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A uva é a principal fruta cultivada no sistema orgânico no estado do Rio Grande do Sul, tendo sua produção concentrada na região da Serra Gaúcha, território vitivinícola consolidado em nível estadual e nacional formado a partir de um processo socioeconômico histórico que teve início com a colonização do espaço geográfico pelo “colono” italiano. A viticultura realizada na Serra Gaúcha possui várias particularidades como, por exemplo, a pequena propriedade, a pouca mecanização devido ao relevo acidentado e principalmente a utilização de mão de obra familiar. Este estudo analisou o desenvolvimento da viticultura orgânica praticada no município de Cotiporã, localizado na região serrana do estado do Rio Grande do Sul. O município constitui-se num território voltado para a produção de uva convencional presente no interior do território vitivinícola da Serra Gaúcha. A maior parte da uva produzida no município, equivalente a 89,8% do total, é processada nas cidades vizinhas que concentram mais de 90% das empresas vinícolas do estado. Porém, no interior do município se verifica a movimentação por parte de um grupo de agricultores que migraram e outros que ainda estão em processo de transição agroecológica da viticultura convencional dominante na região para a viticultura orgânica. A pesquisa apontou que a produção orgânica de uva se encontra em expansão no município e na Serra Gaúcha, e está construindo uma rede de relações de produção e uma cadeia produtiva diferente, mas semelhante em algumas relações estabelecidas pela viticultura convencional. Essa nova relação envolvendo a produção de uva orgânica pautada pela sustentabilidade ambiental, social e econômica, centrada na agricultura familiar e no protagonismo do viticultor ao longo da cadeia produtiva foi denominada de território da viticultura orgânica. / The grape is the main fruit cultivated in the organic system in the state of the Rio Grande Do Sul, having its concetrated production in the region of the Mountain range “Gaúcha”, consolidated viticulture territory in formed state and national evel from a historical socioeconomic process that had beginning with the settling of the geographic space for the “Italian colonist.” Grape growing carried through in the Mountain range “Gaucha” has some particularitities as, for example, the small property, to little mechanization due to the rough relief and mainly the use of hand of familiar workmanship. This study it analyzed the development of practised organic grape growing in the city of Cotiporã, located in the mountain range region of the state of the Rio Grande Do Sul. The city consists in a territory directed toward the production of present conventional grape in the interior of the viticulture territory of the Mountain range “Gaúcha.” Most of the grape produced in the city, equivalent 89.8% of the total, is processed in the neighboring cities that more than concentrate 90% of the viticulture companies of the state. However, in the interior of the city if it verifies the movement on the part of a group of agriculturists who migrated and others that still are in process of ecological agriculture transistion of dominant conventional grape growing in the region for organic grape growing. The research pointed that the organic production of grape if finds in expansion in the city and the Mountain range “Gaúcha”, and is constructing to a net of production relations and a productive chain different, but similar in some relations established for conventional grape growing. This new relation involving the production of organic grape ruled by the social and economic sustainability ambient, centered in familiar agriculture and the protagonism of the grape grower throughout the productive chain was called of territory of organic grape growing.

Thesis (doctoral)--Bordeaux III, 1978. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 1101-1158) and index.

Texte remanié de: Tesis doctoral--Universidad de Cádiz, 1996. / Bibliogr. p. 407-428.

La présente étude anthropologique est une description d’activités multiples qui résultent de la création (1982) et de l’extension (1999) d’un projet vitivinicole au sein de l’agriculture traditionnelle paysanne du haut-plateau tropical andin, dans le département du Boyacá – Colombie. Habitée par l’une des plus nombreuses communautés rurales du pays, l’économie de cette région a connu un important processus historique de déterritorialisation et son économie a longtemps dépendu des activités d’élevage de petits producteurs installés sur de très petites propriétés. L’histoire de cette région nous enseigne que peu de mesures spécialisées (mises en œuvre en tant que techniques) ont été appliquées à sa production agricole traditionnelle. Il s’agit là d’un élément décisif pour comprendre les conditions actuelles de pauvreté de beaucoup des habitants de la région, en particulier ceux des zones rurales, dans la mesure où, dans l’accès aux ressources végétales, minérales et animales, les techniques utilisées jouent un rôle décisif. Les acteurs principaux, dans ce domaine, ont été surtout des religieux, des politiques ou des militaires. L’émergence d’un acteur social détenteur d’un savoir spécialisé susceptible d’être appliqué à la tradition agricole de cette région par le biais de la création du “Projet vitivinicole de la Valle del Sol et territoires limitrophes”, dans le département du Boyacá, est le centre analytique et scientifique de notre étude. A partir d’une analyse historique, économique et descriptive, nous avons pu déduire que l’évolution technique et technologique dans la région n’avait pas été significative du point de vue de la production agricole. / This anthropological study describes multiple activities initiated through the creation in (1982) and subsequent extension in (1999) of a wine-making project conducted in the high Andean altiplano with a group of farmers of the Department of Boyaca in Colombia. This region has undergone a historical process of deterritorialization. Nowadays, it is the home of a robust peasant population which heavily relies on numerous small properties known as minifundios and micro-minifundios, which are generally farmed by peasant households on hillsides. From this study, it is argued that the application of specialized information (based on specialized methods) to agriculture has been very limited in the region of our study. Therefore, this lack of specialized practices has contributed to the significant level of poverty these communities face, especially the rural dwellers. This is to say, agricultural practices represent a decisive factor for the use of natural resources and cultural development. In the particular case of vegetable and mineral exploitation, this study argues that the current practices have mostly been led by priests, politicians and military authorities. Thus, the need for a science-based approach entwined with cultural traditions of the local peasant communities encouraged the creation of this study called Proyecto vitivinícola del Valle del Sol y territorios afines, and carried out in above mentioned region. From a descriptive and economic standpoint, we claim that there has been a scarce or nonexistent technical and technological agricultural development in the region.

A uva é a principal fruta cultivada no sistema orgânico no estado do Rio Grande do Sul, tendo sua produção concentrada na região da Serra Gaúcha, território vitivinícola consolidado em nível estadual e nacional formado a partir de um processo socioeconômico histórico que teve início com a colonização do espaço geográfico pelo “colono” italiano. A viticultura realizada na Serra Gaúcha possui várias particularidades como, por exemplo, a pequena propriedade, a pouca mecanização devido ao relevo acidentado e principalmente a utilização de mão de obra familiar. Este estudo analisou o desenvolvimento da viticultura orgânica praticada no município de Cotiporã, localizado na região serrana do estado do Rio Grande do Sul. O município constitui-se num território voltado para a produção de uva convencional presente no interior do território vitivinícola da Serra Gaúcha. A maior parte da uva produzida no município, equivalente a 89,8% do total, é processada nas cidades vizinhas que concentram mais de 90% das empresas vinícolas do estado. Porém, no interior do município se verifica a movimentação por parte de um grupo de agricultores que migraram e outros que ainda estão em processo de transição agroecológica da viticultura convencional dominante na região para a viticultura orgânica. A pesquisa apontou que a produção orgânica de uva se encontra em expansão no município e na Serra Gaúcha, e está construindo uma rede de relações de produção e uma cadeia produtiva diferente, mas semelhante em algumas relações estabelecidas pela viticultura convencional. Essa nova relação envolvendo a produção de uva orgânica pautada pela sustentabilidade ambiental, social e econômica, centrada na agricultura familiar e no protagonismo do viticultor ao longo da cadeia produtiva foi denominada de território da viticultura orgânica. / The grape is the main fruit cultivated in the organic system in the state of the Rio Grande Do Sul, having its concetrated production in the region of the Mountain range “Gaúcha”, consolidated viticulture territory in formed state and national evel from a historical socioeconomic process that had beginning with the settling of the geographic space for the “Italian colonist.” Grape growing carried through in the Mountain range “Gaucha” has some particularitities as, for example, the small property, to little mechanization due to the rough relief and mainly the use of hand of familiar workmanship. This study it analyzed the development of practised organic grape growing in the city of Cotiporã, located in the mountain range region of the state of the Rio Grande Do Sul. The city consists in a territory directed toward the production of present conventional grape in the interior of the viticulture territory of the Mountain range “Gaúcha.” Most of the grape produced in the city, equivalent 89.8% of the total, is processed in the neighboring cities that more than concentrate 90% of the viticulture companies of the state. However, in the interior of the city if it verifies the movement on the part of a group of agriculturists who migrated and others that still are in process of ecological agriculture transistion of dominant conventional grape growing in the region for organic grape growing. The research pointed that the organic production of grape if finds in expansion in the city and the Mountain range “Gaúcha”, and is constructing to a net of production relations and a productive chain different, but similar in some relations established for conventional grape growing. This new relation involving the production of organic grape ruled by the social and economic sustainability ambient, centered in familiar agriculture and the protagonism of the grape grower throughout the productive chain was called of territory of organic grape growing.

A uva é a principal fruta cultivada no sistema orgânico no estado do Rio Grande do Sul, tendo sua produção concentrada na região da Serra Gaúcha, território vitivinícola consolidado em nível estadual e nacional formado a partir de um processo socioeconômico histórico que teve início com a colonização do espaço geográfico pelo “colono” italiano. A viticultura realizada na Serra Gaúcha possui várias particularidades como, por exemplo, a pequena propriedade, a pouca mecanização devido ao relevo acidentado e principalmente a utilização de mão de obra familiar. Este estudo analisou o desenvolvimento da viticultura orgânica praticada no município de Cotiporã, localizado na região serrana do estado do Rio Grande do Sul. O município constitui-se num território voltado para a produção de uva convencional presente no interior do território vitivinícola da Serra Gaúcha. A maior parte da uva produzida no município, equivalente a 89,8% do total, é processada nas cidades vizinhas que concentram mais de 90% das empresas vinícolas do estado. Porém, no interior do município se verifica a movimentação por parte de um grupo de agricultores que migraram e outros que ainda estão em processo de transição agroecológica da viticultura convencional dominante na região para a viticultura orgânica. A pesquisa apontou que a produção orgânica de uva se encontra em expansão no município e na Serra Gaúcha, e está construindo uma rede de relações de produção e uma cadeia produtiva diferente, mas semelhante em algumas relações estabelecidas pela viticultura convencional. Essa nova relação envolvendo a produção de uva orgânica pautada pela sustentabilidade ambiental, social e econômica, centrada na agricultura familiar e no protagonismo do viticultor ao longo da cadeia produtiva foi denominada de território da viticultura orgânica. / The grape is the main fruit cultivated in the organic system in the state of the Rio Grande Do Sul, having its concetrated production in the region of the Mountain range “Gaúcha”, consolidated viticulture territory in formed state and national evel from a historical socioeconomic process that had beginning with the settling of the geographic space for the “Italian colonist.” Grape growing carried through in the Mountain range “Gaucha” has some particularitities as, for example, the small property, to little mechanization due to the rough relief and mainly the use of hand of familiar workmanship. This study it analyzed the development of practised organic grape growing in the city of Cotiporã, located in the mountain range region of the state of the Rio Grande Do Sul. The city consists in a territory directed toward the production of present conventional grape in the interior of the viticulture territory of the Mountain range “Gaúcha.” Most of the grape produced in the city, equivalent 89.8% of the total, is processed in the neighboring cities that more than concentrate 90% of the viticulture companies of the state. However, in the interior of the city if it verifies the movement on the part of a group of agriculturists who migrated and others that still are in process of ecological agriculture transistion of dominant conventional grape growing in the region for organic grape growing. The research pointed that the organic production of grape if finds in expansion in the city and the Mountain range “Gaúcha”, and is constructing to a net of production relations and a productive chain different, but similar in some relations established for conventional grape growing. This new relation involving the production of organic grape ruled by the social and economic sustainability ambient, centered in familiar agriculture and the protagonism of the grape grower throughout the productive chain was called of territory of organic grape growing.

Dans un contexte mondial caractérisé par une crise systémique très complexe, il est évident qu'aux changements structurels (changements climatiques, pression croissante sur les ressources renouvelables, accroissement démographique), on a associé une crise économique dramatique dont les conséquences ne sont pas encore tout à fait prévisibles en termes d'aggravation de la pauvreté, de contraction des marchés internationaux et du crédit et des perspectives de développement. L'agriculture est ainsi confrontée à des défis décisifs, dont l'issue est incertaine, en particulier dans certaines régions du monde; les modèles de développement qui émergent sont différents et se projettent, d'un côté, dans un secteur agricole «familial» encore très fragile et, de l'autre, dans une agriculture de type «capitaliste» de plus en plus dominante. Cependant, dans un tel contexte de crise, il semble que d'autres nouvelles opportunités peuvent naître, bien que dans le long terme; la coupure qui s'est créée et la rupture des schémas ont révélé la vulnérabilité des systèmes agricoles et agroalimentaires en plaçant en premier plan l'exigence d'innovation et de remise en question des modèles de développement. Dans un contexte de grande incertitude, selon les variations des valeurs et des normes à la base des sociétés, ces dernières doivent se montrer créatives et réinventer les modalités de production, de transformation et de distribution des produits agricoles dans une perspective à long terme qui tienne en compte des territoires et des communautés qui y vivent, tout en focalisant l'attention sur le concept de durabilité. En ce qui concerne le développement durable, les différents systèmes agricoles et agroalimentaires ont déplacé leur intérêt vers une perspective agroécologique, en soutenant les systèmes alimentaires locaux. Ceux-ci évoluent en parallèle, en concurrence ou en complémentarité avec les systèmes de production dominants, et prennent des formes différentes selon qu'ils viennent de pays où l'agriculture est à un taux élevé de consommation de capital, d'intrants chimiques et d'énergie fossile, ou de pays où l'accès à ces ressources est insuffisant et, par conséquent, la productivité du travail est faible. Au niveau mondial, il est essentiel de développer une prise de conscience majeure sur l'existence de ces systèmes innovants, de capitaliser ces expériences, dont certaines à l'état embryonnaire, et de faire ressortir un nouveau paradigme conceptuel de développement dans l'agriculture, qui ne soit pas uniquement du point de vue de la technologie et de l'organisation. Il faut s'interroger sur le degré des connaissances nécessaires pour promouvoir le développement durable, remettre en question la primauté de la connaissance scientifique par rapport aux autres types de connaissances et créer de nouveaux liens entre la recherche, les acteurs économiques, les acteurs de la société civile et les décideurs politiques. C'est dans cette perspective que la recherche agricole joue un rôle de premier plan dans la voie de l'innovation, sachant que l'agriculture ne doit plus exercer un rôle uniquement de production, mais d'interaction complexe avec l'environnement et la société dans son ensemble. Dans un débat scientifique qui s'anime de plus en plus, grâce aussi à l'ouverture imminente de l'Expo 2015 à Milan, on veut souligner le rôle que, dans ce processus d'innovation, chaque acteur peut jouer, ainsi que la caractérisation des facteurs qui déterminent les innovations mêmes, dans un contraste et une comparaison de positions sur les processus innovants réellement nécessaires pour le développement durable. Ce travail de thèse vise à enquêter sur certains aspects de l'innovation dans l'agriculture et à fournir également des points de réflexion en ce qui concerne le rôle que l'agriculture peut jouer dans le cheminement vers un développement réel des communautés rurales, qui vivent dans des territoires où l'agriculture même trouve sa raison d'être. / In a global context characterized by a systemic and multi-faceted crisis, it is clear that the changes that could be defined structural and continuous (climate change, increasing pressure on renewable resources, population growth) are associated with a dramatic economic crisis whose consequences are still not entirely predictable in terms of deepening poverty, contraction of international markets, credit crunch and prospects for development. In this context, agriculture is facing decisive challenges, of uncertain outcome, especially in some regions of the world; the development patterns that emerge are different and are combined, on the one hand, in an agricultural sector "family" still very fragile and, on the other hand, in a capitalist-like farming more and more dominant. However, just by the crisis situation mentioned, it seems that new opportunities can be born, although in the long run; the rift that has arisen and the breaking of the schemes have revealed the vulnerability of agricultural and agro-food systems placing its focus on the need for innovation and on questioning the development models. In a context and in a time of enormous uncertainty, varying the values and norms underlying the society, they must show creative and reinvent the way of producing, processing and distribution of agricultural products in the long period that takes into account the territories and the communities that live there, all focusing attention on the concept of sustainability. In the framework of sustainable development, different farming and agro-food systems moved in an agro-ecological perspective, promoting local food systems. These ones are evolving in parallel, in competition or in complementarity with the dominant production systems, and take different forms depending on whether they themselves emerge in countries where agriculture is at high rate of capital consumption, chemical inputs and fossil energy, or in those countries where the access to such resources is scarce and, consequently, the labor productivity is low. At a global level, it is essential to increase the awareness of the existence of such innovative systems, to capitalize on these experiences, some of which in the embryo, and to bring out a new conceptual paradigm of development in agriculture, all this not only in a technological and organizational perspective. It is necessary to wonder about the state of knowledge necessary to promote sustainable development, calling into question the primacy of scientific knowledge in relation to other types of knowledge and creating new links between research, economic actors, civil society actors and policy makers. Accordingly, it is the agricultural research to play a leading role on the path to innovation, with the understanding that agriculture is no longer called to exercise only a purely productive role, but of complex interactions with the environment and with society as a whole. In a scientific debate that becomes increasingly lively, also thanks to the imminent opening of the event Expo 2015 in Milan, the role is highlighted that, in this process of innovation, each actor can play as well as the characterization of the factors that determine the innovations themselves, in a contrast and comparison of positions on which are the innovative processes really needed and useful for sustainable development. Without any claim of being exhaustive, the present work aims at investigating some aspects of innovation in agriculture and at providing some food for thought about the role that it can play in the journey towards a real development of rural communities , those who live in the territories where agriculture itself finds its “raison d'etre”.

It was concluded that there is a free potential for future growth in the quality sector. Price trend analysis for different qualities is consistent with the expected growth. Envisaged changes in production patterns will bring increased revenues for the industry. However, if government intervention goals are to increase substantially industry profitability and farmers income, a balance between government incentives to expand the area of quality wine and government and private investment in market promotion are required. The non-adoption of marketing strategies to increase demand or a failure to promote quality wine demand will have negative effects on prices and on the industry profitability. It was concluded that there is a free potential for future growth in the quality sector. Price trend analysis for different qualities is consistent with the expected growth. Envisaged changes in production patterns will bring increased revenues for the industry. However, if government intervention goals are to increase substantially industry profitability and farmers income, a balance between government incentives to expand the area of quality wine and government and private investment in market promotion are required. The non-adoption of marketing strategies to increase demand or a failure to promote quality wine demand will have negative effects on prices and on the industry profitability.