In the 1980s, Senegalese ethnic harmony was tarnished by the emergence of the Mouvement des Forces DeÌ mocratiques de la Casamance (MFDC). The major demand of this organization was the independence of Casamance, a southern province of Senegal. In the initial years of the movement (1980-1990), the MFDC capitalized upon the grievances of the local populations, and received support from them. In the first half of the 1990s, it began to receive substantial support from neighboring countries and in response came to rely less upon the support of local constituents. It escalated the violence not only against the state but also against local populations, which reinforced its growing dependence upon external patrons rather than popular support. In the 1990s, the government of Senegal worked to cut off both external and internal support to the MFDC, by improving its relations with the neighboring countries and by practicing a politics of "charm" vis aÌ vis the local populations. In response, the MFDC has become engaged in the illegal exploitation of the natural resources. As the MFDC has shifted from one support base to another, it has pragmatically altered tactics and objectives. This demonstrated adaptability of the MFDC has important implications for our understanding of post-Cold War civil conflicts, and for the governments' efforts to resolve them. It suggests that the distinction between "greed" and "grievance," which motivates much of the recent scholarly debate on ethnic conflict, is largely a false one, and that governments must address both in their efforts to resolve such conflicts. / Senegalese National Gendarmerie author.

Communications is a critical enabling capability that is interwoven into every facet of every military operation. Assessing what communication capability is most valuable to the operation is a vital planning process tha t currently resides in several processes that produce differing outcomes within the DoD. This thesis examines these planning processes, particularly the capability-based approach, assessing which process is optimum for determining communication shortfalls. An in depth comparison of the Joint Capabilities Integrated Defense System (JCIDS) and USNORTHCOM's Capability Review and Resource Assessment (CRRA) was conducted, examining the respective strengths and weakness of each process. This thesis then recommends an optimized hybrid solution of the CRRA and JCIDS, thus providing an intuitive methodology that can be used to model what communication capabilities are essential to the DoD and its interagency partners. Ultimately, this model may serve to guide the defense planning process to ensure meaningful collaboration occurs, when crafting a unified DoD and interagency position regarding communications and network-centric capability needs and shortfalls. Particular utility can be applied to fill the gap of interoperable communications solutions between first responders, the military, interagency and Coalition partners, when teaming in a homeland defense scenario. / US Air Force (USAF) author.

This collection consists of a critical preface and five linked short stories. The preface analyzes the usage of violence in literate and other forms of media, and specifically the ways in which literature can address violence without aggrandizing or stylizing it. The stories explore this idea through the lens of the lives of two young men, following them from boyhood marked by violence to adulthood crushed by the trauma of the American Civil War. Collection includes the stories "Dead Foxes," "Cow Pen," "Fatherless," "Woodsmoke," and "Brotherhood."

M.A. (History) / The USA became formally involved in the second World War in December, 1941, after the Japanese attack on the American Naval Base of Pearl Harbour. Franklin D. Roosevelt was so obsessed with the idea of defeating Germany that he failed to set clear guidelines for the post-war era as regards Germany. He commenced from the erroneous supposition that wartime co-operation with Britain and the Soviet Union would be continued after the war and that the Great Three Would decide on, Germany's future in the postwar era. As a result the USA's German policy of 1944-45 was marked by ambiquities. As a consequence of Roosevelt's indecision, Britain took the initiative in partitioning Germany into occupation zones. This division gave the Soviet Union an advantage as well as planting the seed for the partition of Germany in 1949. The Western Powers obtained no guarantees from the ~oviet Union for their free passage into Berlin. Consequently the Soviet Union could blockade Berlin in June 1948. In April 1945, directive JCS-1067 was issued setting out the basis for the USA'S German policy. In the punitive clauses of JCS-1067 Henry Morgenthau's influence on President Roosevelt is clearly apparent. The majority of punitive clauses of JCS-1067 were taken up verbatim in the Potsdam Agreement of July-August 1945. The Potsdam Agreement stipulated that Germany was to be handled as an economic entity. However, France and the Soviet Union thwarted economic co-operation between the Occupation Forces. This led to a change in the USA's German Policy from early 1946...

This thesis is a study of international 'core crimes', namely, crimes against humanity, genocide, war crimes, and crimes against peace. The aim of this work is to demonstrate that all these crimes share striking similarities, not only in respect of their qualifying elements, but also as regards the legal regime of individual responsibility attached to them. While focusing on these similar features, this thesis will highlight the defects of the rules applicable to genocide, war crimes and crimes against peace respectively, defects which might ultimately impede effective punishment of these particular crimes. In order to avoid such a risk, it is here submitted that, in fact, all these crimes should be considered as crimes against humanity. Such a re-qualification, it is argued, would indeed have the advantage of securing appropriate prosecution for these most heinous crimes thanks to the wider scope of application of the concept of 'crimes against humanity'. The purpose of this work is certainly not to erase the existence of different international crimes from the legal sphere, as it does not presuppose that the definitions of international crimes are malleable, not that the notion of 'crimes against humanity' is a stretchable one. Rather, it is merely to re-qualify the 'core crimes' against international law as 'crimes against humanity', notion which would then encompass a wider array of offences, all of which overlap considerably. This proposal is based on the assumption that prosecutions for international crimes have remained much too rare, and that, accordingly change and improvement are necessary. The re-qualification of genocide, war crimes, and crimes against peace as crimes against humanity could be a first step towards a better respect of international legal norms.

This study covers a period of a quarter of a century of Hungarian history, focusing on questions that affected the country's World War Two participation. It invokes the aid of value forming principles in order to reach conclusions. Its guiding principles relate to political theory affecting international relations.

This thesis explores the literary career of Stephen Crane, concentrating on his war works.

The purpose of this study was to determine if there is a relationship between dogmatism, anxiety, and attitudes toward the Vietnam War, and, in the process of doing so, to test Rokeach's hypothesis of independence of belief structure and content in the contextual atmosphere of recent attitudes toward the Vietnam War. The Vietnam War Scale, Form E of the Dogmatism Scale, and a five-situation version of the S-R Inventory of Anxiousness were administered to 104 male students who were enrolled in introductory psychology classes at North Texas State University. It was hypothesized I. That there would be a significant positive relationship between dogmatism (as measured by the Dogmatism Scale) and anxiety (as measured by a five-situation version of the S-R Inventory of Anxiousness). II. That there would be a significant positive relationship between closed-mindedness (as measured by the Dogmatism Scale) and attitudes toward the Vietnam War (as measured by the Vietnam War Scale). III. That the Hawks would show a significantly higher level of dogmatism than the Doves. IV. That the Hawks would show a significantly higher level of anxiety than the Doves. Hypotheses one, two, and three were supported. Hypothesis number four was in the predicted direction, but was not statistically significant. The conclusion of the study was that a relationship exists between dogmatism, anxiety, and attitudes toward the Vietnam War. It was also concluded that Rokeach's hypothesis of independence of belief structure and content does not apply to the contextual atmosphere of recent attitudes toward the Vietnam War.

Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. / In July 2002, the International Criminal Court (ICC) began operations as the primary international institution for the prosecution of war crimes, crimes against humanity and genocide or international crimes. During the 1990s, the United Nations Security Council authorized international war crimes tribunals for conflicts in the Balkans and in Rwanda. Despite the important developments that these institutions made in international criminal law, these courts have not contributed to the longterm capacity of post-conflict states to operate under the rule of law. In the late 1990s the United Nations started to use new types of hybrid tribunals designed to prosecute international crimes in post-conflict states that combined the power and expertise of the international community with the indigenous law and legal community. This thesis will use case studies to make a detailed evaluation of the institutions and the options facing the individual states and the international community when designing policies or authorizing a tribunal to try international crimes in a post-conflict environment. / Major, United States Marine Corps

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