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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Fermentação alcoólica de hidrolisado de farelo de mandioca usando levedura Saccharomyces cerevisiae álcool resistente / Alcoholic fermentation of hydrolyzated cassava bagasse using alcohol resistant Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Ixthá Hasselmann Valeriano 10 December 2013 (has links)
Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / A matriz energética mundial é baseada em fontes fósseis e renováveis. No Brasil, o bioetanol é gerado principalmente a partir da cana-de-açúcar. Resíduos agroindustriais (fontes celulósicas ou amiláceas) despontam como biomassas alternativas à cana-de-açúcar, para aumentar a competitividade deste combustível renovável frente aos de origem fóssil e também favorecer a sustentabilidade e a segurança alimentar e energética, pois são ricos em polissacarídeos não diretamente fermentescíveis, abundantes (problema ambiental) e apresentam baixo valor comercial. O farelo de mandioca é um exemplo de resíduo sólido gerado na produção de fécula (amido) e farinha de mandioca que ainda contém, em média, 75% de amido. Consequentemente, deve ser previamente hidrolisado e posteriormente fermentado por leveduras do gênero Saccharomyces para gerar etanol. O objetivo deste estudo foi produzir bioetanol a partir de hidrolisados enzimáticos de farelo de mandioca, usando levedura álcool resistente (AR). Primeiramente, a concentração de açúcares obtida a partir da hidrólise enzimática foi verificada através de um planejamento fatorial completo (24), com triplicata no ponto central, a fim de investigar a influência dos seguintes fatores na hidrólise: concentração de α-amilase (Termamyl 2X), tempo de liquefação, concentração de glucoamilase (AMG 300L) e o tempo sacarificação. A condição de hidrólise mais favorável foi a do ensaio com 0,517 mL de AMG/g amido, 0,270 mL de Termamyl/g amido, 1h de tempo de liquefação e 2h de tempo de sacarificação. O caldo resultante da condição escolhida alcançou altas concentrações de glicose (160 g/L). Os ensaios de fermentação alcoólica foram realizados em duplicata em biorreator de 3L, em regime de batelada, a 30C, 100 rpm e pH 5,5. Cerca de 3 g/L (massa seca) de uma linhagem de levedura álcool tolerante, Saccharomyces cerevisiae Hansen BY4741, crescida por 12h em meio YEDP (2% de glicose) foram usados como inóculo. O mosto consistiu de um litro de hidrolisado (160 g/L de glicose) fortificado com extrato de levedura (1%) e peptona de carne (1%), além da adição de um antiespumante (Tween 80) na concentração de 0,05% (m/v). Em 30 horas de fermentação, a média da concentração de etanol obtida foi de 65 g/L. A eficiência foi de 87,6% e o rendimento e a produtividade foram 0,448 e 2,16 g/L.h, respectivamente. Os resultados indicaram a aplicabilidade do farelo de mandioca como matéria-prima para a produção de bioetanol / The world energy matrix is based on fossil and renewable sources. In Brazil, bioethanol is generated mainly from sugarcane. Agro-industrial wastes (cellulosic or starchy sources) emerge as an alternative to sugarcane biomass, in order to increase this renewable fuel competitiveness against fossil ones, and also promote sustainability, food security and energy security, because they are rich in polysaccharides (not directly fermentable), abundant (environmental problem), and have low commercial value. The cassava bagasse is an example of a solid waste originated from starch and cassava flour industries, which still contains on average 75% of starch. Consequently, it should be hydrolyzed and then fermented by Saccharomyces yeasts in order to generate ethanol. This study aimed to produce bioethanol from enzymatic hydrolysate of cassava bagasse, using alcohol resistant (AR) yeast. At first, the concentration of sugars obtained from enzymatic hydrolysis was verified using a full factorial design (24) with triplicate at the center point to investigate the influence of α-amylase concentration (Termamyl 2X), liquefaction time, glucoamylase concentration (AMG 300L), and saccharification time. The best condition of hydrolysis was 0,270 mL of Termamyl/g starch, 1h of liquefaction, 0,517 mL of AMG/g starch, and 2h of saccharification. The resultant syrup of the chosen condition achieves high levels of glucose (160 g/L). Alcoholic fermentation assays were performed in duplicate in a 3L bioreactor under batch regime at 30C, 100 rpm and pH 5.5. About 3 g/L (dry weight) of an alcohol tolerant yeast strain, Saccharomyces cerevisiae Hansen BY4741, grown for 12 h in YEDP medium (2% glucose), were used as inoculum. The fermentation broth consisted of one liter of hydrolysate (160 g/L of glucose) supplemented with yeast extract (1%) and meat peptone (1%), plus the addition of an antifoam (Tween 80) in a concentration of 0.05% (w/v). At 30 hours of fermentation, the average ethanol concentration obtained was 65 g/L. The efficiency was 87.6% and the yield and the productivity were, respectively, 0.448 and 2.16 g/L.h. The results indicated the applicability of cassava bagasse as raw material for bioethanol production
2

Fermentação alcoólica de hidrolisado de farelo de mandioca usando levedura Saccharomyces cerevisiae álcool resistente / Alcoholic fermentation of hydrolyzated cassava bagasse using alcohol resistant Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Ixthá Hasselmann Valeriano 10 December 2013 (has links)
Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / A matriz energética mundial é baseada em fontes fósseis e renováveis. No Brasil, o bioetanol é gerado principalmente a partir da cana-de-açúcar. Resíduos agroindustriais (fontes celulósicas ou amiláceas) despontam como biomassas alternativas à cana-de-açúcar, para aumentar a competitividade deste combustível renovável frente aos de origem fóssil e também favorecer a sustentabilidade e a segurança alimentar e energética, pois são ricos em polissacarídeos não diretamente fermentescíveis, abundantes (problema ambiental) e apresentam baixo valor comercial. O farelo de mandioca é um exemplo de resíduo sólido gerado na produção de fécula (amido) e farinha de mandioca que ainda contém, em média, 75% de amido. Consequentemente, deve ser previamente hidrolisado e posteriormente fermentado por leveduras do gênero Saccharomyces para gerar etanol. O objetivo deste estudo foi produzir bioetanol a partir de hidrolisados enzimáticos de farelo de mandioca, usando levedura álcool resistente (AR). Primeiramente, a concentração de açúcares obtida a partir da hidrólise enzimática foi verificada através de um planejamento fatorial completo (24), com triplicata no ponto central, a fim de investigar a influência dos seguintes fatores na hidrólise: concentração de α-amilase (Termamyl 2X), tempo de liquefação, concentração de glucoamilase (AMG 300L) e o tempo sacarificação. A condição de hidrólise mais favorável foi a do ensaio com 0,517 mL de AMG/g amido, 0,270 mL de Termamyl/g amido, 1h de tempo de liquefação e 2h de tempo de sacarificação. O caldo resultante da condição escolhida alcançou altas concentrações de glicose (160 g/L). Os ensaios de fermentação alcoólica foram realizados em duplicata em biorreator de 3L, em regime de batelada, a 30C, 100 rpm e pH 5,5. Cerca de 3 g/L (massa seca) de uma linhagem de levedura álcool tolerante, Saccharomyces cerevisiae Hansen BY4741, crescida por 12h em meio YEDP (2% de glicose) foram usados como inóculo. O mosto consistiu de um litro de hidrolisado (160 g/L de glicose) fortificado com extrato de levedura (1%) e peptona de carne (1%), além da adição de um antiespumante (Tween 80) na concentração de 0,05% (m/v). Em 30 horas de fermentação, a média da concentração de etanol obtida foi de 65 g/L. A eficiência foi de 87,6% e o rendimento e a produtividade foram 0,448 e 2,16 g/L.h, respectivamente. Os resultados indicaram a aplicabilidade do farelo de mandioca como matéria-prima para a produção de bioetanol / The world energy matrix is based on fossil and renewable sources. In Brazil, bioethanol is generated mainly from sugarcane. Agro-industrial wastes (cellulosic or starchy sources) emerge as an alternative to sugarcane biomass, in order to increase this renewable fuel competitiveness against fossil ones, and also promote sustainability, food security and energy security, because they are rich in polysaccharides (not directly fermentable), abundant (environmental problem), and have low commercial value. The cassava bagasse is an example of a solid waste originated from starch and cassava flour industries, which still contains on average 75% of starch. Consequently, it should be hydrolyzed and then fermented by Saccharomyces yeasts in order to generate ethanol. This study aimed to produce bioethanol from enzymatic hydrolysate of cassava bagasse, using alcohol resistant (AR) yeast. At first, the concentration of sugars obtained from enzymatic hydrolysis was verified using a full factorial design (24) with triplicate at the center point to investigate the influence of α-amylase concentration (Termamyl 2X), liquefaction time, glucoamylase concentration (AMG 300L), and saccharification time. The best condition of hydrolysis was 0,270 mL of Termamyl/g starch, 1h of liquefaction, 0,517 mL of AMG/g starch, and 2h of saccharification. The resultant syrup of the chosen condition achieves high levels of glucose (160 g/L). Alcoholic fermentation assays were performed in duplicate in a 3L bioreactor under batch regime at 30C, 100 rpm and pH 5.5. About 3 g/L (dry weight) of an alcohol tolerant yeast strain, Saccharomyces cerevisiae Hansen BY4741, grown for 12 h in YEDP medium (2% glucose), were used as inoculum. The fermentation broth consisted of one liter of hydrolysate (160 g/L of glucose) supplemented with yeast extract (1%) and meat peptone (1%), plus the addition of an antifoam (Tween 80) in a concentration of 0.05% (w/v). At 30 hours of fermentation, the average ethanol concentration obtained was 65 g/L. The efficiency was 87.6% and the yield and the productivity were, respectively, 0.448 and 2.16 g/L.h. The results indicated the applicability of cassava bagasse as raw material for bioethanol production
3

Modification of native and waste starch by depolymerization and cationization:utilization of modified starch in binding of heavy metal ions from an aqueous solution

Lappalainen, K. (Katja) 17 November 2015 (has links)
Abstract Starch is one of the most abundant polysaccharides found in nature and is widely utilized in various fields of industry. Due to the complex structure of native starch it is insoluble in most organic solvents and needs modification prior utilization. In this study, ionic liquids (ILs), modern green chemistry alternatives for common solvents were used as reaction media in starch modification. At first various starch species were depolymerized in 1-allyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([AMIM]Cl) with p-TsOH as a catalyst. Microwave activation or conventional bath heating were used as heating methods while HPLC-ELSD was used as an analytical method. All studied starch species depolymerized similarly into water-soluble starch oligomers while microwave activation shortened the depolymerization time considerably compared to oil bath heating. Barley starch was chosen for further experiments, in which various ILs were studied as potential media for starch dissolution and depolymerization. Results suggested that both the anion and the cation part of the IL had an effect on the dissolution and depolymerization of barley starch. After the depolymerization reactions, the depolymerized barley starch was further modified by cationization. [AMIM]Cl was used as the reaction media, microwave activation as the heating method while HPLC-ELSD, 1H NMR and elemental analysis were used as analytical methods. The modified products had DS values from 0.2 to 0.5 depending on the reaction conditions. The products were studied as potential binding agents for heavy metal ions which showed that moderately substituted modified starch (DS 0.4) could be used to bind Cu(II), Fe(III) and Zn(II) ions from an aqueous solution. Finally, potato peel waste was studied as an alternative starch source to produce cationized starch for wastewater purification. Peel waste was pre-treated by alkaline depolymerization after which it was cationized in a water solution to produce cationized products with DS from 0 to 0.35. The cationized peel waste products were studied preliminary as binding agents for Cu(II) ions from a water solution using ICP-OES as an analytical method. The results suggested that when the molar ratio between cationized waste starch and copper was 3:1, cationized waste starch was an effective binding agent for copper ions. / Tiivistelmä Tärkkelys on yksi yleisimmistä luonnossa esiintyvistä polysakkarideista. Sitä hyödynnetään useilla eri teollisuuden aloilla. Monimutkaisen rakenteensa vuoksi tärkkelys on liukenematon useimpiin orgaanisiin liuottimiin ja veteen, minkä vuoksi sitä täytyy modifioida ennen käyttöä. Tässä väitöstutkimuksessa tärkkelyksen modifioinnissa käytettiin ionisia nesteitä reaktioväliaineena. Tutkimuksen alussa eri tärkkelyslajeja depolymeroitiin 1-allyyli-3-metyyli-imidatsoliumkloridissa ([AMIM]Cl) katalyyttinä p-TsOH. Mikroaaltoaktivointia ja haudekuumennusta käytettiin vaihtoehtoisina lämmitysmenetelminä. Reaktion edistymistä ja tuotteiden muodostumista tutkittiin HPLC-ELSD -menetelmällä. Eri tärkkelyslajit depolymeroituivat samankaltaisesti vesiliukoisiksi, lyhytketjuisiksi tärkkelysoligomeereiksi. Mikroaaltoaktivointi lyhensi reaktioaikaa haudekuumennukseen verrattuna. Tutkimuksen seuraavassa vaiheessa tutkittiin ohratärkkelyksen liukoisuutta ja depolymeroitumista eri ionisissa nesteissä. Tulosten perusteella ionisen nesteen sekä anioni- että kationiosa vaikuttivat tärkkelyksen liukenemiseen. Depolymeroidun ohratärkkelyksen modifiointitutkimuksia jatkettiin [AMIM]Cl:ssa kationisoinnilla. Lämmitysmenetelmänä käytettiin mikroaaltoaktivointia. Tuotteet tutkittiin käyttäen alkuaineanalyysiä sekä HPLC-ELSD- että 1H NMR-tekniikoita. Kationisoitujen tuotteiden substituutioaste (DS) vaihteli reaktio-olosuhteista riippuen välillä 0.2–0.5. Saatuja tuotteita tutkittiin raskasmetalli-ionien sitomisessa vesiliuoksesta. Havaittiin, että kohtalaisesti substituoitu (DS 0.4) modifioitu tärkkelys sitoi Cu(II)-, Fe(III)- ja Zn(II)-ioneja vesiliuoksesta. Tutkimuksen loppuosassa tutkittiin perunan kuorijätettä vaihtoehtoisena tärkkelyslähteenä kationisoidun tärkkelyksen valmistamisessa. Kuorijäte esikäsiteltiin kuumentamalla se emäksisessä etanoliliuoksessa, minkä jälkeen sille suoritettiin kationisointi vesiliuoksessa. Kationisten tuotteiden substituutioasteet vaihtelivat välillä 0–0.35. Tuotteiden soveltuvuutta Cu(II)-ionien sitomiseen vesiliuoksesta tutkittiin ICP-OES -menetelmän avulla. Alustavien tulosten mukaan kationisoitu jätetärkkelys sitoi kupari-ioneja vedestä, kun tärkkelyksen ja kuparin moolisuhde oli 3:1.

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