Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-12T15:07:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 arquivo3010_1.pdf: 706044 bytes, checksum: 6da312731525adbd9157289402485b4f (MD5) license.txt: 1748 bytes, checksum: 8a4605be74aa9ea9d79846c1fba20a33 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Faculdade de Amparo à Ciência e Tecnologia do Estado de Pernambuco / Juvenis do peixe estuarino Poecilia vivípara foram expostos em experimentos semi-estáticos ao hidrocarboneto policíclico aromático fenantreno, e ao metal pesado cobre. Após 96 h de exposição dos peixes às concentrações de 2,5, 10, 50, 100, e 150 &#956;g L-1 de fenantreno e 5, 20, 40, 100, 200 &#956;g L-1de cobre foram avaliados os efeitos subletais sobre biomarcadores comportamentais quantificados individualmente nos peixes. Os peixes foram monitorados com um sistema de video digital em arenas experimentais, e foi quantificada a velocidade de natação em cm s-1 durante atividade natatória espontânea e durante atividade natatória sob estímulo de náuplios de Artemia oferecidos como presas. Neste mesmo experimento com presas disponíveis foi quantificado o número de náuplios capturados. Além disso, foi avaliada a resistência natatória contra-corrente dos peixes expostos através de um sistema experimental desenvolvido durante este trabalho. Para os peixes expostos ao fenantreno também foi quantificada a acuidade visual baseada nas respostas optocinéticas. A atividade natatória sob estímulo de presas disponíveis diminuiu com a exposição dos peixes ao fenantreno, apresentando diferença estatística entre as velocidades médias (p <0,001). Foi detectado um déficit na acuidade visual, e na quantidade de presas capturadas pelos peixes expostos ao fenantreno, existindo diferença estatística para ambos parâmetros entre o controle e a concentração de 150 &#956;g L-1. Estes resultados demonstram que a exposição de P.vivipara à concentrações subletais de fenantreno alteraram sua habilidade visual e capacidade de capturar presas, apesar de não ter-se percebido modificação da resistência natatória. Por outro lado, nos peixes expostos ao cobre não foram detectadas diferenças significativas na natação espontânea, natação durante a alimentação com Artemia e na captura de náuplios. Entreteanto, houve diminuição da resistência natatória entre os peixes expostos ao cobre a 200 &#956;g L-1 e o controle, o que pode influenciar na habilidade destes indivíduos em estabelecer posição adequada em habitats em situações de corrente adversas durante o fluxo das marés em estuários onde esta espécie habita

Submitted by Danielle Karla Martins Silva (danielle.martins@ufpe.br) on 2015-03-03T13:54:44Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação Anderson de Brito Ribeiro-BIBLIO.pdf: 745652 bytes, checksum: 296869e06fee7c05ccd1ee3170cb59bd (MD5) license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-03T13:54:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação Anderson de Brito Ribeiro-BIBLIO.pdf: 745652 bytes, checksum: 296869e06fee7c05ccd1ee3170cb59bd (MD5) license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / FACEPE ; INCT-TA ; CNPq / O metal cobre está entre os modelos químicos do Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia - Toxicologia Aquática do CNPq (INCT-TA). É um elemento de significativa relevância ambiental, especialmente por contaminar ambientes aquáticos na forma solúvel catiônica Cu+2, pelo escoamento e/ou lixiviação dos processos de mineração, seu uso na agricultura, pintura de embarcações e geração de esgotos domésticos e industriais. Seus principais sítios de ação tóxica são o sistema sensorial olfatório e as brânquias, ambos em contato direto com a água. Este trabalho objetivou avaliar os efeitos de concentrações subletais do cobre em juvenis do peixe estuarino Poecilia vivipara através da análise de respostas de defesa contra predadores nos peixes expostos. Estas respostas baseiam-se em reações de alarme ao extrato de pele da mesma espécie, avaliadas pela presença de estresse natatório, paralisia natatória e agrupamento de indivíduos. Também foram analisados os comportamentos relacionados à natação e alimentação, sendo quantificado o comportamento natatório espontâneo, a capacidade de nadar contra corrente de água em velocidades crescentes, e a eficiência na captura de presas. As presas utilizadas foram náuplios de Artemia sp., quantificados previamente para cada peixe. A resposta de alarme avaliada pela frequência de ocorrência de estresse natatório nos indivíduos de P. vivipara diminuiu com a exposição ao cobre nas concentrações de 5, 20, 40 e 100 μg.L-1, com uma concentração de efeito observado (CEO) de 5 μg.L-1. A velocidade de natação espontânea diminuiu nas concentrações 100 (CEO), 200 e 400 μg.L-1 de cobre, tendo sido detectada uma hipoatividade dos indivíduos relativa aos controles. Uma redução da resistência natatória foi observada após exposição ao cobre nas concentrações de 20 (CEO), 40 e 100 μg.L-1. Foi detectado um decréscimo no número de náuplios capturados pelos peixes expostos ao cobre nas concentrações de 20 (CEO), 40 e 100 μg.L-1. Conclui-se que a exposição a concentrações subletais de cobre na faixa de 5 a 100 μg.L-1 causa alterações no comportamento dos juvenis de P. vivipara relativos ao sistema olfatório, a habilidade natatória e a capacidade de captura de presas. Alterações na reação de alarme, que simulam defesa a um ataque de predador, foram afetadas com maior intensidade com base na frequência de estresse natatório em todas as concentrações de cobre, sendo o parâmetro mais sensível. Estes efeitos comportamentais mal-adaptativos sugerem que possa ter havido modificações nos epitélios olfatórios e branquial ocasionado pelo cobre, que podem comprometer a sobrevivência e crescimento dos indivíduos.

Chez les animaux sexués, les stratégies d'appariement et de dispersion sont influencées par de nombreux facteurs de l'environnement. Certains facteurs sont communs, ce qui suggère que ces deux stratégies n'évoluent pas indépendamment. Parmi ces facteurs, la structure génétique des populations pourrait jouer un rôle important dans cette évolution conjointe. Par une approche théorique, j'ai étudié l'évolution de la différence de dispersion entre les sexes en lien avec les stratégies d'appariement (monogamie, monoandrie, polyandrie). En monoandrie et polyandrie, stratégies où les deux sexes ont des nombres de partenaires différents, la compétition entre apparentés et la variation spatiale du succès reproducteur plus importante chez les mâles que les femelles, favorisent l'évolution d'une dispersion biaisée en faveur des mâles. Je me suis aussi intéressé à la place des gènes dans le génome et j'ai montré que la localisation de gènes de dispersion sur les chromosomes sexuels peut, à elle-seule, faire évoluer un différentiel de dispersion entre les sexes. J'ai exploré cette dernière possibilité dans le cadre de conflits génomiques potentiels. Parallèlement à cette approche théorique, j'ai effectué une étude expérimentale chez le lézard vivipare (Zootoca vivipara). J'ai recherché le rôle d'un effet maternel, médié par la corticostérone, sur le lien entre la stratégie d'appariement des femelles et la stratégie de dispersion de leurs jeunes. Je me suis aussi intéressé au coût de l'accouplement via la transmission de pathogènes entre partenaires. Mes résultats suggèrent l'absence d'effet direct des accouplements multiples sur la communauté bactérienne cloacale. / In sexually reproducing animals, dispersal and mating strategies are influenced by many environmental factors, some of these factors being common, which suggests that these two strategies could evolve jointly. Among these factors, population genetic structure could play a great role on this joint evolution. Using a theoretical approach, I studied how mating strategies (monogamy, monoandry, polyandry) can influence the evolution of sex-biased dispersal, with a particular focus on processes linked to relatedness. In monoandry and polyandry, i.e., strategies where both sexes have different numbers of mates, kin competition and a larger spatial variation in male than female reproductive success can lead to a male-biased dispersal. I have also investigated the importance of gene position in the genome and showed a link between dispersal genes and sex chromosomes can produce sex-biased dispersal. I have discussed this evolution of dispersal gene on sex chromosomes under a possible genomic conflict. In parallel to these theoretical studies, I have conducted an experimental study in the common lizard (Zootoca vivipara). I have investigated the role of maternal effect, through the influence of corticosterone, in the relationship between the mating strategy of females and the dispersal strategy of their offspring. I also tested experimentally the transmission of bacteria through mating in relation to the possible cost of transmission of pathogens. While I did not found any direct effect of multiple mating on cloacal bacterial community, my results suggest an effect due to a female response, which opens a new perspective in the study of the consequences of mating strategies.

The violet copper (Lycaena helle) is one of the most endangered butterflies in Europe, with a population pattern of steady decline despite consevation efforts. The main threat to the species is believed to be habitat fragmentation and loss due to changes in land use practices. In order to direct conservation efforts toward the areas where they make the most difference, we need to better understand the ecological needs of the species, on both local and meta population levels. Since habitat quality is a crucial factor for succesful reproduction, increased knowledge of the species’ habitat requirements is of utmost importance. In this study, I investigated whether there is a correlation between the share of hatched eggs and leaf size and shape of the host plant Bistorta vivipara, which vary greatly depending on the level of solar exposure. In the summer of 2022, I searched for eggs and larvae of L. helle on leaves of B. vivipara on three rich fens situated in the municipality of Ånge, Västernorrland County. All leaves with eggs and/or larvae were photographed next to a ruler in order to measure length and width, and the total number of eggs as well as the number of hatched eggs were documented. I then divided the leaves into four classes based on the length/width ratio. Chi-square tests were conducted on the share of hatched eggs per leaf class and locality. The results showed a tendency for a larger share of hatched eggs than expected in leaf class 2, and a smaller share of hatched eggs than expected in leaf class 3, but the results were non-significant. Similarly, the results showed a tendency of a larger share of hatched eggs than expected on locality 2, and slightly smaller shares of hatched eggs on localities 1 and 3, but these too were non-significant. In conclusion, more studies are needed in order to better understand how we can conserve this threatened species.

Orientador: Sérgio Furtado dos Reis / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-21T03:14:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tonhatti_CarlosHenrique_M.pdf: 9319197 bytes, checksum: e71bff81e702fce4746841965b3022a1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: Os poecilídeos são um excelente sistema modelo para estudos de evolução de história de vida seleção natural e sexual, evolução e coevolução experimental e evolução fenotípica em gradientes ecológicos. Os poecilídeos são também excelentes modelos para o estudo de processos ecológicos e evolutivos associados como a invasão e colonização de novos ambientes. As populações de Poecilia vivípara que ocorrem no sistema lagunar de Campos de Goytacazes no norte do estado do Rio de Janeiro são um exemplo notável de invasão e colonização de novos ambientes. Nesse sistema, a origem das lagoas deve-se a processos geomorfológicos associados com a formação do delta do rio Paraíba do Sul durante o Holoceno. Para este sistema formulamos a hipótese que a história geológica da região influenciou a variação genética atual em Poecilia vivípara. Deste modo, uma população de uma outra bacia hidrográfica seria diferente das populações da bacia do rio Paraíba do Sul. Uma população do rio Paraíba do Sul de uma região com formação mais antiga seria diferente das populações de regiões com história mais recente. Dentre as mais recentes as que vivem na área de influência marinha seriam diferentes das que vivem na área fluvial. A hipótese foi testada usando sequências da região de controle da replicação mitocondrial de 8 populações com 30 indivíduos cada. Os resultados mostraram uma grande diversidade genética dentro e entre as populações, estruturação genética entre as populações antigas recentes do rio Paraíba do Sul e que não houve mudanças no tamanho efetivo das populações recentemente. A partir dos resultados a hipótese formulada não foi refutada. Assim, existe relação entre a história geológica da região e a variação genética atual do P. vivípara. Há evidências que o regime de inundação característico da região também age sobre a variação genética destas populações aumentando o fluxo genético entre as mesmas / Abstract: The fishes of Poeciliidae family are an excellent model system for studies of life history evolution of natural and sexual selection, experimental evolution and coevolution in phenotypic evolution and ecological gradients. These are also excellent models for the study of ecological and evolutionary processes associated as the invasion and colonization of new environments. Populations of Poecilia vivipara occurring in the lagoon system of Goytacazes fields in northern Rio de Janeiro state are a notable example of invasion and colonization of new environments. In this system, the origin of the lakes due to geomorphological processes associated with the formation of the delta of the River Paraíba do Sul during the Holocene. For this system we hypothesized that the geological history of the region influenced the genetic variation present in Poecilia vivipara. Thus, a population of another watershed would be different populations of river basin Paraíba do Sul A population of Paraíba do Sul River in a region with older formation would be different regions with populations of more recent history. Among the most recent ones that live in the area of marine influence would be different from those who live in the river. The hypothesis was tested using sequences of the control region of mitochondrial replication of 8 populations with 30 individuals each. The results showed a high genetic diversity within and among populations, genetic structure among populations older times recent Paraíba do Sul river and that there were no changes in effective population size recently. From the results the hypothesis was not refuted. Thus, there is a relationship between the geological history of the region and genetic variation of the current P. vivipara. There is evidence that the flooding regime characteristic of the region also acts on the genetic variation of these populations increasing gene flow between them / Mestrado / Genetica Animal e Evolução / Mestre em Genética e Biologia Molecular

L'anthropisation croissante et les changements globaux entrainent de nombreuses perturbations dans l'environnement conduisant à la dégradation, et même à la destruction d'habitat. Le modèle allostatique proposé par McEwen et Wingfield en 2003 permet de mieux appréhender les relations entre physiologie et réponses démographique dans le cadre de la physiologie de la conservation. A travers des approches expérimentales en milieux controlé et semi-naturel nous avons testé l'effet de d'un stress chronique sur les changements des traits d'histoires de vie et les paramétres physiologique chez le lézard vivipare (Zootoca vivipara). Nous discutons de la caractérisation de la charge allostatique et des effets à court terme et long terme d'un stress chronique et l'utilisation de la charge allostatique comme indicateur de la dégradation de l'habitat. Ce travail pourra être utilisé afin de mieux comprendre et prédire la dynamique des populations naturelles soumises aux changements globaux. / Increasing anthropogenic and global changes are causing many disturbances in the environment leading to degradation and even destruction of habitat. The allostatic model proposed by McEwen and Wingfield in 2003 provides a better understanding of the relationships between physiology and demographic responses within the framework of conservation physiology. Experimental approaches in controlled and semi-natural environments have tested the effect of chronic stress on changes in life histories and physiological parameters in the viviparous lizard (Zootoca vivipara). We discuss the characterization of allostatic charge and the short-term and long-term effects of chronic stress and the use of allostatic charge as an indicator of habitat degradation. This work can be used to better understand and predict the dynamics of natural populations subjected to global changes.

The violet copper (Lycaena helle) is one of Europe’s most endangered butterflies as a result of loss and fragmentation of its habitat. In order to further understand the habitat requirements of this species it is important to observe the specific characteristics of the oviposition sites. There is little research on L. helle in Sweden and the least in the northern parts. In this study I searched for eggs and larvae along a seashore meadow in Norrbotten County where a substantial number of L. helle recently had been found. The area differed from the species’ usual habitat in that the host plant Bistorta vivipara was scarce in large parts. The coastline was split into two areas for comparison according to vegetation type and direction of the shore, one seemingly more suitable for L. helle and the other less so. The results showed that oviposition sites had a lower coverage of, and average height, of the surrounding vegetation than potential oviposition sites without eggs. The coverage of the host plant did not differ between oviposition sites and sites without eggs. Most of the eggs were found on the first area where, surprisingly, a few Bistorta vivipara had up to eight eggs on a single leaf. The sometimes complete lack of eggs on the second area, while still containing a reasonable amount of Bistorta vivipara, confirms that the presence of the host plant is not enough for the females to lay eggs and that any host plant will not be chosen as an oviposition site. The amount of eggs found in the first area together with its structure and east-facing shore further confirms that this species is dependent on lower and more sparse vegetation together with high solar radiation.

Le changement climatique récent a des conséquences dramatiques pour la biodiversité, à travers des modifications des conditions abiotiques et biotiques. La vulnérabilité d'une espèce au changement climatique peut dépendre de son habitat, de sa position au sein de sa communauté ainsi que de sa physiologie thermique. A cet égard, les espèces ectothermes, dont la température interne dépend directement du milieu extérieur, sont considérées comme particulièrement vulnérables à l'augmentation de température. Nous avons étudié expérimentalement l'impact du réchauffement climatique futur sur une espèce de vertébré ectotherme, le lézard vivipare (Zootoca vivipara). Pour cela nous avons utilisé le Métatron, un système de grands enclos semi-naturels dans lesquels les conditions climatiques peuvent être manipulées. Nous avons étudié l'impact d'un climat futur plus chaud (+2°C) sur la dynamique des populations et leur risque d'extinction, ainsi que sur les capacités d'adaptation des populations par la plasticité phénotypique, la sélection et la dispersion. De plus, nous avons considéré l'impact du changement climatique à l'échelle de la communauté. Nous démontrons que le changement climatique futur a un impact négatif sur les populations de lézard vivipare, avec un risque d'extinction à court terme. Cependant, des moyens d'adaptation existent, à travers des changements de phénologie et de physiologie (mélanisme, préférences thermiques). Enfin, les conséquences du changement climatique ne sont pas limitées à l'impact sur les populations de lézard, mais affectent la communauté toute entière, depuis les communautés de plantes et d'insectes jusqu'aux communautés microbiennes. / Recent global change has dramatic impacts on biodiversity, through modifications in abiotic and biotic factors. Species vulnerability to changing climates depend for instance of its habitat, its position within the community and its thermal physiology. In this respect, ectotherm species are considered particularly vulnerable as their body temperature depend directly on their environment. We experimentally studied the impact of future climate change on an ectotherm vertebrate species, the common lizard (Zootoca vivipara). We used the Metatron, a system of semi-natural enclosures in which climatic conditions can be manipulated. We studied the impact of warmer climatic conditions (+2°C) on common lizard's population dynamics and extinction risk, and on population adaptation capacity through plasticity, selection and dispersal. We further investigated the impact of climate change at the community scale. We demonstrated that future climatic conditions pose a threat to common lizard. However, possibilities of adaptation exist through changes in phenology and physiology (preferred temperature and melanism). Finally, we show that changing climatic conditions have an impact on the entire communities, from plants and insects to microbial communities.

I have studied the genetic variation of single species using morphological variation and enzyme electrophoresis. I have striven to understand the interaction between the breeding structure and the ecology of the species in relation to the community, in which it lives. The work was done in the county of Västerbotten, northern Sweden. In the Skeppsvik archipelago I have studied the population structure of Silene dioica: ecotypic variation in other populations. I have also studied the genetic diversity of Angelica archangelica, Bistorta vivipara, Viscaria alpina and the earthworm Eiseniella tetraedra along the free-flowing Vindel and Sävar Rivers and the regulated Urne River. The island populations of S. dioica are subdivided into several breeding units and levels of differentiation among subpopulations within islands were about twice as high as among islands. Restricted seed and pollen dispersal creates patches made up of related individuals that may diverge as a result of drift. Frequent seed and pollen dispersal occurs among islands and they will receive the same alleles. This may explain the pattern of differentiation observed. In contrast, the patches within islands may be founded by only a few individuals. * S. dioica exhibits morphological differentiation in vegetative and floral characters between serpentine, cold spring, rich forest and coastal habitats. There was no association between  genetic and geographical distance or between genetic distance and habitat. Serpentine and cold spring, which represented the most extreme habitats were also most differentiated. Populations of S. dioica are subject to herbivory; predation may exert a selective pressure on vegetative characters. A number of selective forces such as pollinators and fungal parasites act on reproductive characters. Assuming that water dispersal is important I tested several hypotheses to explain patterns of genetic diversity expected to be exhibited by riparian organisms along free-flowing and regulated rivers. I show that dispersal, distribution and breeding structure are important determinants of the evolution of the riparian flora. Patterns of genetic diversity may be exhibited at many spatial scales, e.g. among entire rivers, and between types of riverbanks within a river reach. Populations must be sampled at a spatial scale relevant to the hypothesis to be tested. / <p>Diss. (sammanfattning) Umeå : Umeå universitet, 2002, härtill 5 uppsatser.</p> / digitalisering@umu

Submitted by Mario BC (mario@bc.ufrpe.br) on 2016-08-16T11:56:26Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Fabiana Alves da Silva.pdf: 904681 bytes, checksum: 8949fca1f89143c821e20fec71ff008b (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-16T11:56:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Fabiana Alves da Silva.pdf: 904681 bytes, checksum: 8949fca1f89143c821e20fec71ff008b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-08-03 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / This study aimed to evaluate the impact of environmental pollution of diesel on behavioral aspects, as well as lethal toxic effects of fish, using the teleost fish Poecilia vivipara as test organism. For this, we used the diesel oil S-50, and the experiments were conducted with raw diesel oil and its water soluble fraction (FSD). Fish were exposed to concentrations of 2.5, 5 and 10% of diesel and FSD in glass aquariums with aeration and room temperature for 96 hours. Ten animals were used per tank in a volume corresponding to a density of 1g / L in triplicate for all treatments and control. The experiment was conducted in a semi-static system, with daily renewal of 20% of water content. ach water exchange, the FSD was renewed, but the diesel fuel, which forms a layer at the air / water interface, was not renewed. During the experimental period, the animals did not receive food and the aquariums were covered with a film sheet of paper. The behavioral changes were monitored for the periods of 2, 24, 48, 72 and 96 h exposure, and each experimental unit (tank) was observed for a total period of 10 minutes to analyze the behavioral patterns of each organism, quantifying the animals thar showed each behavioral change. The results showed that both diesel oil as FSD induced behavioral changes and mortality. With regard to diesel oil, 100% mortality was observed after 72 hours at concentrations of 5 and 10%. At the highest concentration of FSD, mortality reached 50% after 96 h exposure. In this study, the main changes were related to the movement (irritability, lethargy and underactivity), respiratory (hypoxia and erratic swimming near the aquarium surface) and natatory disorders. / O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o impacto causado pela contaminação ambiental do óleo diesel em aspectos comportamentais de peixes, além de efeitos tóxicos letais, utilizando como organismo teste o peixe teleósteo Poecilia vivipara. Para tal, foi utilizado óleo diesel S-50 , tendo os experimentos sido conduzidos com óleo diesel bruto e com a sua fração solúvel em água (FSD). Os peixes foram expostos às concentrações de 2,5, 5 e 10% do diesel e da FSD, em aquários de vidro com aeração e temperatura ambiente por 96h. Foram utilizados 10 animais por aquário, numa densidade correspondente ao volume de 1g/L, em triplicata para todos os tratamentos e controle. O experimento foi conduzido em sistema semi-estático, com renovação diária de 20% do conteúdo de água. A cada troca de água, a FSD foi renovada, porém o diesel, que forma uma camada na interface ar/água, não foi renovado. Durante o período experimental, os animais não receberam alimentação e os aquários foram cobertos com folha de papel filme. As alterações comportamentais foram monitoradas nos períodos de 2, 24, 48, 72 e 96 h de exposição, sendo que cada unidade experimental (aquário) foi observada por um período total de 10 minutos para análise dos padrões comportamentais de cada organismo, com a quantificação dos animais que apresentavam cada alteração comportamental. Os resultados obtidos demonstraram que tanto o óleo diesel quanto a FSD induziram mudanças comportamentais e mortalidade. Com relação ao óleo diesel, foi observada uma mortalidade de 100% após 72 horas nas concentrações de 5 e 10%. Na maior concentração da FSD, a mortalidade chegou a 50% após 96 h de exposição. Nesse estudo, as principais alterações foram relacionadas à movimentação (irritabilidade, hipoatividade e letargia), aos distúrbios respiratórios (hipóxia e natação na superfície do aquário) e natatórios.