El proyecto se enfoca en relacionar la industria de los centros comerciales con el sector de la construcción y acabados para obtener un centro comercial de la construcción el cual tenga todas las tiendas reconocidas de materiales de obra, acabados ,mobiliario etc. para todo tipo de edificación , brindando modernidad en diseño y arquitectura. Dirigido para todo profesional relacionado al rubro, como también al usuario consumidor que desea mejorar o renovar su casa o cualquier tipo de edificación. Se escogió como tema el Centro Comercial de la Construcción partir del análisis que se hizo en el distrito de Villa María del Triunfo y alrededores. Se concluye que el distrito de Villa María del Triunfo es un distrito en desarrollo, pero en la última década se ha formalizado una zona netamente comercial, especialmente en productos de construcción y acabados de todo tipo. Dicha zona comercial está referida a la avenida Inca Pachacutec. Toda esta avenida está conformada por locales comerciales de venta de productos de construcción como madera, bambú, carrizo triplay o servicio de carpintería ferretería, vidrios, etc. Esta avenida confluye con el distrito de Villa el Salvador la cual tiene como destino el parque industrial, y sería adecuado hacer una propuesta de centro comercial de la construcción como un enlace a los dos distritos y al mismo tiempo ser un hito para toda esa zona comercial. El plano de zonificación enfatiza las avenidas Pista Nueva e Inca Pachacutec, que son avenidas comerciales. La avenida de mayor prolongación es la avenida Inca Pachacutec que une los distritos de Villa maría del triunfo con Villa el Salvador.

The validity of the influence of urban form on travel behavior has been a topic of interest in travel behavior research. Empirical research shows that urban form influences travel behavior causing less travel impacts. However, according to the conventional travel impact assessment following the ITE?s (Institute of Transportation Engineers) Trip Generation Handbook, developments with higher levels of urban form measures will generate a greater travel impacts because they generate higher number of trips. The ITE Trip Generation Handbook is typically used as a guideline to estimate the number of trips generated by a development. The hypothesis made in the present research is that a development defined with higher levels of land use mix, street connectivity and residential density will generate a higher number of trips because of the greater accessibility but they will be shorter in length. Therefore, the effective distance travelled will be less even though higher numbers of trips are generated. Considering the distance travelled on a roadway will be an appropriate unit for measuring the travel impacts, the research argues that VMT (Vehicle Miles Travelled) can be a better measurement unit than the number of trips to validate the influence of urban form on travel behavior.

State Departments of Transportation (DOTs) today are seeking financing alternatives so that transportation infrastructure investments can become less dependent on the amount of fuel U.S. drivers consume. Because the fuel tax is no longer viewed as a sustainable and stable option, other financing alternatives are being considered. One such alternative includes the vehicle miles traveled (VMT) fee. Examples of such VMT fee alternatives include: 1) collection using an onboard diagnostic system (OBD), 2) collection at the fuel pump using an OBD in conjunction with GPS technology, and 3) collection at a vehicle inspection station using the OBD. This proposed research has two primary objectives: 1) to conduct a comparative review of VMT fee alternatives and their data collection methods, payment collection processes, expected costs and revenues, and anticipated challenges; and 2) to examine the suitability of these VMT fee alternative for consideration in Massachusetts. The major results and conclusions are the fuel tax, if increased and reviewed annually, is a viable short term solution and that a VMT fee should be considered further as part of a long term strategy. It is expected that the results of this research will be of interest to Federal and State DOT personnel and policy makers.

Bus-based Park and Ride (P&R) schemes have become increasingly popular over the past 40 years in the UK, as a result of them being considered a positive traffic reduction policy by many, not least local authorities. There have nevertheless been concerns over the true effects of P&R. For instance, surveys of P&R users have long since revealed that up to a third transfer from conventional public transport. This induces car travel for the access portion of the P&R trip, which is generally large compared to the bus portion, owing to the edge-of-town location of P&R sites. Combined with the mileage effects of high-frequency bus services, evidence has suggested that P&R may thus result in an increase, compared to alternative travel behaviour, in the mean vehicle miles travelled (VMT) of its users. This thesis aims to investigate how UK bus-based P&R may be developed to reduce users VMT. As such, it applies to P&R the Characteristics Approach to Consumer Demand and delineates the attributes of interchange from which users derive utility. The research also develops this approach to consider the characteristics that affect the traffic impacts of P&R. The characteristics of P&R are adjusted to provide alternative concepts of interchange that aim to reduce VMT. These concepts are then examined to understand the level of utility that they are likely to provide. Local authorities perceptions of utility are examined initially, through a national survey which also looks at general attitudes towards P&R, its effects and its future. The city of Cambridge (UK) is selected as a case study in which an in-depth document analysis and interview survey of local stakeholders is carried out to understand the role of P&R in local policy and the implications of the implementation of alternative concepts of interchange. In this context, a survey of P&R users is also undertaken which considers the VMT effects of the current and alternative concepts of P&R as well as the change in the level of utility that would be derived from using them. It is concluded that local authorities generally consider P&R to be an effective policy in reducing car use whilst also playing important roles in the local economy and political arena. Yet the evidence on the Cambridge P&R scheme suggests that VMT is increased to a higher degree than previously proven. Alternative concepts of interchange are shown to offer some potentially significant benefits by reducing the VMT of users. Furthermore, some of the alternative concepts are also shown to offer benefits in terms of the utility that they may provide to the user, and the perceptions on this by local authorities. The VMT and utility results are combined to suggest that future implementation of interchange should consider operating feeder bus services into interchange sites (an intermediate solution offering some VMT benefits with relatively small resource requirements) or, operating a series of small interchange sites along main access routes to host cities (likely to require more resources but providing significant VMT benefits).

Vehicle miles of travel (VMT) is a key indicator of travel demand in the United States. Since 1995 total VMT and VMT per capita has fluctuated, with notable declines in the late 2000s and accelerated increases in the last 7 years. Since 1995, the National Household Travel Survey (NHTS) has tracked the household share of total VMT to shed light on the demographic and behavioral data behind personal vehicle travel. The household share of VMT, while still a majority, has declined every NHTS year since at least 1995. Meanwhile, household VMT has stagnated around 2.25 trillion miles since the 2001 survey. With such unprecedented travel demand changes, the current transportation technology revolution, and the climate of uncertainty, it is critical to understand why household VMT is changing and how this might affect future roadway demand. This thesis examines demographic, socioeconomic and behavioral factors that influence VMT, including both factors with existing research and some untraditional factors, using new data and methodologies.

Transportation funding is critical to maintaining the assets that provide mobility for the movement of Georgia's people and goods. Currently, most of Georgia's transportation revenue is provided by the motor fuel tax. Inflation and recent increases in fuel economy have decreased fuel tax revenue in Georgia and weakened the Georgia Department of Transportation's (GDOT)'s ability to maintain and expand its transportation network. This thesis synthesizes factors from literature that affect motor fuel tax revenue. These include demographic, economic, technological, and environmental forces that influence travel behavior and vehicle fuel economy. A model was then created that incorporated these factors to model GDOT's 2009 fuel tax revenue and then project revenue in 2020 and 2030. The model uses an input/output structure that segments the fleet into personal, freight, and transit categories. User inputs, historical data, and projections are linked via relationships and feedback loops to project travel and fuel tax revenue forward. Because a near-infinite number of scenarios exist, conservative and aggressive scenarios were created for 2020 and 2030 scenarios that output revenue on an absolute, per-mile, and per-capita basis for comparison with more recent revenues. The model outputs predict marginal declines in revenue by 2020 and significant declines by 2030. In response to these declines, the thesis evaluates methods of increasing transportation revenue. These methods include increasing the fuel tax, incorporating a VMT-fee, and widespread tolling measures. After evaluation, a policy recommendation is provided for how to best implement revenue strategies.

Increasing concerns about climate change have attracted global interests in reducing auto travel. Regional average vehicle miles traveled (VMT) vary across the urbanized areas in the U.S., suggesting a potential influence of development patterns on greenhouse gas emission. To explore the contribution of development control to driving reduction at the regional scale, this dissertation estimated impacts of urban form on two travel outcomes at the metropolitan scale: daily vehicle miles traveled (DVMT) per capita and daily transit passenger miles (DPMT) per capita. To overcome major problems of previous studies, i.e., lack of generalizability and multicollinearity, a cross-sectional analysis of 203 U.S. urbanized areas was conducted, using directed acyclic graph and structural equation modeling. A literature review revealed gaps in the previous research: while individual-level behavioral studies have identified distance from the center as the most influential factor on VMT, regional-level studies have not reflected this relationship and failed to deliver effective implications for land use policies. A method to identify regional centers was evaluated to appropriately measure polycentric urban structure of contemporary metropolitan areas. The evaluation found that lower density cutoff, wider reference area, and equal treatment between central business district (CBD) and subcenters yielded better performance in McMillen's two-stage nonparametric method. Results also showed that for polycentric areas, the use of a polycentric model produced a better model fit than the monocentric model. Major findings of this dissertation include 1) higher regional concentration, greater local density and less road supply per capita lowered VMT, and 2) higher local density and more transit supply per capita increased PMT. These results imply that different approaches to development control are needed for different sustainable transportation goals - intensifying regional centers such as infill developments for VMT reduction, and compact neighborhood development approaches, such as transit oriented development for transit promotion. However, CBD has a limited capacity and indiscreet compact developments at the urban fringe can lead to decentralization from the regional perspective, and consequently result in increased VMT. This study suggests polycentricism as a potential solution for the contradictive development principle. By allowing dispersion and concentration at the same time, urban form control at the regional level will be more beneficial than conventional local-level control.

Many western countries have seen a plateau and subsequent decline in car travel during the early 21st century. What has generated particular interest and debate is the claim that the development cannot only be explained by changes in traditional explanatory factors such as GDP, fuel prices and land-use. Instead, it has been argued, the observed trends are indications of substantial changes in lifestyles, preferences and attitudes to car travel and thus, not just a temporary plateau but a true peak in car use. This thesis is a compilation of five papers, studying the issue on a national, international, regional and city scale through quantitative analysis of aggregate administrative data and individual travel survey data. It concludes that the aggregate development of car travel per capita can be explained fairly well with the traditional model variables GDP and fuel price. Furthermore, this thesis shows that spatial context and policy become increasingly important in car use trends: car use diverges over time between city, suburban and rural residents of Sweden and other European countries, while gender and to some extent income become less differentiating for car use. / <p>QC 20170918</p>

Understanding the economic impacts of transportation projects in Utah is essential for decision makers, officials, and stakeholders as they determine the best course of action for the state. Economic impacts can guide decisions of future projects and help explain past economic fluctuations. This study develops a process that can be used to identify the economic impacts of transportation projects in Utah and quantify the relationship between transportation and these impacts. Accomplishing the objectives of this study are a product of: 1) performing a comprehensive literature review, 2) collecting data and establishing analysis methods, 3) completing a statistical analysis and breakdown into project type and expenditure values, 4) conclusions and recommendations, and 5) providing possible avenues for future research to further the understanding of the economic impacts of transportation projects in Utah. This study uses an evaluative (or ex post) analysis to assess the generative economic impacts of transportation projects after completion. Both pre- and post-construction data were collected and used to compare the trends of sales tax revenue, employment creation, and vehicle miles traveled (VMT) around transportation projects in Utah over the last 10 years. A plot of the trends before, during, and after construction for each project in the analysis was generated. A formal process was created for completing the analysis for future study. The results of this study indicate that there is a positive relationship between transportation improvement projects and sales tax revenues. This relationship amounts to approximately a 4.0 percent increase in trends compared to the state overall. Employment demonstrated a 4.5 percent increase compared to the state overall. The VMT analysis showed no statistical difference between the pre- and post-construction trends. This study has prompted several recommendations intended to help UDOT better understand the economic impacts of transportation projects in Utah. Although this analysis provides a strong foundation, and outlines a process to analyze economic impacts from transportation projects in Utah, additional studies need to be completed.

Passage of Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 have placed greater responsibility on transportation planners, requiring greater integration of transportation and air quality planning processes. Inclusion of Travel Demand Management (TDM) measures into a State Implementation Plan (SIP) or a Transportation Improvement Program (TIP) requires the evaluation of these measures for emission impacts. Traditional method of analysis of a TDM measure using TDM software is labor intensive and time consuming. This process involves the execution of the four step travel demand forecasting models for each emission analysis. This could delay the process of approving a transportation program to be included in the State Implementation Plan. To simplify the process of emission impact analysis of TDMs using TDM software, a link between TDM software and MOBILE5a was developed. In developing the linkage, three parameters were considered crucial. These three parameters were the VMT mix, speed, and operating mode mix. It was determined that the changes in the values of these parameters would have substantial impact on emission factors. Methodologies were formulated to predict the changes in the values of these parameters due to the implementation of TDM measures. To predict the changes in the VMT mix factors, vehicle composition rates were developed by analyzing the 1990 National Personal Transportation Survey (NPTS). Changes in speed and operating mode mix were estimated using the methodologies developed by Sierra Research, Inc. A software model called TDMLinK was developed to link the TDM software and MOBILE5a. The three methodologies developed to predict the changes in the value of parameters were incorporated into this software. TDMLinK reports the percent reductions of emissions for each TDM scenario modeled and for each pollutant. This software extends the ability of TDM software to do screening analysis of TDM strategies. / Master of Science