Postglacial activity on the Askja volcanic system, north Iceland, has been dominated by basaltic volcanism. Over 80% of Askja's postglacial basalts fall within a relatively narrow compositional range containing between 4 and 8 wt.% MgO. The 'main series' is further divided into two groups separated by a distinct compositional gap evident in major and trace element concentrations. The most evolved basalts formed by fractional crystallisation within shallow magma reservoirs, followed by the extraction of residual liquid from a semi-rigid, interconnected crystal network. This process is analogous to the formation of melt segregations within single lava flows, and was responsible for generating several small-volume, aphyric basaltic lavas erupted along caldera ring fractures surrounding the Oskjuvatn (Askja lake) caldera in the early 20th century. Further examples of evolved basalt are found throughout Askja's postglacial volcanic record. However, Askja's early postglacial output is dominated by more primitive compositions. Some of the most primitive basalts erupted within the Askja caldera are found in phreatomagmatic tuff cone sequences which crop out in the walls of Oskjuvatn caldera. one such tuff sequence has been dated at between 2.9 and 3.6 ka. This tuff cone shares geochemical source characteristics, such as Nb/La and Nb/Zr, with basaltic tephras erupted during precursory activity to the Plinian-phreatoplinian eruption of 28th-29th March 1875. It may therefore be considered to be compositionally representative of the primitive basaltic magmas supplied to Askja during the postglacial period. The predominance of relatively primitive basalt (6.8 wt.% MgO) within Askia's postglacial lava succession suggests that it did not have a permanent shallow magma chamber during the postglacial period. It is envisaged that the postglacial Askja magmas evolved by a process of polybaric factionation in transient, sill-like magma storage zones located at various levels in the crust. The most primitive magmas erupted directly from deeper reservoirs, while the more evolved magmas experienced longer crustal residence times. The buoyant rise of volatile-enriched melt from these sill-like bodies, without mobilising phenocryst phases, explains the observation that almost all lavas on Askja's eastern and southern lava aprons are essentially aphyric. The 28th-29th March 1975 eruption marked the climax of a volcanotectonic episode on the Askja volanic system lasting from late 1874 to early 1876. Fissure eruptions also occurred at the Sveinagja graben, 45-65 km north of Askja, between February and October 1875, producing the Nyjahraun lava. A strong similarity exists between whole-rock major element concentrations from Myjahraun and the Askja 20th century basalts. This has led to the suggestion that these basalts originated from a common shallow magma reservoir beneath Askja central volcano, with the Nyjahraun eruptions being fed by a lateral dyke extending northwards from Askja. This theory also offers an explanation for the observation that the volume of phyolitic ejecta from 28th-29th March 1875 is significantly less than the volume of Oskjuvatn caldera, which was formed as a result of this eruption. New major and trace element data from whole-rock and glass samples indicated that Nyjahraun and the Askja 20th century basalts did not share a common parental magma. A detailed investigation of historical accounts from explorers and scientists who visited Askja between 1875 and 1932 reveals that Oskjuvatn caldera took over 40 years to reach its current form, and that its size in 1876 was equal to the volume erupted on 28th-29th March 1875. Small injections of magma into an igneous intrusion complex beneath Askja, coupled with background deflation, are sufficient to provide the required accommodation space for continued caldera collapse after 1876. Lateral flow is therefore not required to explain the volume of Oskjuvatn caldera, nor the eruption of evolved basaltic magma on the Askja volcanic system in 1875. It has been conjectured that the Holuhraun lava, located at the southern tip of the Askja volcanic system, was also connected with the 1874-76 Askja volcanotectonic episode. However, major and trace element data from whole-rock samples, glass and melt inclusions receal the Holuhraun is geochemically more similar to basalts erupted on the Bardarbunga-Veidivotn volcanic system than to postglacial basalts from Askja. The division between the 'Askja' and 'Veidivotn' geochemical signatures appears to be linked to east-west-striking lineations in the region south of Askja. This indicates that a particular geochemical signature is not necessarily confined to the tectonic expression of a single volcanic system, and has important implications for the identification and delineation of individual volcanic systems beneath the northwest sector of Vatnajokull.

Najor Cu-Pb-Zn-Ag mineralization is associated with a dissected volcanic vent, approximately 2 Km in diameter, at Cerro de Pasco, Peru. Vent fill material, including volcaniclastic agglomerate, bedded and welded tuff, and rootless blocks, document more than one kilometer of subsidence of the floor of the vent. A concave-upward conical fold distorts the vent-fill material, thus recording a late structural collapse. Resurgent igneous activity is evidence by quartz monzonite porphyry dikes and a group of interpenetrating dacite domes intruded along the vent margin. Hydrothermal ore deposition occurred during the final stage in the evolution of this volcanic system. The volcanic system is best described as a caldera system that has experienced igneous resurgence. Mineralization is associated with three distinctive fracture sets. Fractures in Set I parallel the strike and dip of the vent margin and formed as a result of slumping along the vent margin. Fractures in Set II occur between the vent margin and the Longitudinal Fault and formed as a result of strike-slip motion along that fault. Fractures in Set III have a consistent east-west strike, converge at depth to a quartz monzonite porphyry dike, and formed in response to emplacement of the dike. Alteration zones have developed parallel to fracturecontrolled flow channels. Quartz-alunite-kaolinite is developed closest to vein mineralization. This assemblage grades into quartz-phyllosilicate-kaolinite away from the veins, and this latter zone in turn grades into calcite-chlorite-epidote further from the veins. Hydrothermal solutions were localized by the permeable zones along the vent margin. The first hydrothermal minerals deposited were pyrite and silica. These formed a large massive sulfide replacement body. Subsequently, ~300°C solutions equilibrated with the early formed pyrite and continued to ascend upward and outward into what would become the main ore zone. As these solutions moved into the oxidized environment of the upper levels of the volcanic vent they deposited pyrite and enargite in veins and generated hydrogen ions that hydrolitically altered the adjacent wallrocks. Changes in solution composition accompanying alteration are discussed.

L'aquifère Tumbaco – Cumbayá, sujet de la présente étude, se situe dans le contexte typique des aquifères volcano-sédimentaires. Cet aquifère se localise dans la Vallée Interandine, à 15 Km à l'Est de Quito. L'aquifère principal est la formation volcano-sédimentaire Chiche. Il est limité par la rivière Chiche et San Pedro, la faille de Quito et le volcan Pasochoa. Le volcan Ilaló se trouve au milieu de la zone d'étude. Il forme un second aquifère essentiellement volcanique soumis à un géothermalisme lié au volcan, dont la partie enterrée du cône est apparemment au-dessous de la formation Chiche. La couche géologique en surface est appelée Cangahua. Elle recouvre toute la zone et elle est imperméable. L'exploitation des aquifères Chiche et Ilaló a été théoriquement suspendue à partir de 2006, quand des teneurs en arsenic supérieures à la norme de 10 microg/l ont été détectées. Notre objectif est d'améliorer la connaissance du fonctionnement intégral de ce système aquifère en utilisant trois axes principaux de recherche : i) l'hydrodynamique, ii) la géochimie et, iii) les isotopes stables, 18O et 2H, et radioactifs, 3H et 14C.L'hydrodynamique montre que le système aquifère a une saisonnalité très faible. Par ailleurs, les aquifères sont actuellement exploités par un usage industriel et domestique, contrairement à ce qui a été pensé au début. Le volcan sépare les parties Sud et Nord de l'aquifère Chiche et il fonctionne comme une barrière hydraulique du flux. Les rivières Chiche et San Pedro sont des axes de drainage de l'aquifère, au Nord et au Sud.L'analyse des paramètres physiques de l'eau ont mis en évidence deux aquifères bien différenciés : l'aquifère Chiche avec des CE et des températures plus basses que l'aquifère Ilaló. La chimie des ions majeurs a révélé un faciès de l'eau qui évolue d'un pôle Mg-HCO3 à un pôle Na-HCO3, dans l'aquifère Chiche et aussi dans l'aquifère Ilaló, alors que l'aquifère Chiche Sud est plus Mg-HCO3. Les teneurs en As sont plus élevées dans l'aquifère Ilaló que dans l'aquifère Chiche, où les teneurs baissent au fur et à mesure que l'on s'éloigne du volcan. Cet élément est d'origine naturelle, mais aucune corrélation significative n'a pas été trouvée pour l'aquifère Chiche. Cependant, dans l'aquifère Ilaló, une corrélation de 57% a été trouvée avec le fer, suggérant une interaction avec les oxydes de fer de la formation géologique.L'isotope radioactif 3H n'a pas été détecté dans l'eau des aquifères, à exception d'une source au Nord de la zone d'étude, dans la formation Chiche. Cette infiltration probable d'eaux récentes a été confirmée par le 14C, qui a des teneurs supérieures à 100%. Le reste des points de l'aquifère Chiche ont des activités 14C entre 45,4 et 87,4 pmc. Pour l'aquifère Ilaló les activités 14C sont < 20 pmc. L'âge de l'eau a été calculé et corrigée à partir du 13C qui montrait une contamination par le CO2 profond, qui donne des âges plus anciens qu'en réalité. Malgré la correction, les âges de l'eau continuent à se montrer très élevés, pour Chiche entre 400 et 4000 ans et Ilaló entre 11000 et 44000 ans. Les isotopes stables ont été utilisés pour identifier les zones de recharge. L'eau de l'aquifère Chiche a montré un comportement isotopique en 18O et 2H sous la droite météorique locale, avec une pente de 3,5, signal d'un fractionnement isotopique d'échange avec la roche chaude qui n'a pas été observé dans l'aquifère Ilaló. Le calcul de l'altitude de recharge a montré que l'aquifère Chiche s'alimente au pied du volcan Ilaló au Nord et au pied du volcan Pasochoa au Sud, en considérant des conditions climatiques similaires aux conditions actuelles. Pour l'aquifère Ilaló, la zone de recharge se trouverait sur les flancs du volcan, en supposant des conditions climatiques de recharge plus froides que les conditions actuelles. Mais cette zone ne serait plus fonctionnelle dû au dépôt de Cangahua.Les résultats suggèrent que les eaux de l'Ilaló se mélangent avec l'aquifère Chiche. / The Tumbaco – Cumbayá aquifer is found in the context of volcano-sedimentary aquifers. This aquifer is located in the Interandean Valley, 15 km to the east of Quito. The principal aquifer is the volcano-sedimentary formation Chiche. It is limited by the Chiche and San Pedro rivers, the Quito fault and the Pasochoa volcano. The Ilaló volcano is in the middle of the study zone and constitutes a second essentially volcanic aquifer, and is therefore subject to geothermal influences. This volcanic formation appears to be below the Chiche formation. The geologic layer on the surface is called Cangahua, it covers the entire zone and is impermeable. The exploitation of the Chiche and Ilaló aquifers was theoretically suspended in 2006, when arsenic concentrations > the WHO standard of 10 microg/l were found. Our objective is to improve the knowledge of the functioning of this aquifer system using three main research methods: i) hydrodynamics, ii) geochemistry and iii) stable isotopes, 18O - 2H, and radioactive isotopes, 3H - 14C.Hydrodynamics showed that the aquifer system has a low seasonality. We revealed that the aquifers are currently exploited for industrial and domestic uses, contrary to what was known at the beginning. The Ilaló volcano divides the south and north parts of the Chiche aquifer, with the volcano apparently acting as a hydraulic barrier for flows. The Chiche and San Pedro rivers are the drainage axes of the Chiche aquifer in the north and south.The analyses of the waters' physical parameters differentiated the two aquifers, Chiche aquifer having lower EC and temperature than the Ilaló aquifer. Major ions analysis revealed waters that vary between Mg-HCO3 pole and a Na-HCO3 pole in both the Chiche and Ilaló aquifers. As concentrations are higher in the Ilaló aquifer than in the Chiche aquifer. In the Chiche aquifer, As concentrations also decrease as the distance from the volcano increases. Arsenic is of natural origin, but no significant correlations were found for the Chiche aquifer. In the Ilaló aquifer a 57% correlation with Fe was found, which suggests an interaction between As and Fe oxides present in the geologic formation.Radioactive isotope 3H was not detected in groundwater from either aquifer, except in one spring in the north of the study area in the Chiche formation. The likely infiltration from recent waters was confirmed by 14C analysis this spring, which showed concentrations > 100 pmc. Other sampling points in the Chiche aquifer have 14C activities between 45.4 - 87.4 pmc. The Ilaló aquifer has 14C activities < 20 pmc. Water ages were calculated and corrected using 13C, which reveal a contamination from geogenic CO2, making water seem older than it is in reality. Despite the age correction, groundwater ages remain very old: Chiche groundwaters are between 400 - 4,000 years old and Ilaló groundwaters are between 11,000 - 44,000 years old. Stable isotopes were used to identify recharge areas. Groundwaters from Chiche aquifer show an isotopic 18O and 2H signature below the Local Meteoric Water Line (slope=3.5). This was interpreted as isotopic fractionation from hot rock and water interactions, which was not observed in the Ilaló aquifer. Recharge altitude calculations show that the Chiche aquifer is fed on the Ilaló and Pasochoa volcano piedmonts, if we consider that climatic conditions over the recharge period are close to current conditions. However, for the Ilaló aquifer, recharge areas appear to be located on the flanks of the volcano, assuming colder recharge climatic conditions than today. This recharge area should no longer be functional because of the Cangahua deposits during the last volcanic events.Results suggest that Ilaló groundwaters are being mixed with Chiche groundwaters. This research is the first to have been done with this level of detail in Ecuador on this type of aquifer and will provide new opportunities for projects in others volcano-sedimentary aquifers in the country.

A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of Science; University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg; for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy / A volcanological study of the Onverwacht Group in the southwestern part of the Archaean (-3.5 - 3.2 Ga) Barberton greenstone belt (BGB), South Africa, shows that volcanic extrusion rates of the Komati and Hooggenoeg Formations must have been high to have maintained the degree of submarine sheet flooding that is evident. It is concluded that the volcanic attributes of the Komati and Hooggenoeg Formations are not typical of MOR crust, as has been claimed, but rather closely resemble those of modern oceanic plateaus. The shear-zone-bound basal contact of the Komati Formation suggests that the top of the ancient oceanic plateau was allochthonously emplaced and delaminated from its basal (intrusive) part. (Abbreviation abstract) / AC2017

IDans la région de Dabakala située au Nord-Est de la Côte d’Ivoire, la croûte birimienne de l’Afrique de l’Ouest comporte trois séries volcano-Sédimentaires, toutes orientées NNE-SSW: celle de la Haute Comoé à l’est, celles du Haut-N’Zi et de Fettêkro à l’ouest. Elles constituent l’encaissant d’importants massifs granitiques datés à 2,1 Ga, l'ensemble formant une ride granitique bordée par deux sillons volcano-Sédimentaires.Les données pétrographiques et géochimiques montrent que les volcanites présentent des variations de composition continues de basalte à rhyolite. Les métabasites, subalcalins à alcalins montrent une source de type lherzolite à spinelle, avec une possible contamination crustale. Leur environnement de mise en place serait un contexte de subduction. Les andésites montrent une affinité avec les arcs insulaires continentaux matures, suggérant un modèle de subduction avec délamination crustale. Les volcanites acides, également mises en place dans un contexte d’arc volcanique, terminent la lignée calco-Alcaline.Les plutonites de la région de Dabakala, comprenant des massifs de pegmatite, granite, granodiorite, diorite, tonalite et trondhjémite, sont liées à des arcs volcaniques et caractérisent un magmatisme calco-Alcalin de marge active. Les métasédiments se reportent quant à eux dans le champ des arcs insulaires continentaux.Au plan structural, la région de Dabakala présente des directions de fractures majeures orientées N-S à NNE-SSW senestres pour la plupart (les plus anciennes), N90° à N100° dextres (les plus récentes), NW-SE dextres ou senestres. Une structure significative, de direction N075° à N080° est identifiée pour la première fois: la faille de Sarala (FSr). La carte structurale du prospect aurifère de Bobosso indique globalement un fort développement des linéaments NNE-SSW recoupés par des linéaments NW-SE. Les premiers dessinent une mégastructure de premier ordre dénommée Zone Tectonique de Bobosso (ZTB), abritant plusieurs structures secondaires avec des lentilles minéralisées.Concernant la minéralisation aurifère, le prospect de Bobosso dans la série de la Haute-Comoé présente une déformation polyphasée avec une déformation cassante à l’origine de la formation de plusieurs générations de veines de quartz. La minéralisation aurifère présente un contrôle structural principalement marqué par les filons de quartz liés à la mise en place d’intrusions dans les basaltes et les andésites. Il existe deux types de minéralisations: une disséminée et l’autre filonienne. Cette distribution bimodale de l’or a été également mise en évidence dans les gisements de la ceinture Ashanti au Ghana et dans plusieurs gisements aurifères mondialement connus.La minéralisation disséminée serait syngénétique, d'après l’existence de teneurs élevées dans les sections de sondages sans aucun filon de quartz. La minéralisation filonienne est évidemment épigénétique. Les teneurs les plus élevées ont été obtenues dans les zones de sondages montrant la présence de lentilles, veines et filons de quartz, calcite ± tourmaline ± sulfures. La paragenèse métallifère est essentiellement constituée de pyrite, mais également de pyrrhotite, chalcopyrite et d’arsénopyrite, avec présence de magnétite et d’hématite. L'or n’est jamais visible à l’oeil nu, même dans les sections de forage présentant les plus fortes teneurs.Nous pouvons retenir une principale phase de minéralisation dans le prospect aurifère. Elle est de type hydrothermal et liée à la mise en place de granitoïdes dans les métasédiments et les volcanites lors de la fermeture des bassins à la fin de l’orogenèse éburnéenne. La minéralisation filonienne montre de plus fortes teneurs en Or. / In Dabakala region located in the northeastern part of Côte d'Ivoire, the birimian crust of West Africa displays three volcano-Sedimentary series: the Upper Comoé serie to the east, and the Upper N'Zi and Fettêkro series to the west. These three volcano-Sedimentary series are NNE-SSW oriented and enclose an important granitic mass dated to 2.1 Ga; thus constituting a granitic ridge bordered by two volcano-Sedimentary trenches.Petrographic and geochemical data show that these pyroclastic rocks have basalts, andesites, andesite basalts, dacites, rhyolites and rhyodacites compositions. Metabasites are generally subalkaline to peralkaline and show their source composition between those of N- MORB and E- MORB. Fettêkro serie basalts, with La / Yb values between 1.43 to 1.83 and La values between 2.21 to 5.6, are close to average of Nauru basalts and belts’ mafic. Their magmatic source would be spinel lherzolite type, with probably possible crustal contamination in an environment of implementing intra -Oceanic environment with building oceanic plateaus. Andesites show an affinity to continental and mature island arcs basalts, corresponding to a subduction model with crustal delamination. Acid volcanics are implemented in a volcanic arcs context and follow a calc-Alkaline suite.The plutonic rocks of the Dabakala region are composed to pegmatite, alkali and natural granite, granodiorite, diorite and gabbro. These rocks correspond to syn-Collisional volcanic arc plutonites, and are probably related to a calc-Alkaline magmatism of active margins. Metasediments generally defer in the field of continental island arcs.Structurally, the Dabakala region has major fractures directions oriented NS to NNE-SSW sinistral for most (older), N90° to N100° dextral (latest), NW-SE to NNW-SSE dextral or sinistral. A significant structure, oriented N075° to N080° is identified for the first time: the Sarala fault (FSr). The structural map of the Bobosso gold prospect generally indicates a strong development of NNE-SSW lineaments cut by NW-SE lineaments. The first ones draw a first order megastructure called Bobosso Tectonic Zone (ZTB), containing multiple secondary structures or mineralized lenses.Concerning gold mineralization, the Bobosso prospect (Upper-Comoé serie) has a polyphase deformation with brittle deformation as manifested in several ways. The latter is the cause of the formation of several generations of quartz veins. Gold mineralization presents mainly a structural control by quartz veins, related to the development of intrusions in basalts and andesites.. Two types of mineralization may be mentioned: disseminated and vein. This bimodal distribution of gold has also been highlighted in the Ashanti belt deposits in Ghana and several gold deposits known worldwide.Disseminated mineralization is syngenetic and relies on the existence of high grade in sections of surveys without quartz vein. The vein mineralization is evidently epigenetic. The highest grades were obtained in sections showing the presence of lenses, veins and quartz veins, tourmaline ± calcite ± sulfides. The metalliferous paragenesis consists essentially of pyrite, but pyrrhotite, chalcopyrite and arsenopyrite with presence of magnetite and hematite. Gold is not visible, even in the drill sections with the highest grades.We retain two main phases of mineralization in the Bobosso gold prospect: 1) a first phase (SEDEX type) occurred while opening rear arc basins. It occurs mainly in the metasediments and 2) a second phase (hydrothermal) related to the implementation of various granitoids in the metasediments and volcanics when closing pools at the end of the eburnean orogeny. Vein mineralization shows higher grades of gold.

No description available.

A região de São Félix do Xingu, localizada no centro-sul do estado do Pará e, geologicamente, no contexto da Província Amazônia Central do Cráton Amazônico. Apresenta em seus arredores um registro extremamente preservado das atividades vulcâno-plutônicas ocorridas durante o final do Paleoproterozóico (1870 - 1880 Ma), agrupadas no Grupo Uatumã, que é dividido na região nas formações Sobreiro e Santa Rosa. Estas rochas foram depositadas sobre o embasamento arqueano, representado pelo Terreno Granito-Greenstone do Sul do Pará e pelo Cinturão de Cisalhamento Itacaiúnas, e unidades paleoproterozóicas, tal como o Granito Parauari. Por fim, estas rochas foram invadidas em ~1860 Ma pelos granitos do tipo A da Suíte Intrusiva Velho Guilherme e recobertas pelas rochas sedimentares da Formação Triunfo. A Formação Sobreiro é a unidade basal. Suas rochas tem filiação cálcio-alcalina e são representadas por vulcânicas e piroclásticas predominantemente intermediárias, com componentes ácidos no topo da sequência. Em estudos de campo são reconhecidas ao menos duas sequências de derrames vulcânicos que variam de andesitos basálticos com fenocristais de augita e magnésio-hastingsita nos derrames basais, para andesito e latito com fenocristais de magnésio-hastingsita e de andesina a labradorita e, por fim, quartzo-latito e riolito com fenocristais de plagioclásio sódico e de feldspato potássio, além de quartzo ocasional. Intercalados nestes derames de lava ocorrem corpos de rochas piroclásticas representadas principalmente por tufos máficos de cristais, lapilli-tufo máfico e tufos máficos laminados de cristais. De modo geral essas, são rochas hipocristalinas, maciças, formadas por cristais e fragmentos de cristais líticos e vítreos. Os tufos de cristais máficos laminados apresentam melhor seleção granulométrica, estrutura laminada e arcabouço constituído porcristais e fragmentos de cristais e líticos. A Formação Santa Rosa, como descrita atualmente na literatura, é a unidade superior e representa um vulcanismo intraplaca do tipo A. É composta por rochas vulcânicas, subvulcânicas e piroclásticas com alto teor de \'SiO IND.2\' (> 70% na maioria das amostras). Ao menos três fácies são reconhecidas: a) pórfiros graníticos e riolitos com megacristais de anfibólio, plagioclásio sódico, feldspato potássico e quartzo; riolitos com fenocristais de feldspato potássico e plagioclásio sódico com eventuais megacristais de quartzo; b) álcaliriolitos e pórfiros álcali-riolíticos com fenocristais de feldspato potássico (ortoclásio) e quartzo; c) tufo félsico de cristais hiprocristalino, tufo félsico de cristais levemente soldado com fiamme, tufo soldado laminado, lapilli-tufo acrescionário e tufo vítreo com glass shards. A assembleia de alteração hidrotermal da Formação Sobreiro é composta por epídoto + clorita + clinozoisíta + pirita + quartzo + carbonato + albita + sericita na alteração propilítica; sericita + clorita + quartzo \'+OU-\' pirita \'+OU-\' fluorita \'+OU-\' barita \'+OU-\' alloclasita \'+OU-\' esfalerita na alteração sericítica; e sericita + hematita + quartzo + argilo-minerais \'+OU-\' galena \'+OU-\' ouro na alteração argílica. Indícios de alunita sugerem que a Formação Sobreiro pode hospedar em suas rochas sistemas epitermais do tipo low-e high-sulfidation. Já na Formação Santa Rosa, a assembleia mineral de alteração hidrotermal é composta por feldspato potássico + biotita + quartzo + sericita na alteração potássica; e sericita + quartzo + pirita + clorita \'+OU-\' fluorita \'+OU-\' carbonato na alteração sericítica. Tais assembleias podem hospedar nas rochas da Formação Santa Rosa mineralizações do tipo Intrusion Related Gold Systems. Estudos litoquímicos revelam a naturezacálcio-alcalina de alto potássio da Formação Sobreiro, com enriquecimento em elementos litófilos como K, Ba, Sr, Rb, e baixa concentração de elementos de alto potencial iônico como Nb e Ta. Esta unidade mostra rochas enriquecidas em elementos terras raras leves em relação a terras raras pesados, indicada pela razão \'(La/Yb) IND.N\' ~ 12, sem anomalias de Eu nas rochas menos evoluídas e com anomalias levemente negativas nas rochas mais evoluídas. Tais características são típicas de andesitos orogênicos e estudos comparativos revelam que as rochas da Formação Sobreiro são bastante semelhantes às de alguns arcos magmáticos mais jovens, como o Arco Eólio na região da Sicília. Isto corrobora a hipótese de que a Formação Sobreiro é relacionada a um vulcanismo associado a um evento de subducção. A Formação Santa Rosa mostra resultados mais heterogêneos. Algumas das amostras analisadas apresentam afinidade cálcio-alcalina metaluminosa, com enriquecimento em Ba, Rb e Sr semelhantes às rochas evoluídas da Formação Sobreiro. Nestas amostras são observadas anomalias negativas de nióbio e tântalo em diagramas normalizados de elementos traços, além de suaves anomalias negativas de Eu em diagramas de elementos terras raras, com enriquecimento em terras raras leves em relação aos pesados similar à Formação Sobreiro. Estas características, junto às razões de Ba/Ta > 450 e Rb/Nb > 7, mostram mais semelhanças com as rochas cálcio-alcalinas da Formação Sobreiro do que com as rochas do tipo A da Formação Santa Rosa. O outro grupo de amostras da Formação Santa Rosa apresenta um comportamento completamente diferente, sendo caracterizado por rochas alcalinas, peraluminosas, com enriquecimento em elementos de alto potencial iônico (principalmente Nb e Ta) e fortes anomalias negativas para elementos litófilos (principalmente Ba e Sr, além de CaO, P e Ti) emdiagramas normalizados de elementos traços. Em relação aos elementos terras raras, este grupo apresenta enriquecimento muito mais discreto em elementos terras raras leves em relação aos pesados, evidenciado pela razão \'(La/Yb) IND.N\' ~ 4, com forte anomalia negativa de Eu. As razões Rb/Nb < 7 indicam que estas amostras atendem a maioria dos critérios classificatórios para rochas subalcalinas do tipo A e, portanto devem ser classificadas como pertencentes à Formação Santa Rosa. Por fim, os resultados sugerem que embora agrupados somente na Formação Santa Rosa nos trabalhos anteriores, ao menos uma parte dos riolitos mostra características que apresentam associação ao vulcanismo cálcio-alcalino da Formação Sobreiro / The São Felix do Xingu region, located in the center-south region of the state of Pará - Brazil, under the Central Amazonian province of theAmazonian Craton context, presents in its surroundings extremely well preserved volcano-plutonic activities occurred during the Paleoproterozoic (1870 - 1880 Ma), where units are grouped into the Uatumã Group which is therefore divided into formations Sobreiro e Santa Rosa. These rocks are intrusive in units of the Archean basement represented by the South Pará Granite-Greenstone Terrain and by the Itacaiúnas Shear-belt; and rocks of Paleoproterozoic such as the Parauari Granite. Thus, these rocks are intruded in ~1860 Ma by A-type granites of the Velho Guilherme Intrusive Suite and covered by sedimentary rocks of the Triunfo Formation. The Sobreiro Formation is the basal unity. It is calc-alkaline, composed of volcanic and pyroclastic rocks of mainly intermediate composition, with acid components on the top of the sequence. In field study, at least two sequences of volcanic flows which vary from andesi-basalts with phenocrysts of augite and magnesium-hastginsite in the basal flows, to andesites and latites with phenocrysts of magnesium-hastginsite and plagioclase (andesine to labradorite) and finally, quartz-latites and rhyolites with phenocrysts of sodic plagioclase and potash feldspar, besides occasional quartz, are recognized. Interspersed with these lava flow rocks, pyroclastic rocks represented by mafic crystal tuffs, mafic crystal lapilli-tuffs and laminated mafic crystal tuffs occur. The Santa Rosa Formation, as described in literature nowadays, is the superior unit and represents an A-type intraplate volcanism. It is composed by volcanic, subvolcanic and pyroclastic rocks with high \'SiO IND.2\' content (>70% in most of the samples). At least three facies are identified, the first consisting of granitic porphyry and rhyolite with megacrysts of amphibole, sodic plagioclase, potash feldspar and quartz; the second of rhyolites with phenocrysts of potash feldspar and sodic plagioclase with occasional quartz; and the last of alkali-rhyolites and alkali-rhyolitic porphyries with phenocrysts of potash feldspar (orthoclase) and quartz. Hipocrystalline felsic crystal tuff, lightly welded crystal tuff with fiamme, laminated welded tuff, accretionary lapilli-tuff and vitreous tuff with glass shards represent the pyroclastic rocks associated with Santa Rosa Formation. The hydrothermal alteration mineral assemblage of the Sobreiro Formation is composed of epidote + chlorite + clinozoisite + pyrite + quartz + carbonate + albite + sericite in the propylitic alteration; sericite + chlorite +quartz + carbonate ± pyrite ± fluorite ± barite ± alloclasite ± sphalerite in the sericitic alteration; and sericite + hematite + quartz + clay minerals ± galena ± gold in the argillic alteration. In addition to evidences of alunite, the vii Sobreiro Formation may host low and high-sulfidation epithermal systems in its rocks. The Santa Rosa Formation, on the other hand, presents ahydrothermal alteration mineral assemblage composed of potash feldspar + biotite + quartz + sericite in the potassic alteration; and sericite + quartz + pyrite + sericite ± fluorite ± carbonate in the sericitic alteration. Such assemblages may host Intrusion Related Gold Systemsmineralization type into the rocks of the Santa Rosa Formation. Lithochemistry studies reveal the high potassium calc-alkaline nature for the Sobreiro Formation, with enrichment in lithophile elements such as K, Ba, Sr, Rb and low concentration of high field strength elements such as Nb and Ta. This unit shows rocks enriched in light rare earth elements in relation to heavy rare earth elements indicated by the \'(La/Yb) IND. N\' ~ 12 ratio, with absence of Eu anomalies in the less evolved and lightly negative anomalies in the most evolved rocks. Such characteristics are typical of orogenic andesites and comparative studies reveal that the Sobreiro Formation chemical characteristics are rather similar to some younger magmatic arcs, like the Aeolian Arc in the Sicily\'s region. This data corroborates with the hypothesis that the Sobreiro Formation is related to a calc-alkaline volcanism related to a subduction regime. The Santa Rosa Formation shows more heterogeneous results. Some of the analyzed samples present calc-alkaline affinity, metaluminous, with enrichment in Ba, Rb and Sr similar to the evolved rocks of the Sobreiro Formation. Such samples also present negative Nb and Ta anomalies in normalized trace elements diagrams, besides presenting light negative anomalies in normalized rare earth elements diagrams with enrichment in light rare earth elements in relation to heavy rare earth elements similar to the Sobreiro Formation. These characteristics, allied to Ba/Ta > 450 and Rb/Nb > 7 ratios, show much more similarities to the calc-alkaline rocks of the Sobreiro Formation than to the A-type rocks of the Santa Rosa Formation. The other group of samples of this unity shows a completely different behavior, being characterized by alkaline rocks, peraluminous, withenrichment in high field strength elements (mainly Nb and Ta) and strong negative anomalies for lithophile elements (mainly Ba and Sr, besides CaO, P and Ti) in normalized trace elements diagrams. In relation to rare earth elements, the Santa Rosa Formation presents much more discrete enrichment in light rare earth elements in relation to heavy rare earth elements, highlighted by the \'(La/Yb) IND.N ~ 4 ratio, with strong negative anomalies of europium. The Rb/Nb < 7 ratio indicate that these samples attend to the most of the classificatory criteria for sub-alkaline type-A rocks and, therefore must be classified as belonging to the Santa Rosa Formation. viii All things considered, the results suggest that besides grouped exclusively in the Santa Rosa Formation in the previous works, at least somepart of the rhyolites shows characteristics which presents association to the calc-alkaline volcanism of the Sobreiro Formation.

O mapeamento detalhado de uma área de ocorrência de rochas vulcânicas na borda sul da Provincia Magmática Paraná Etendeka (PMPE), entre as cidades de Gramado Xavier e Barros Cassal, RS, permitiu estabelecer a relação estratigráfica de três sequências vulcânicas ácidas geradas por eventos eruptivos associados a magmas-tipo quimicamente distintos. A sequência Caxias do Sul corresponde à primeira manifestação de vulcanismo ácido e é formada por diversos fluxos de lava e lava-domos, emitidos de forma continua, sem intervalos significativos entre as erupções, o que resultou em um espesso pacote de até 140 m de espessura. O final do magmatismo se deu de forma intermitente, com a deposição de arenito entre os últimos derrames. Estas rochas têm composição dacítica (68-70% SiO2) e textura inequigranular hipohialina afanítica a fanerítica fina, sendo compostas por microfenocristais (<2,3 mm) e micrólitos de plagioclásio (\'An IND.55-67\"), piroxênios (hiperstênio, pigeonita e augita) e Ti-magnetita imersos em matriz vítrea ou desvitrificada. Modelos de fracionamento sugerem que seu magma parental pode ter evoluído a partir de um líquido fracionado de basaltos tipo Gramado. As assinaturas geoquímicas e isotópicas (\'ANTPOT.87 Sr\'/\'ANTPOT.86 \'Sr\'IND.(i)\' 0,7192-0,7202) indicam que a evolução pode ter ocorrido em um sistema fechado, com participação, ao menos localmente, de um contaminante crustal mais oxidado. Estima-se que, previamente à erupção, apresentavam temperaturas próximas ao liquidus, de 980-1000ºC, 2% de H2O, fO2 \'10 POT.10,4\' bar, e devem ter residido em reservatórios localizados na crosta superior, a P~3 kbar. Um evento de recarga na câmara pode ter disparado o início da ascensão, que ocorreu com um gradiente dP/dT de 100bar/ºC e velocidades de 0,2 a 0,5 cm \'s POT.-1\' , propiciando a nucleação e crescimento de feno e microfenocristais. O magma teria alcançado a superfície a temperaturas de ~970ºC e viscosidades de \'10 POT.4\' a \'10 POT .5\' Pa.s. A segunda sequência vulcânica, aqui denominada Barros Cassal, é composta por diversos fluxos de lavas andesito basálticas, andesíticas e dacíticas (54-56; 57-58 e 64-66% SiO2, respectivamente), com frequentes intercalações de arenito, que atestam o comportamento intermitente deste evento. Estas rochas apresentam uma textura hipohialina a hipocristalina afanítica a fanerítica fina, cor preta a cinza escura e proporções variadas de vesículas e amígdalas. Todas são compostas por microfenocristais (<0,75 mm) de plagioclásio, augita e Ti-magnetita subédricos, anédricos ou esqueléticos, imersos em matriz vítrea ou desvitrificada. As assinaturas isotópicas das rochas que compõem esta sequência (e.g., \'ANTPOT.87 Sr\'/\'ANTPOT.86 \'Sr\' IND.(i)\' = 0,7125-0,7132) encontram-se dentro do campo dos basaltos toleíticos tipo Gramado, que pode ter sido o magma parental a partir do qual derivaram por cristalização fracionada. Estimativas baseadas nas condições de equilíbrio cristal-líquido indicam que os magmas mais evoluídos da sequência Barros Cassal, de composição dacítica, apresentavam temperaturas de 990 a 1010 ºC, 1,4 a 1,8% de H2O e viscosidades de \'10 POT.4\' Pa.s. As pequenas dimensões dos cristais e cálculos barométricos indicam que a cristalização se deu durante a ascensão, entre 2 e 3 km de profundidade (0,5 a 0,7 kbar de pressão), enquanto o magma ascendia a uma velocidade de 0,12 cm \'s POT.-1\' . Com o fim deste evento vulcânico, desenvolveu-se regionalmente uma expressiva sedimentação imatura (espessura >10 m) de arenitos arcosianos e conglomerados. O último evento vulcânico corresponde à sequência Santa Maria, composta por fluxos de lava e formação de lava domos de composição riolítica (70-73% SiO2), que atingiram espessuras totais de 150 a 400 m. Na base ocorrem feições de interação lava-sedimento (peperitos) e autobrechas (formadas na base e carapaça dos derrames, que constituem lobos nas porções mais distais). Obsidianas bandadas e outras feições indicativas de fluxo coerente são características da unidade. No centro da pilha, a sequência de riolitos constitui uma camada mais monótona de rochas dominantemente cristalinas com marcante disjunção vertical que correspondem à parte central de corpos de lava-domos, no topo predominam as disjunções horizontais. Estas rochas contém < 6% de fenocristais e microfenocristais (<1,2 mm) de plagioclásio (An40-60), Ti- magnetita e pigeonita imersos em matriz vítrea ou cristalina (maciça ou bandada) com até 20% de micrólitos. Modelos de fracionamento são consistentes com modelos em que o magma parental do riolito Santa Maria teria composição similar ao dacito Barros Cassal. As variações nas razões \'ANTPOT.87 Sr\'/\'ANTPOT.86 \'Sr\'ind.(i)\' (0,7230-0,7255) sugerem evolução em sistema aberto, envolvendo contaminação crustal. O magma teria evoluído em câmaras magmáticas localizadas a <12 km de profundidade (<3 kbar), a temperaturas entre 970 e 1000ºC, com fO 2 de ~\'10 POT.10-11\' bar e até 1% de H2O. A cristalização, que se iniciou dentro do reservatório, teria prosseguido durante a ascensão, que ocorreu em gradientes dP/dT de 100 bar/ºC e velocidades médias de 0,2 cm \'s POT.-1\' . O processo de nucleação de micrólitos ocorreu quando o magma ultrapassou o limite de solubilidade a 200 bar de pressão, apresentando temperaturas de 940-950ºC e viscosidades de \'10 POT.5\' a \'10 POT.7\' Pa.s. A alimentação por condutos fissurais, associada a altas taxas de extrusão, teriam elevado a tensão cisalhante próximo às paredes do conduto, gerando bandamentos com distintas concentrações de água. As bandas hidratadas funcionaram como superfícies de escorregamento, diminuindo a viscosidade efetiva, favorecendo a desgaseificação e aumentando a eficiência do transporte do magma desidratado até a superfície. A identificação de estruturas associadas à efusão de lavas, como dobras de fluxo, fluxos lobados, auto-brechas, além da identificação de estruturas de lava domos, contraria interpretações que propõem origem dominantemente piroclástica para o vulcanismo ácido na região, a partir de centros efusivos localizados em Etendeka, na África. / The detailed mapping of an area in the southern edge of the Paraná Etendeka Magmatic Province (PEMP), between the cities of Gramado Xavier and Barros Cassal, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, revealed three stratigraphic sequences generated by silicic volcanic eruptions associated to chemically distinct magma-types. The Caxias do Sul sequence corresponds to the first volcanic manifestation of silicic magmatism in the PMPE. It consists of several lava flows and lava domes which erupted continuously, without significant gaps between the events, and resulted in a thick deposit of up to 140 m. The deposition of layers of sandstone between the last lava flows show the intermittent ending of this volcanic event.. These rocks present dacitic composition (~68 wt% SiO2) and hipohyaline to phaneritic texture with microphenocrysts (<2.3 mm) and microlites of plagioclase (\'An IND.55-67\'), pyroxene (hypersthene, pigeonite and augite) and Ti-magnetite surrounded by vitreous or devitrified matrix. The fractionation models suggest that their parental magma may have evolved from a liquid which fractionated from Gramado-type basalts. Geochemical and isotopic signatures ( \'ANTPOT.87 Sr\'/\'ANTPOT.86 \'Sr\' IND.(i)\' 0.7192 to 0.7202) indicate that evolution may have occurred in a closed system, with the participation, at least locally, of a more oxidized crustal contaminant. It is estimated that prior to the eruption the magma might have reached a near-liquidus temperature (980-1000°C), with 2%H2O, fO2 \'10 POT.10.4\' bar, in the reservoirs located in the upper crust, at P~3 kbar. A recharge event in the camera may have triggered the ascension, which occurred with a dP/dT gradient of 100bar/°C and speeds from 0.2 to 0.5 cm.\'s POT.-1\' , leading to nucleation and growth of pheno and microphenocrysts. The magma may have reached the surface at a temperature of ~970 °C and viscosity of \'10 POT.4\' -\'10 POT.5\' Pa.s. The second volcanic sequence, Barros Cassal, is composed of several andesite basaltic, andesitic and dacitic lava flows (54-56, 57-58 and 64-66% SiO2, respectively), with frequent intercalations of sandstone, proving the intermittent behavior of this event. These rocks present aphanitic hipohyaline to hipocrystaline phaneritic texture, black to dark gray color and varied proportions of vesicles. They are all composed of microphenocrysts (<0.75 mm) of plagioclase, augite and subhedral, anhedral or skeletal Ti-magnetite, immersed in glassy or devitrified matrix. The isotopic signatures of the rocks that make up this sequence (eg. \'ANTPOT.87 Sr\'/\'86 ANTPOT. \'Sr IND.(i)\' = 0.7125 to 0.7132) are within the field of tholeiitic Gramado- type basalts, which may have been the parental magma from which they derived by fractional crystallization. Estimates based on the conditions of crystal-liquid equilibrium indicate that the most evolved magmas of the Barros Cassal Sequence, of dacitic composition, reached a temperature of 990-1010°C, 1.4 to 1.8% H2O, and viscosity of \'10 POT.4\' Pa.s. The small size of the crystals and the barometric models indicate that crystallization occurred during the rise, between 2 and 3 km depth (0.5 to 0.7 kbar pressure), while the magma ascended at a speed of 0.12 cm \'s POT.-1\' . With the end of this volcanic event, a significant immature sedimentation (thickness> 10 m) of feldspathic sandstone and conglomerates developed regionally. The last sequence corresponds to Santa Maria, composed of lava flows and lava domes of rhyolitic composition (70-73% SiO2). These deposits can be 150-400 m thick. Features as lava-sediment interaction (peperites) and autobreccias (formed at the base of the flows, which are lobated in the more distal portions) are common in the base of the volcanic pile. banded obsidian and other distinctive features of effusive flows are common in this unit. In the center of the stack, a more monotonous body flow predominates, with hipocrystalline textures and vertical disjunction (corresponding to the central portion of the lava dome). on the top, horizontal disjunctions predominate. These rocks contain <6 % of microphenocrysts and phenocrysts (<1.2 mm) of plagioclase (\'An IND.40-60\'), Ti-magnetite and up to 20% of pigeonite microlites. all these mineral phases occur immersed in glassy or crystalline (massive or banded) matrix. The fractionation models are consistent with models in which the parental magma of the Santa Maria rhyolite and the dacites of Barros Cassal Sequence have similar composition. Variations in \'ANTPOT.87 Sr\'/\'ANTPOT.86\'Sr IND.(i)\' (0.7230 to 0.7255) suggest open-system evolution, involving crustal contamination. The magma might have evolved into dacitic composition in magma chambers located at a depth of <12 km (< 3 kbar), at temperatures between 970 and 1000°C, fO2 of ~\'10 POT.10\'-\'10 POT.11\' bar and 1% of H2O. The crystallization began in the reservoir and might have continued during the ascent, which occurred in dP/dT gradients of 100 bar/°C, with average speeds of 0.2 cm s -1 . The microlites nucleation process occurred when the magma exceeded the solubility limit at 200 bar and displayed a temperature of 940-950°C and viscosity of 10 5 -10 7 Pa.s. The feeding through fissure conduits, associated to high- rate extrusion, might have increased the shear stress near the conduit walls, generating banding with different concentrations of water. Hydrated bands acted as slip surfaces, decreasing the effective viscosity, favoring degassing and increasing the efficiency of transport of dry magma to the surface. The identification of structures associated with lava effusion - like folds of flow, lobed flows, autobreccias, as well as lava dome structures - contradicts the current interpretation, which proposes one single pyroclastic origin, eruptive centers located in Etendeka, Africa, for all deposits of silicic composition in the PEMP.

Próximo à cidade de São Félix do Xingu, centrosul do Estado do Pará, no contexto da Província Mineral de Carajás, ocorre um amplo vulcanoplutonismo Paleoproterozóico (1,88 1,87 Ga) excepcionalmente preservado e agrupado nas formações Sobreiro e Santa Rosa. Estas unidades são genericamente correlacionadas ao vulcanoplutonismo do Supergrupo Uatumã, um magmatismo com abrangência estimada de 1.500.000 km2 e registrado em praticamente todo o Cráton Amazônico. Essas rochas vulcânicas encontram-se sobrepostas ao Granito Parauari, do Paleoproterozóico, e às unidades do embasamento arqueano, dos domínios do Cinturão de Cisalhamento Itacaiúnas e do Terreno GranitoGreenstone do Sul do Pará. Maciços Granitóides mineralizados a estanho da Suíte Intrusiva Velho Guilherme de 1,86 Ga invadem as unidades supracitadas. Apesar da evolução do conhecimento nos últimos anos nesta região, há uma grande carência de dados geológicos, geoquímicos e isotópicos mais detalhados e precisos acerca dessa associação vulcânica no Cráton Amazônico como um todo. Essa escassez de informações é decorrente, em parte, das dificuldades de acesso às áreas e da densa cobertura vegetal e de solo, características peculiares da região Amazônica; descontinuidade lateral e vertical das unidades; e principalmente pelos poucos grupos de pesquisa especializados nesta temática. O mapeamento geológico intensivo realizado neste trabalho revelou que a unidade basal Formação Sobreiro é composta por fácies coerente de fluxo de lavas predominantemente andesítica, com subordinados dacito e riodacito; bem como por fácies vulcanoclástica caracterizada por tufo, lapilli-tufo e brechas polimítica maciça. Estas rochas exibem fenocristais de augita, magnesiohastingsita e plagioclásio de variável composição em uma matriz microlítica ou traquítica. Magnetita e apatita figuram como os principais acessórios primários. A variação sistemática da mineralogia de andesito basáltico para riodacito e dacito, bem como as características petrográficas destes litotipos, sugerem que as rochas dessa unidade diferenciaram-se por cristalização fracionada com provável assimilação crustal. Análises litoquímicas mostram que possui assinatura geoquímica de granitóides de arco vulcânico, enquadra-se na série magmática cálcio-alcalina de alto potássio e tem composição metaluminosa. A associação superior, Formação Santa Rosa, é formada por fácies coerente maciça de riolitos e subordinadamente riodacitos com variáveis conteúdos modais de feldspato potássico, plagioclásio e megacristais de quartzo envoltos por matriz constituída de quartzo e feldspato potássico intercrescidos, comumente esferulítica. Localmente ocorrem esferulitos de até 10 cm de diâmetro. Biotita é uma fase varietal, embora de abundância reduzida, apontando para uma unidade extremamente evoluída. Zircão, apatita e, subordinadamente óxidos de Fe e Ti, são acessórios primários. Fácies vulcanoclásticas de ignimbritos, lapilli-tufos, tufos de cristais félsicos e brechas polimíticas maciças representam um ciclo de vulcanismo explosivo nesta unidade. Essa associação vulcanoclástica possui mineralogia e características geoquímicas muito similares à fácies coerente. Diques métricos e stocks de pórfiros graníticos e granitóides equigranulares completam esta suíte. A deposição desta foi controlada por grandes fissuras crustais de até 30 km de comprimento de direção NESW, e subordinadamente NW-SE, materializado por fluxo magmático predominantemente vertical. Estas rochas exibem afinidade geoquímica intraplaca, composição peraluminosa e características transicionais entre subalcalina e alcalina. Zonas hidrotermalmente alteradas foram identificadas nestas suítes, sugerindo um potencial metalogenético para as mesmas. A grande quantidade de blocos isolados em uma topografia plana lembra um sistema eruptivo monogenético na Formação Sobreiro. Os altos topográficos podem ter sido originados pela acumulação de lava do tipo scutulum. Os depósitos vulcanoclásticos que ocorrem na porção superior dos fluxos de lavas estão associados à fragmentação autoclástica, embora possam estar associados também ao regime de fluxo de piroclástico originado nas elevações. O modelo de erupção da unidade superior é muito semelhante ao da seqüência ignimbrítica Sierra Madre Ocidental, localizada na América do Norte. A presença deste vulcanismo fissural na região de São Félix do Xingu poderia estar relacionada a um batólito ou um conjunto de batólitos formados em um regime distensivo. A integração de dados de isótopos de Nd com o possível zonamento metalogenético que ocorre na porção sul do Cráton Amazônico, entre as regiões do Gráben da Serra do Cachimbo e São Félix do Xingu, sugere que evolução desta porção está vinculada ao desenvolvimento de uma orogênese oceanocontinente orientada aproximadamente lesteoeste, e materializada pela geração de arcos magmáticos gradativamente mais jovens entre 2,1 1,88 Ga. A geração do vulcanismo cálcio-alcalino de 1,88 Ga na região de São Félix do Xingu estaria relacionada à suavização do ângulo de subducção e posterior migração do arco magmático, a exemplo do Cinturão Andino e Montanhas Rochosas. Neste cenário, o vulcanismo exclusivamente crustal de 1,87 Ga representado pela Formação Santa Rosa estaria vinculado a um evento distensivo identificado em várias regiões do Cráton Amazônico e que extendeu-se até o Mesoproterozóico. / Near the São Félix do Xingu city, centersouth portion of the Pará state, in the context of the Carajás Mineral Province, occur extensive Paleoproterozoic volcanoplutonism (1.88 1.87 Ga) exceptionally well-preserved and grouped in the Sobreiro and Santa Rosa formations. These suites are generically correlated to Uatumã Supergroup volcanoplutonism, a magmatic event that covers approximately 1,500,000 km2 and is registered in several areas of the Amazonian craton. These volcanic rocks overlap the paleoproterozoic Parauari Granite, and units of the archean basement included in the Itacaiúnas Shear Belt and South Pará GraniteGreenstone terrain. Later tin-bearing 1.86 Ga A-type granitoid massifs of the Velho Guilherme Intrusive Suite intrude above units. Although knowledge improvement in the last years in this region, there is necessity of more detailed and precise geologic, geochemical, and isotopic data for this volcanic association in the Amazonian craton. This gap of information is partially explained by access difficulties to the studied areas and dense forest cover; lateral and vertical discontinuities of the units; and especially by few researchers groups focalized in this thematic. The intensive geologic mapping developed for this thesis showed that the basal Sobreiro Formation has coherent lava flow facies mainly andesitic, with subordinate dacite and rhyodacite; as well volcaniclastic facies with tuff, lapilli-tuff, and massive polymictic breccia. These rocks show augite, magnesiohastingsite, and plagioclase of variable compositions phenocrysts set in microlithic or traquitic groundmass. Magnetite and apatite are the primary accessories. The systematic mineralogic variation from basaltic-andesite to rhyodacite and dacite, and the petrographical characteristics of these rocks, suggest that the fractional crystallization was the prevailing differentiation process with probable crustal contamination. Their geochemical signature is similar to those of volcanic-arc related granitoids, with high-K calc-alkaline affinity, and metaluminous composition. The upper Santa Rosa Formation is formed by massive coherent facies of rhyolite and subordinate rhyodacite with variable modal contents of K-feldspar, plagioclase and quartz megacrysts in groundmass formed by intergrowth of quartz and potassic feldspar, commonly spherulitic. Spherical spherulites until 10 cm diameter occur locally. Biotite is a varietal phase modally reduced. Zircon, apatite, and Fe-Ti oxides are primary accessories, suggesting an extremely evolved unit. Volcaniclastic facies of ignimbrites, lapilli-tuffs, felsic crystal tuffs, and massive polymictic breccias represent an explosive volcanism cycle in the Santa Rosa Formation. This volcaniclastic association has mineralogic and geochemical characters very similar to the coherent facies. Metric dikes and stocks of granitic porphyries and equigranular granitoids complete this formation. The deposition was driven by large ~ 30 km length NESW crustal fissures, and subordinate NWSE, where magmatic flow are predominantly vertical. These upper volcanic rocks and associated porphyries and granites exhibit intraplate geochemical affinity, peraluminous composition, and transitional subalkaline to alkaline characteristics. Hydrothermally altered zones were identified in these suites, pointing to a metallogenetic potential for them. The presence of several isolated blocks in a flat topography resembles monogenetic eruptive system in the Sobreiro Formation. The topographic highs could have been originated scutulum-type lava accumulation. The volcaniclastic deposits that occur in the top of the lava flow are related to autoclastic fragmentation processes, although can be related to pyroclastic flow regime originated in the hills. The eruption model for the upper unit is very similar to Sierra Madre Occidental ignimbritic sequence, located in North America. The fissure-controlled volcanism in the São Félix do Xingu region could have been related to a batholith or series of batholiths generated in extensional tectonic regime occurred in the Amazonian craton. The integration of Nd isotope data with the possible metallogenetic zoning that occurs in the south portion of the Amazonian craton, between Serra do Cachimbo Graben and São Félix do Xingu region, suggests that the evolution of this portion is related to an approximately eastwest oceancontinent orogenesis, materialized by progressively younger 2.1 1.88 Ga magmatic arcs. The generation of 1.88 Ga calc-alkaline volcanism in the São Félix do Xingu region can be explained by flattening in the subduction angle and following arc migration, as occurs in the Andes Belt and Rocky Mountains. In this scenario, the exclusively crustal 1.87 Ga volcanism of the Santa Rosa Formation could have been linked to extensional tectonic identified in several regions of the Amazonian craton that extended until Mesoproterozoic.

As rochas vulcânicas ácidas da região de Piraju - Ourinhos fazem parte da grande manifestação vulcânica, de natureza predominantemente básica, ocorrida na Bacia do Paraná no Cretáceo, em decorrência da quebra do continente de Gondwana, dando origem à Província Magmática do Paraná. Estas rochas estão agrupadas no Membro Chapecó que, junto com o Membro Palmas, constituem os litotipos ácidos da Formação Serra Geral, perfazendo 3% do volume total do material vulcânico da Província. As rochas vulcânicas ácidas de Piraju - Ourinhos afloram seguindo a direção do Rio Paranapanema, numa área de 65 por 20 km, totalizando 1300 km2 de superfície, e assentam-se sobre os arenitos da Formação Botucatu, sendo recobertas pelos basaltos da Formação Serra Geral. Há controvérsias na literatura sobre os modos de erupção e colocação de certas unidades vulcânicas ácidas extensas e de grande volume, relacionadas a grandes províncias basálticas, se lavas extensas ou ignimbritos reomórficos de alto grau. O objetivo deste trabalho foi caracterizar as rochas vulcânicas ácidas de Piraju - Ourinhos, dando enfoque aos aspectos vulcanológicos, especialmente físicos, através de levantamento de perfis de detalhe, descrições de estruturas observadas e micropetrográficas, além de estimativas de viscosidades, de forma a fornecer subsídios para um melhor entendimento da origem e evolução do vulcanismo ácido da Formação Serra Geral na região em questão. Quimicamente estas rochas foram classificadas como traquidacitos, sendo divididos, segundo características texturais, em cinco tipos: chocolate, cinza vítreo, bandado/laminado, sal e pimenta e granular. Os traquidacitos são porfiríticos com fenocristais, principalmente de plagioclásio e subordinadamente de clinopiroxênios (augita e pigeonita), minerais opacos (titanomagnetita e magnetita) e apatita. A matriz é vítrea a holocristalina conforme a localização no perfil do corpo vulcânico e a sua espessura, e exibe devitrificação acentuada e de alta temperatura verificada pela presença de esferulitos com fibras longas e textura micropoiquilítica, além de feições de resfriamento rápido (quenching) como cristais de plagioclásio ocos ou com terminações em cauda de andorinha. Foram observadas estruturas como juntas de baixo ângulo cerradas paralelas à laminação ou bandamento no traquidacito, juntas do tipo lápis, brechas de interação de lava com sedimentos e vitrófiro de topo de derrame, isto aliado à ausência de fenocristais quebrados, shards, púmices, fragmentos líticos, fiammés, zonas soldadas e à ausência de vestígios de caldeira na região. Estas feições sugerem que os traquidacitos de Piraju - Ourinhos foram colocados na superfície através de fissuras, como fluxos de lava de baixa viscosidade, altas temperaturas e altas taxas de efusão, o que permitiu fluírem para longe do conduto. Na porção inferior do pacote vulcânico, correspondente aos primeiros pulsos, com o predomínio de traquidacito chocolate vesiculado a escoriáceo alternado com o traquidacito cinza vítreo, a correlação entre os derrames individuais é difiícil devido à influência do paleorelevo irregular. Em direção ao topo do pacote os corpos vulcânicos estão estruturados na forma de derrames extensos e tabulares, apresentando zonas basais, centrais e superiores bem definidas. / The acid volcanic rocks of the Piraju - Ourinhos region are part of the predominantly basic volcanic manifestation that occurred in the Paraná Basin in the Cretaceous, due the breakup of the Gondwana continent, giving rise to the Paraná Magmatic Province. These rocks are grouped in the Chapecó Member which, together with the Palmas Member, constitute the acid lithotypes of the Serra Geral Formation, accounting for 3% of the total volume of the Provinces volcanic material. The Piraju - Ourinhos acid volcanic rocks outcrop following the valley of the Paranapanema River, occupying an area of 65 by 20 km with an 1300 km2 surface, and overlie the Botucatu Formation sandstones, being capped by the Serra Geral Formation basalts. There is a controversy in the literature about the eruption styles and emplacement of certain extensive acid volcanic units, related to large basaltic provinces, whether as extensive lavas or high temperature rheomorphic ignimbrites. The aim of this work was to characterize the Piraju Ourinhos acid volcanic rocks, focusing on volcanological aspects, specially the physical ones, through detailed profiles survey, structural and micropetrographic descriptions, as well as viscosity estimates, to provide basis for a better understanding of the origin and evolution of the Serra Geral Formation acid volcanism in the region. These rocks were classified chemically as trachydacites, being divided, according to textural characteristics, in five types: chocolate, gray glassy, banded/laminated, salt and pepper and granular. The trachydacites are porphyritic with mainly plagioclase fenocrystals and subordinately clinopyroxenes (augita and pigeonite), opaque minerals (titanomagnetite and magnetite) and apatite. The groundmass is glassy to holocrystalline depending on the position in the profile and thickness of the volcanic body and display high temperature devitrification features such as spherulites with long fibers and micropoikilitic texture, as well as quench textures such as hollow or swallow tail plagioclase crystals. Structures observed include sheeting joints parallel to flow lamination or banding, pencil joints, lava-sediment interaction breccias and lava flow top vitrophyre. Broken phenocrysts, shards, pumices, lithic fragments, fiammés, welded layers and caldera structures were not observed in the area. These features suggest that the emplacement of the Piraju - Ourinhos trachydacites occurred as low viscosity, high temperature and high effusion rate fissural lava flows, allowing the lava to flow large distances from the vent. In the lower part of the volcanic pile, corresponding to the first pulses, vesicular to scoriaceous chocolate trachydacite alternated with gray glassy trachydacite predominate and the correlation between single lava flows is difficult due to the irregular paleorelief. Towards the top of the pile volcanic bodies are structured as extensive and tabular lava flows, exhibiting well defined basal, central and superior zones.