Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:30:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2007-03-13Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:40:55Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 santos_ld_dr_rcla.pdf: 2886206 bytes, checksum: c9a53b4683009217d7580a3bff769ea7 (MD5) / A prevalência de sensibilização de humanos aos venenos de himenópteros sociais foi estimada entre 9,3% e 28,5% na população mundial; muitas das alergias causadas por insetos desta ordem são provocadas por ferroadas de abelhas (família Apidae), vespas (família Vespidae) e formigas (família Formicidae). Há um interesse crescente no conhecimento da estrutura e função dos componentes do veneno desses insetos, principalmente no campo da imunologia clínica. Entre os Hymenoptera sociais, os venenos de abelhas e vespas endêmicas do hemisfério norte têm sido extensivamente estudados e, principalmente, seus componentes foram isolados e identificados. Por outro lado, os venenos de espécies de vespas das regiões neotropicais como aquelas típicas da biodiversidade brasileira têm sido pouco caracterizados. Apesar da ausência de dados epidemiológicos sobre esse assunto, a prática clínica diária mostra que as reações alérgicas ao veneno de Himenópteros são bastante freqüentes no Brasil. Cerca de 500 espécies diferentes de vespas sociais são conhecidas em todo Brasil; a maioria dessas espécies apresenta diferentes tipos de comportamentos biológicos em relação àquelas espécies endêmicas do hemisfério norte. Os extratos comercialmente disponíveis de extratos de venenos de vespas usados para diagnósticos e terapias de pacientes alérgicos a venenos de vespas são oriundos dos Estados Unidos e/ou da Europa. Apesar da história de reações sistêmicas após a ferroada destes insetos, a maioria dos pacientes brasileiros (sensíveis aos venenos de vespas) apresentam testes cutâneos negativos quando extratos de venenos importados são utilizados nesses testes. Com o objetivo de aperfeiçoar e alcançar uma melhor compreensão da bioquímica e imunologia dos venenos das principais espécies de vespas do Sudeste do Brasil... / The prevalence of human sensitivity to social Hymenoptera venom was estimated from 9.3 to 28.5% of word population; many allergies are caused by stingings of the insects representatives of Hymenoptera order such as bees (Apidae), ants (Formicidae) and wasps (Vespidae). There is a keen interest in the knowledge about the structure and function of the venom components of these insects, mainly in the field of clinical immunology. Among the social Hymenoptera the venoms of honeybees and wasps endemic from the North Hemisphere have been extensively studied and many of their components were isolated and identified. Meanwhile, the venoms of wasps species from the Neotropical regions of the planet like those typical of Brazilian biodiversity have been poorly characterized. Despite the absence of epidemiological data about this subject in the most of Brazilian regions, it well known by the doctors that this type of accident of very frequent in Southeast Brazil. About five hundreds different species of social wasps are reported all over Brazil; the large most of these species present different biology and aggressive behaviour in relation to those species endemic from the cold regions of the planet. The commercially available wasp venom extracts used for diagnosis and therapy of allergic patients to wasp venoms are produced by foreign pharmaceutical companies with the venom of wasp species obtained in United States and/or Europe. Despite of the history of systemic reactions when stung by local wasp species, the most of Brazilian patients (sensitive of wasps venoms) present negative skin tests when imported venom extracts are used in these tests. With the aim to improve the knowledge and to get a better understanding about the biochemistry and immunology of venoms of the most abundant wasp species from Southeast Brazil, the venom of the social wasp Polybia paulista ... (Complete abstract click eletronic access below)

Orientador: Edilberto Giannotti / Banca: Fabio Prezoto / Banca: Sulene Noriko Shima / Resumo: Neste trabalho foi estudada a atividade diária de busca por recursos de Protopolybia exigua em duas áreas no município de Bom Jesus da Lapa (13º15’S; 43º25’W), Bahia, Brasil, localizado na região do Médio São Francisco, com o objetivo de responder as seguintes questões: Qual a amplitude de horário da atividade forrageadora? Qual a relação entre os fatores físicos do tempo (temperatura, umidade relativa do ar, luminosidade e velocidade do vento) e a freqüência de saídas do ninho? Qual a influência das fases de desenvolvimento da colônia no número de saídas? Quais recursos as campeiras conduzem ao ninho? Qual a relação entre os fatores físicos do tempo e a coleta dos diferentes recursos? A coleta dos recursos é diferenciada de acordo com as fases do ciclo colonial e com o número de indivíduos (adultos e imaturos) presentes na colônia? Esta espécie, na região estudada, conduz presa macerada no papo? Durante o período de janeiro a junho de 2006 foram realizadas observações em 12 colônias de P. exigua, em diferentes fases do ciclo colonial. Os resultados revelaram que a espécie possui uma amplitude de quase 13 horas de atividade forrageadora e o Índice de Retorno com Recursos para a espécie foi de 93,5%. A atividade tornou-se mais intensa das 13:01 às 16:00h, quando foram registradas as maiores temperaturas (ºC) e menores valores de umidade relativa do ar (%). As colônias que possuíam maior número de larvas apresentaram um maior número médio de viagens ao campo por hora e o aumento do número de fêmeas na colônia tende a induzir a atividade forrageadora. Há diferença no número de saídas das campeiras do ninho, considerando as três fases de desenvolvimento colonial. A atividade de coleta de diferentes recursos (néctar, polpa de madeira, água, presa e resina) por P. exigua está relacionada ... ( Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: In this study the daily activity of search for resources by Protopolybia exigua was studied in two areas of the city of Bom Jesus da Lapa (13º15'S; 43º25'W), Bahia, Brazil, located in the region of Médio São Francisco River, aiming to answer the following questions: what is the amplitude of the foraging activity time? What is the relation between the physical factors of weather (temperature, relative air humidity, luminosity and wind speed) and the frequency of nest leaving? What is the influence of the stages of colony development on the number of exits by the bees? What resources do workers take to the nest? What is the relation between the physical factors of weather and the gathering of different resources? Is the resource collecting distinct according to the phases of the colony cycle and the number of individuals (adults and immatures) present in the colony? Does this species, in the region studied, carry its prey macerated in the crop? During the period from January to June 2006 twelve colonies of P. exigua in different phases of the colony cycle were observed. The results revealed this species presented an activity amplitude of almost 13 hours of foraging activity and the Rate of Returns with Resources for the species was 93.5%. The activity became more intense from 1:01 p.m. to 4:00 p.m., when the highest temperatures (ºC) and the least values of relative air humidity (%) were observed. The colonies that had a larger number of larvae presented a larger average number of trips to the camp per hour, and the increase in the number of females in the colony tended to induce to foraging activity. There was difference in the number of exits by the nest workers, considering the three phases of colony development. The activity of collecting different resources (nectar, wood pulp, water, prey and resin) by P. exigua is related both to physical factors of weather and to colony intrinsic ... (Complete abstract click eletronic access below) / Mestre

Orientador: Mario Sergio Palma / Banca: Fabio Fernandes Morato Castro / Banca: Gilberto Barbosa Domont / Banca: Luisa Karla de Paula Arruda / Banca: João Martins Pizauro Junior / Resumo: A prevalência de sensibilização de humanos aos venenos de himenópteros sociais foi estimada entre 9,3% e 28,5% na população mundial; muitas das alergias causadas por insetos desta ordem são provocadas por ferroadas de abelhas (família Apidae), vespas (família Vespidae) e formigas (família Formicidae). Há um interesse crescente no conhecimento da estrutura e função dos componentes do veneno desses insetos, principalmente no campo da imunologia clínica. Entre os Hymenoptera sociais, os venenos de abelhas e vespas endêmicas do hemisfério norte têm sido extensivamente estudados e, principalmente, seus componentes foram isolados e identificados. Por outro lado, os venenos de espécies de vespas das regiões neotropicais como aquelas típicas da biodiversidade brasileira têm sido pouco caracterizados. Apesar da ausência de dados epidemiológicos sobre esse assunto, a prática clínica diária mostra que as reações alérgicas ao veneno de Himenópteros são bastante freqüentes no Brasil. Cerca de 500 espécies diferentes de vespas sociais são conhecidas em todo Brasil; a maioria dessas espécies apresenta diferentes tipos de comportamentos biológicos em relação àquelas espécies endêmicas do hemisfério norte. Os extratos comercialmente disponíveis de extratos de venenos de vespas usados para diagnósticos e terapias de pacientes alérgicos a venenos de vespas são oriundos dos Estados Unidos e/ou da Europa. Apesar da história de reações sistêmicas após a ferroada destes insetos, a maioria dos pacientes brasileiros (sensíveis aos venenos de vespas) apresentam testes cutâneos negativos quando extratos de venenos importados são utilizados nesses testes. Com o objetivo de aperfeiçoar e alcançar uma melhor compreensão da bioquímica e imunologia dos venenos das principais espécies de vespas do Sudeste do Brasil... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The prevalence of human sensitivity to social Hymenoptera venom was estimated from 9.3 to 28.5% of word population; many allergies are caused by stingings of the insects representatives of Hymenoptera order such as bees (Apidae), ants (Formicidae) and wasps (Vespidae). There is a keen interest in the knowledge about the structure and function of the venom components of these insects, mainly in the field of clinical immunology. Among the social Hymenoptera the venoms of honeybees and wasps endemic from the North Hemisphere have been extensively studied and many of their components were isolated and identified. Meanwhile, the venoms of wasps species from the Neotropical regions of the planet like those typical of Brazilian biodiversity have been poorly characterized. Despite the absence of epidemiological data about this subject in the most of Brazilian regions, it well known by the doctors that this type of accident of very frequent in Southeast Brazil. About five hundreds different species of social wasps are reported all over Brazil; the large most of these species present different biology and aggressive behaviour in relation to those species endemic from the cold regions of the planet. The commercially available wasp venom extracts used for diagnosis and therapy of allergic patients to wasp venoms are produced by foreign pharmaceutical companies with the venom of wasp species obtained in United States and/or Europe. Despite of the history of systemic reactions when stung by local wasp species, the most of Brazilian patients (sensitive of wasps venoms) present negative skin tests when imported venom extracts are used in these tests. With the aim to improve the knowledge and to get a better understanding about the biochemistry and immunology of venoms of the most abundant wasp species from Southeast Brazil, the venom of the social wasp Polybia paulista ... (Complete abstract click eletronic access below) / Doutor

Cynipid galls are atypical plant growths induced by wasps in the family Cynipidae that provide larvae with shelter and nutrition. Larvae gain control of attacked plant organs and send them on a new developmental trajectory, with three developmental phases known as initiation, growth, and maturation. Each of the approximately 1400 species of cynipid gall wasps manipulates plant tissues in a slightly different manner such that galls of each species are structurally distinct. Although the means by which cynipids initiate galls has fascinated naturalists for hundreds of years, the basic events in gall induction are still poorly understood. In an attempt to understand the galling strategies and developmental processes responsible for species-specific galls, I chose to compare the intimate details of life history strategies of two taxonomically related species attacking the same plant organs. The strategies included host specificity, phenology, and oviposition strategies, along with gall development to highlight basic events in gall biology and reveal possible stages in past speciation events. It is argued that differences in phenology and gall development played a role in driving speciation and thus, the patterns observed today are a result of extensive ecological interactions in the past that have influenced the evolution of these complex insect-plant relationships. Two species of cynipid wasps of the genus Diplolepis that occur on the wild roses of central Ontario proved to be ideal candidates for the study. One species, Diplolepis polita, induces single-chambered, prickly galls found in clusters on the adaxial surface of leaflets of Rosa acicularis whereas, the other species, D. nebulosa, induces single- iv chambered, smooth-surfaced galls found in clusters on the abaxial surface of the leaflets of Rosa blanda. Galls at all stages of development, from freshly oviposited eggs to maturation, were found in large numbers for both species. Leaf tissues from the bud stage to maturity of both species of rose were fixed in FAA, embedded in paraffin, sectioned and stained for histological study. Likewise, leaf tissues with freshly oviposited eggs of both species and galls from immaturity to maturity were fixed, sectioned, and stained. Comparing the several thousand slides made for the study revealed that galls of D. polita and D. nebulosa differ in their developmental events as well as the anatomy of their mature galls. Like the galls of all species of cynipids, those of D. polita and D. nebulosa are composed of distinct layers of gall cells known as nutritive, parenchymatous nutritive, sclerenchyma, cortex, and epidermis. Galls of D. polita consist of nutritive cells, parenchymatous nutritive cells, and an epidermis throughout the initiation and growth phases. Larvae remain small in relation to chamber volume until the maturation phase, when a hard layer of sclerenchyma differentiates. In contrast, galls of D. nebulosa have a delayed initiation phase, where galls remain nearly undetectable on leaflets for several weeks after oviposition before they enter the growth phase. Freshly-hatched larvae are protected by two layers of bowl-shaped patches of sclerenchyma that differentiates soon after initiation, along with nutritive cells and parenchymatous nutritive cells that surround the larval chambers, but galls of this species develop without an external layer of epidermis. Galls become spherical as they mature and a second layer of sclerenchyma differentiates within the walls of the galls, as does a layer of spongy cortex that appears between the second layer of sclerenchyma and the gall exterior. Larvae of D. nebulosa occupy nearly the entire volume of their larval chambers throughout gall development. v The size of each type of cell found within developing galls of both species, from gall initiation to gall maturity were measured and compared. Cells in the galls of both species continue to increase in size throughout development; however, the cells comprising the galls induced by D. polita are significantly larger than those induced by D. nebulosa. Comparing the biologies and galls of these two species, demonstrates how niche partitioning has occurred. It also shows that striking differences in structures occur within the galls of closely taxonomically related species as a result of differences in adult phenology, oviposition strategies, egg placement, and environmental conditions such as moisture levels. Although it has been proposed by other authors that diversity in cynipid galls results from differentiation of tissues found in the outer parts of galls, such as cortex and epidermis, the present study indicates the reasons are more complex. Furthermore, it is apparent that many aspects of gall development and anatomy have been overlooked by previous researchers and a variety of ecological factors contribute to differences in gall structure. To further complicate the already complex series of events that occur over the course of gall development, galls of D. polita and D. nebulosa are inhabited and structurally modified by inquilines of the genus Periclistus. These insects are also cynipid wasps, and have evolved a close relationship with Diplolepis galls whereby they kill the inducer larvae, feed on gall cells, and change the developmental trajectory of attacked galls. Galls of D. polita and D. nebulosa are attacked by two undescribed, but gall-specific species of Periclistus. Here, the inquiline associated with the galls of D. polita is referred to as Periclistus 1 and the inquiline associated with galls of D. nebulosa is referred to as Periclistus 2. The purpose of this study was to histologically examine all phases of vi modification by the two species of Periclistus to establish the events that are developmentally unique to inquilines. Periclistus 1 and 2 are phenologically distinct as Periclistus 1 oviposits into immature galls of D. polita in late May soon after galls are induced, and Periclistus 2 oviposits into immature galls of D. nebulosa in July. Modified galls of D. polita differ from modified galls of D. nebulosa as they are significantly enlarged compared to normal galls. Periclistus 1 chambers are arranged around the periphery of the inner gall whereas modified galls of D. nebulosa are of a similar size to normal galls. Chambers of Periclistus 2 are evenly distributed throughout the inner gall. Periclistus 1 and 2-modified galls undergo four phases of development identified as the egg phase, gall enlargement, chamber formation, and maturation phases. Both Periclistus 1 and 2 oviposit into immature galls, killing the inducer larvae with their ovipositors, and then the presence of Periclistus eggs along the inner chamber surface cause changes in gall structure. Diplolepis-induced nutritive cells degrade and Diplolepis-induced parenchymatous nutritive cells enlarge. Galls become significantly enlarged compared to those inhabited by inducer larvae and then feeding by first-instar Periclistus larvae stimulates the differentiation and proliferation of Periclistus-induced parenchymatous nutritive cells and nutritive cells. Immature larvae of both species of Periclistus initially feed around the inner surface of the Diplolepis-induced chamber, and then restrict their feeding to one spot. This results in cell proliferation such that each larva becomes restricted to the centre of a bowl-shaped growth of cells. Continued proliferation causes Periclistus nutritive and parenchymatous nutritive cells to rise up and completely encase the larvae. As this is occurring in modified galls of D. polita, a layer of sclerenchyma, referred to here as the vii inquiline-induced primary sclerenchyma, differentiates and circumscribes the periphery of the entire gall. This does not occur in galls of D. nebulosa until maturity. In modified galls of both species, nutritive cells and parenchymatous nutritive cells appear in dense clusters throughout the inside surface of Periclistus chambers. Once modified galls enter the maturation phase, inquiline-induced primary sclerenchyma differentiates, circumscribing the periphery of galls of D. nebulosa. In addition, Periclistus 1 and 2-inhabited galls both develop a second layer of inquiline-induced sclerenchyma, known as secondary sclerenchyma, around each inquiline chamber. Secondary sclerenchyma cells in the walls of Periclistus chambers are smaller than primary sclerenchyma cells circumscribing the entire gall. Gall cells induced by Periclistus 1 are larger than those induced by Periclistus 2; however, gall cells induced by both species of Periclistus are larger than those of their host Diplolepis galls. Based on differences in phenology, gall development, and final gall structure, modified galls of D. polita and D. nebulosa are anatomically distinct with each species of Periclistus responsible for gall tissues that are species-specific. In addition, the developmental pattern of Periclistus-modified galls is distinct from that of Diplolepis galls, illustrating the level of control inquilines have over the tissues of their host galls. This thesis demonstrates the complex nature of the interrelationships between cynipid wasps of the genera Diplolepis and Periclistus and their host roses. Diplolepis are true gall inducers that have an intimate relationship with the genus Rosa and there are many attributes of the genus Rosa that have contributed to the success of Diplolepis and allowed for their extensive radiation and divergence in their galls. Similarly, Periclistus viii inquilines have an intimate relationship with Diplolepis and the rose hosts. Periclistus have evolved the ability to manipulate rose tissues that have previously been under the influence of Diplolepis. Based on two species of inquilines examined in this thesis, Periclistus have also evolved an array of phenologies and modification strategies and like the developmental patterns of the Diplolepis, the developmental trajectories of Periclistus are also species-specific. This project has shown that the histological approach to studying cynipid galls, as well as those occupied by Periclistus inquilines, is highly rewarding and contributes to our overall understanding of these fascinating insects.

Thesis (M.S.) in Ecology and Environmental Science--University of Maine, 2007. / Includes vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 55-59).

Thesis--University of California. / Bibliography: p. 328-334.

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Wyoming, 2007. / Title from PDF title page (viewed on June 16, 2008). Includes bibliographical references (p. 69-74).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Washington State University, May 2009. / Title from PDF title page (viewed on June 3, 2009). "Department of Entomology." Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (M. Appl. Sc.) -- Lincoln University, 2008. / Also available via the World Wide Web.

No description available.