No description available.

Submitted by Tatiana Lima (tatianasl@ufba.br) on 2016-10-11T21:17:36Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Gomes, Guineverre Alvarez Machado de Melo.pdf: 3953783 bytes, checksum: d76854e8de457e6bc4fa77c78fe6a562 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Tatiana Lima (tatianasl@ufba.br) on 2017-02-15T19:02:43Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Gomes, Guineverre Alvarez Machado de Melo.pdf: 3953783 bytes, checksum: d76854e8de457e6bc4fa77c78fe6a562 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-02-15T19:02:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Gomes, Guineverre Alvarez Machado de Melo.pdf: 3953783 bytes, checksum: d76854e8de457e6bc4fa77c78fe6a562 (MD5) / O mecanismo de Redução de Emissões por Desmatamento e Degradação Florestal (REDD+) surgiu no cenário internacional como uma aposta em enfrentar as mudanças climáticas a partir do setor florestal, um dos importantes setores mundiais de geração de gases de efeito estufa. A lentidão das tomadas de decisão nas Nações Unidas (UNFCCC) fez com que o Mercado de Carbono Voluntário (MCV) se mostrasse como um ambiente mais célere e menos burocrático para desenvolvimento desse modelo. Foi também nesse espaço que outras modalidades de REDD+, além da prescrita na UNFCCC, encontraram espaço para crescer. Contudo, a aprovação das diretrizes internacionais para REDD+ pela UNFCCC em 2013 trouxe questionamentos sobre a harmonização desses dois ambientes, especialmente em países em que eles coexistem, como o Brasil. Isto posto, esta tese parte do seguinte problema de pesquisa: quais os principais desafios para a implementação do REDD+ no Brasil? Assim, objetiva-se, a partir da experiência brasileira, compreender as forças, fraquezas, ameaças e oportunidades para a implementação do REDD+no território nacional. Para tanto, foram definidos os elementos essenciais de REDD+ e empregada uma análise do tipo SWOT para verificar forças, fraquezas, ameaças e oportunidades de cada um dos elementos e de cada uma das modalidades de REDD+. Foram também realizadas pesquisas exploratórias, análise documental e entrevistas. Os resultados encontrados indicam como desafios do REDD+UNFCCC no Brasil posicionar-se sobre as iniciativas subnacionais de REDD+ e aprimorar e coordenar suas estruturas normativa, institucional e tecnológica. Para as atividades-projeto do Mercado de Carbono Voluntário, comprovar a idoneidade do modelo de certificação por terceiros, buscando alternativas para redução dos seus custos, e ampliar e consolidar o envolvimento do setor privado, a geração de cobenefícios e o cumprimento de salvaguardas. Por fim, para o programa jurisdicional brasileiro superar as incertezas sobre sua compatibilidade com o REDD+ nacional e melhorar o arcabouço normativo e institucional de nível subnacional no qual está inserido, para, assim, alcançar o reconhecimento nacional e internacional de seu modelo. / The Reducing Emission from Deforestation and Forest Degradation Mechanism(REDD+) emerged within the international scenario as a bet on tackling climate changethrough the forestry sector, one of the major global industries that generate greenhousegases. The slow pace of decision-making at the United Nations (UNFCCC) has provedthe Voluntary Carbon Market (VCM) to be a faster and less bureaucratic environment forthe development of such model. It was also in this area that other REDD+ arrangements,beside the one prescribed by the UNFCCC, found room to grow. However, the approvalof international guidelines for REDD+ by the UNFCCC in 2013 brought about questionsconcerning the harmonization of these two environments, especially in countries wherethey coexist, like Brazil. That said, this thesis is based on the following researchproblem: what are the main challenges for the implementation of REDD+ in Brazil? Thus,based on the Brazilian experience, the objective is to understand the strengths,weaknesses, threats and opportunities for the implementation of REDD+ in the country.Therefore, the essential elements of REDD+ have been defined and we used a SWOTanalysis to verify strengths, weaknesses, threats and opportunities of each of the elementsand of each REDD+ arrangement. We also held exploratory research, document analysisand interviews. The results indicate that the UNFCCC REDD+ challenges in Brazil arepositioning itself about subnational REDD+ initiatives and improving and coordinatingtheir regulatory, institutional and technological frameworks. As for the Voluntary CarbonMarket activity-project, the challenges are verifying the suitability of the certificationmodel by a third party, seeking alternatives to reduce its costs, and expanding andconsolidating the involvement of the private sector, the co-benefit generation and thecompliance of safeguards. Finally, the Brazilian legal program should overcome theuncertainties regarding its compatibility with the national REDD+ and improve theregulatory and institutional framework, at a sub-national level, in which it is inserted, inorder to achieve national and international recognition for its model.

Submitted by Tatiana Lima (tatianasl@ufba.br) on 2015-12-01T21:11:43Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Paiva, Danielle Soares.pdf: 2826914 bytes, checksum: c693ab7596a89b6c1fccef41de02ce9e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Tatiana Lima (tatianasl@ufba.br) on 2015-12-01T21:17:22Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Paiva, Danielle Soares.pdf: 2826914 bytes, checksum: c693ab7596a89b6c1fccef41de02ce9e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-12-01T21:17:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Paiva, Danielle Soares.pdf: 2826914 bytes, checksum: c693ab7596a89b6c1fccef41de02ce9e (MD5) / A mudança climática tem sido um desafio à diplomacia internacional e à governança global do clima, demandando um esforço coletivo entre governos, mercado e sociedade civil, no sentido de buscar alternativas possíveis à mitigação e/ou adaptação ao fenômeno. Até o momento, a maior parte destas estratégias está focada em instrumentos de mercado, operacionalizados no âmbito do mercado global de carbono. Inicialmente utilizado por empresas e indivíduos de países não signatários do Protocolo de Kyoto - como os Estados Unidos – surge o mercado voluntário de carbono tornando-se uma alternativa a critérios rigorosos do mercado regulado de carbono. Assim como o mercado regulado de carbono, os projetos de redução de GEEs desenvolvidos no mercado voluntário de carbono buscam reduzir as emissões de GEEs e promover o desenvolvimento sustentável. Desta forma, esta tese objetiva analisar os cobenefícios em prol do desenvolvimento sustentável, para além da redução de GEEs, dos projetos brasileiros do Mercado Voluntário de Carbono. Para tanto, foram realizadas pesquisas exploratórias, análise documental e estudos de casos ilustrativos, tendo como base a matriz analítica construída a partir de estudos da United Nations Framework Conventions on Climate Change (UNFCCC) sobre cobenefícios oriundos do Mercado Regulado de Carbono. Os resultados encontrados indicam que os projetos de redução de GEEs do mercado voluntário de carbono brasileiro pouco contribuem para o desenvolvimento sustentável, tendo se utilizado na maioria das vezes de tecnologias relativamente simples e convencionais, e raramente beneficiam a comunidade local, gerando poucos cobenefícios “para além dos muros da empresa”. Os cobenefícios econômicos e ambientais são apontados mais frequentemente que os sociais, confirmando o mesmo comportamento dos projetos de mecanismo de desenvolvimento limpo no mundo. Ademais, verificou-se maior potencial de contribuição para aqueles projetos de redução de emissão de GEEs brasileiros desenvolvidos no mercado voluntário de carbono que se utilizaram de padrões de certificação que incluem cobenefícios econômicos, ambientais e sociais na sua avaliação assim como tiveram envolvimento de mais atores no processo de concepção e desenvolvimento do projeto. / Climate change has been a challenge to international diplomacy and global climate governance, requiring a collective effort between government, market and civil society, in order to seek possible alternatives to mitigation and / or adaptation to the phenomenon. To date, most of these strategies is focused on market instruments, operated under the global carbon market. Initially used by companies and individuals from non-signatory countries of the Kyoto Protocol - as the United States - comes the voluntary carbon market becoming an alternative to stringent regulated carbon market criteria. As the regulated carbon market, the GHG reduction projects developed in the voluntary carbon market seek to reduce GHG emissions and promote sustainable development. Thus, this thesis aims to analyze the co-benefits for sustainable development, in addition to the reduction of greenhouse gases, based on the Brazilian projects the Voluntary Carbon Market. The research methodology consists on a exploratory research, with document analysis and illustrative case studies, based on the analytical matrix constructed from studies of the United Nations Framework Conventions on Climate Change (UNFCCC) on co-benefits arising from the regulated carbon market. The results indicate that the Brazilian GHG emission reduction projects in the voluntary carbon market contribute little to sustainable development, having used most often relatively simple and conventional technologies, and rarely benefit the local communities, generating few co-benefits "to beyond the company walls. " The economic and environmental co-benefits are mentioned more frequently than social, confirming the same behavior of the clean development mechanism projects in the world. In addition, there was greater potential to contribute to those Brazilian GHG emission reduction projects developed in the voluntary carbon market which used certification standards including economic co-benefits, environmental and social in their assessment as well as had involvement of more actors in the design process and project development.

The voluntary carbon market, the area of focus for this thesis, developed alongside the compliance carbon market when individuals and organisations elected to compensate for their CO2 emissions. The steep growth in demand for voluntary carbon offset credits stemmed from the 2015 Paris Agreement. Climate issues were firmly on the agenda and carbon offsetting was viewed as a way for countries to meet their carbon reduction targets in efforts towards mitigating climate change. Since then, there has been a shift to natural climate solutions, namely forestry and land use carbon projects.  The ideal host location for such projects oftentimes have an existing, usually poor, population.  Project developers claim to help such populations by providing community benefits such as job creation and improved agricultural practices.  However, there is a gap in the research which focuses on the future of these communities after the projects, and how sustainable the benefits are.  This thesis examines the community benefits of two REDD+ (Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation) projects: Alto Mayo Conservation Initiative, Peru and Yaeda Valley REDD Project, Tanzania.  Interviews with project developers are cross-referenced with project documents and other available sources to analyse the sustainability of the livelihood impacts.  The results show that the positive impacts of voluntary carbon projects on a local community can be sustained post-project. Overall, the well-being of community members can improve, as can decision-making skills and capacity levels.  Project participants can become more adaptable to shocks as their livelihoods have diversified and they have stronger links with international markets.  This link with international markets, however, can also become a barrier to livelihood benefits. As local people become reliant on market demand and project funds, they move away from subsistence farming and when demand drops, they may find it hard to prosper.  Additionally, there is a risk that following the departure of the project and its developers, more malevolent and powerful parties may move into the area.  To overcome these barriers, livelihood diversification opportunities need to be strengthened and land tenure issues clarified.

Society is dependent processes that emit greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. The accumulation of these gases in the atmosphere prevents sunlight reflected from earth’s surface to get to space thereby warming the earth and causing climate change. To prevent the effects of adverse climate change, the voluntary carbon market was designed to help buyers, individuals or organizations that cannot avoid emission in their process, purchase carbon credits from sellers, entities whose process prevent or avoid carbon emissions. The voluntary carbon market faces challenges like market fragmentation, opacity of records, and delayed processes due to layers of intermediation and double counting. In an attempt to solve these challenges, blockchain, a ledger technology, has been applied by innovative organizations. This thesis researches the possible roles of trading carbon credits using blockchain based platforms in the voluntary carbon market. Furthermore, this thesis focuses secondarily on how the application could increase supply of carbon credits, influence commitment to net-zero, contribute to production of high-quality carbon credits, and promote fairness in carbon trading. A conceptual framework based upon the Oxford Principles for Carbon Offsetting, Taskforce for Scaling the Voluntary Carbon Market (TSVCM), and the Sustainability Principles was used in this study. Seven organizations were investigated in this study through a first phase of interview and a second phase of survey.The findings suggest that blockchain-enabled carbon trading has the potential to enable market growth, foster systems interactions and transition via information technology, and support opportunities for sustainability in the socio-ecological system. Blockchain also inherits the unsustainability of the overall tech and energy sectors wherein it operates. Weak governance systems off-chain from non-disclosures by market players also risk the market system on-chain to vulnerabilities. The authors conclude that trading carbon credit on blockchain-enabled platforms is a step in the right direction in terms of amplifying the contributions the voluntary carbon markets hold for cutting down carbon emissions. They also acknowledge that the blockchain-carbon credit application does not directly address upstream issues of carbon emission but serves as a mechanism to accelerate decarbonization.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-15T19:33:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ricardo Pedro Guazzelli Rosario.pdf: 1162218 bytes, checksum: 855fbaa5b332d42a896aa36fb4c5285f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-08-16 / Fundo Mackenzie de Pesquisa / Since the end of the 60's, humanity has been more concerned about its relationship with the environment. As a result, many worldwide conferences and concepts have been developed along the way. The main events were the Stockholm conferences (1972) and Rio de Janeiro (Eco- 992), the World Commission about the Environment and Development which published The Report of Our Common Future and defined sustainable development as being that which is capable of guaranteeing the necessities of present generations as well as future generations in regards to quality of life and the planet's resources. However, this is not what has been witnesses, especially in regards to the emissions of the greenhouse effect antropic gases, which have aggravated the system, the climate in relation to the increase in the planet's temperature, and its consequences. From the recognition of that fact, society began making either voluntary decisions or taking international political action. In the political sphere, agreements with the Agenda 21, the Convention of Biologic Diversity, The Convention of the Climatic Changes, and the Kyoto Protocol are the main instruments which are focused on the reduction of the emission of greenhouse gases from the different antropic actions. The aforementioned instruments together with all of their systems created a mandatory carbon market. In parallel, organized society also desiring to reduce its gas emissions and start a lower carbon economy created several voluntary carbon marktes such as Chicago Climate Exchange (CCX) and the Gold Standard Foundation to mention a few. This study presents the mandatory as much as the voluntary markets and presents the Brazilian potentials with the creation of the voluntary national carbon market. / Desde o fim da década de 1960 a humanidade tem tido uma maior preocupação com a sua relação com o meio ambiente. Diante disso, muitas conferências mundiais e conceitos foram desenvolvidos, nessa trajetória os principais fatos foram as Conferências de Estocolmo (1972) e do Rio de Janeiro (Eco-1992), além delas a Comissão Mundial sobre Meio Ambiente e Desenvolvimento que em 1987 publica o Relatório Nosso Futuro Comum definindo o desenvolvimento sustentável como aquele capaz de garantir as necessidades das presentes e futuras gerações com relação à qualidade de vida e recursos do planeta. Porém, não é isso que se tem visto principalmente com relação às emissões antrópicas de gases de efeito estufa que têm agravado o sistema do clima em relação ao aumento da temperatura do Planeta e as suas conseqüências. A partir dessa constatação a sociedade passou a tomar decisões voluntárias ou no âmbito político internacional. Na esfera política acordos como a Agenda 21, a Convenção de Diversidade Biológica, a Convenção Quadro de Mudanças Climáticas, e o Protocolo de Quioto são os principais instrumentos que tem como objetivo a redução de emissões de gases de efeito estufa das diferentes ações antrópicas. Estes últimos instrumentos junto com todo seu sistema criaram o mercado de carbono mandatório, mas também a sociedade organizada, com o mesmo objetivo de reduzir suas emissões e criar uma economia de baixo carbono criou diversos mercados voluntários de carbono como a Bolsa do Clima de Chicago, a Fundação Gold Standard,entre outros. Este trabalho apresenta tanto os mercados mandatórios quanto os voluntários e apresenta as potencialidades brasileiras com a criação de um mercado de carbono voluntário nacional.