging for e-participation, where the individual can be seen as a participant in several performative states, more or less interconnected trans-local publics. Here the individuals’ participation in the local public sphere compete with their participation in other communities, and affect the conditions for local democracy. This thesis contributes to a deeper understanding of these processes, and discusses how differences in democratic participation can be managed with the help of ICT. / Hur kan politiskt deltagande på Internet förstås, i de dynamiska, konfliktfyllda och medierade situationerna i dagens samhälle? Vad innebär demokrati i ett scenario där ojämlikhet och skillnad är normen och där människor tenderar att överge situationer där de själva och deras intressen inte erkänns? Hur kan vi hantera skillnader snarare än konsensus i ett scenario där flera nätverk av människor är utgångspunkten i stället för en enda gemenskap? I denna avhandling har dessa frågor utforskas genom en iterativ process i två studier som har använt eller resulterat i tre prototyper och en konstutställning. Den första studien gäller kommunikationen i en global intressegemenskap vilket resulterade i två prototyper: Actory, som tar olikheter snarare än jämlikhet som utgångspunkt för ett samarbetsverktyg, och The Affect Machine, ett socialt nätverk där olikheter används som ett relationskapital. Den andra studien gäller kommunikationen i en lokal gemenskap där konstutställningen Föreställningar om det gemensamma skapat ett offentligt rum och engagerade deltagare. Resultatet resulterade bland annat i Njaru, ett samarbetsverktyg med integrerat beslutsstöd och visualisering av graden av representativitet i processen. Sammanfattningsvis utgår dessa arbeten från en idé om vikten av tillhörighet för e-deltagande, där individen kan ses som en deltagare i flera performativa stater, mer eller mindre sammankopplade translokala målgrupper. Här konkurrerar individernas deltagande i den lokala offentligheten med deras deltagande i andra samhällen, och påverkar förutsättningarna för lokal demokrati. Denna avhandling bidrar till en djupare förståelse av dessa processer, och diskuterar hur skillnaderna i demokratiskt deltagande kan hanteras med hjälp av IKT. / <p>At the time of the doctoral defense, the following papers were unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 1: Submitted. Paper 8: Submitted.</p>

Studien analyserar H&amp;M och Volvo Groups kommunikation gällande företagsvärderingar. Företagen verkar inom textilindustrin respektive transport- och fordonsindustrin och har genom åren fått kritik för sin negativa påverkan på hållbarhet. För att en organisation ska fungera måste det finnas kärnvärderingar som knyter samman organisationen. Det är också viktigt att värderingarna är hållbara. Eftersom vi lever i en värld där en omställning är högst aktuell är det viktigt att företag anpassar sin kommunikation för att klara denna omställning. Med hjälp av en semiotisk metod, analyserar studien hur H&amp;M och Volvo Group kommunicerar sina värderingar på deras hemsidor. Därefter studerar vi hur företagen retoriskt framställer sina värderingar i syfte att övertyga deras mottagare. Med hjälp av semiotiken, retoriken och Brundtlandskommissionens definition av hållbarhet samt forskning inom ämnet diskuterar vi hur värderingarna framställs retoriskt och företagens ställningstagande i hållbarhetsfrågan.  Resultatet visar att Volvo Group har en tydlighet i sin kommunikation gällande värderingar. Det finns också ett tydligt samspel mellan bild och text där båda textelementen har ett retoriskt syfte. Det går att konstatera att Volvo Groups kommunikation gällande värderingar har ett starkt ethos. I H&amp;M:s kommunikation av värderingar finns en röd tråd, en igenkänning och ett sammanhang som gör det enklare för mottagare att förstå. De argument som tydligast går att urskilja för att övertyga mottagarna är de med pathos-karaktär, eftersom båda företagen förmedlar en tydlig vi-känsla i sin kommunikation. Logos-argumenten hade kunnat stärkas ytterligare med en förklaring på varför värderingarna valdes. Resultatet visar också att den ekologiska dimensionen saknas i båda företagens kommunikation av värderingar. / This study analyses H&amp;M and Volvo Group’s communication regarding corporate values. The two companies operate within the textile industry and transport industry and through the years, they have been criticized for their negative impact on sustainability. In order for an organization to function, core values must exist and attach the organization as a unit. It is also important that the values are sustainable. As we live in a world where adaption is highly relevant, it is important for companies to adapt their communication in order to manage this adaptation. By a visual method, this study analyses how H&amp;M and Volvo Group communicate their corporate values on their websites. Thereafter, we study how the two companies rhetorically communicate their values for the purpose of convincing the perceiver. In view of semiotic, rhetoric and sustainability theories as well as scientific research within the field, we discuss how the corporate values are rhetorically presented and the companies’ standpoint regarding sustainable development.  The result shows that Volvo Group maintains a clarity in their communication regarding corporate values. There is also a clear connection between image and text where both text elements have a rhetorical purpose. It can also be stated that Volvo Group’s communication of values has a strong ethos. H&amp;M uses a common thread, recognition, and cohesion in their communication to help perceivers to understand. The arguments that are most clearly discernible to convince the recipients are those with a pathos character, as both companies use team spirit in their communication. The logos-arguments could be stronger if there was an explanation to why the values have been chosen. The result also shows that the ecological dimension is not inherited in the companies’ communication regarding corporate values.