Experiments were conducted to investigate the comparative effects of the nitrogen sources, poultry waste, urea or casein/fish meal on the microbial fermentation of carbohydrates in vitro and on in vivo glucose metabolism in sheep. In vitro studies An artificial rumen designed by Czerkawski and Breckenridge (1969) was used in the present study. A series of short term incubations were carried out in which starch or cellulose was incubated with casein, urea, poultry waste or casein + urea. These food combinations were isonitrogenous and had identical dry matter contents. An additional treatment containing grass cubes, hay and poultry waste was also studied. Control incubations were carried out in parallel with all treatment incubations. Nutrients used in control incubations were grass cubes and hay. The duration of each incubation was 61/2h. Fermentation parameters studied were, rate of gas production, pH, and concentrations of volatile fatty acids and ammonia. The fermentation of poultry waste with either of the carbohydrate sources gave rise to a higher volume of gas production than either casein or urea. Urea resulted in a reduction in the volume of gas in the incubation vessels and caused a much larger increase in pH of the incubation medium than did poultry waste. Using mixtures based on starch, the total gas produced in the medium containing poultry waste after 60 and 390 min. of incubation was 44% and 100% greater respectively than that produced from the medium containing casein. Similarly when poultry waste was fermented with cellulose, the total gas production after 60 and 390 min. was 59% and 108% greater respectively than that produced from the fermentation of cellulose + casein. The differences in gas production between urea and poultry waste or urea and casein were not quantified since urea resulted in a reduction in the volume of gas produced. From the starch and cellulose based diets, VFA production in the presence of poultry waste was greater than that from either casein or urea. At the end of incubation, production of VFA from the fermentation of starch + poultry waste was 1.5 or 3.5 times greater than that from starch + casein or starch + urea respectively. Similarly, for a mixture containing cellulose, VFA production in the presence of poultry waste was 2.3 or 6 times higher than that derived from casein or urea respectively. With both starch and cellulose, poultry waste maintained much lower concentrations of ammonia and much lower levels of pH than did urea but considerably higher than those observed with casein. Incubation of grass cubes and hay with poultry waste resulted in greater production of gas and VFA than that obtained from the controls (grass cubes and hay). In vivo studies The primed-continuous infusion technique of Steele et al. (1956) was used to study the comparative effects of poultry waste, urea or fish meal on glucose metabolism with 3 sheep using a 3 x 3 Latin square design. The animals were frequently fed during the experimental period and were maintained on medium quality high roughage diets. Although there were no significant changes in blood glucose level in sheep receiving different nitrogen supplements, the urea and poultry waste containing diets showed a tendency to give lower values than did the fish meal diet. Similarly overall mean insulin concentrations tended to be higher for the fish meal diet than those for the poultry waste or urea diet. Plasma levels of free fatty acid showed small differences between diets which were not significant. Irreversible loss of glucose, glucose pool size, glucose space were estimated. In three out of nine infusions plateau specific activity of glucose was achieved. Consequently, these parameters were calculated for two animals only on each of the dietary treatments. When a plateau glucose specific activity was not attained, the animals exhibited irregular feeding behaviour after about 3h. of infusion and blood analysis showed that they had unusually high levels of cortisol. Plasma glucose concentrations of these animals throughout the infusion period, varied considerably. It appears that uneven feeding behaviour resulted in large fluctuations in the plasma glucose concentrations and specific activity. The results of the in vitro study indicated that poultry waste is more efficient in promoting the utilization of both starch and cellulose than either urea or casein. Poultry waste also caused an improvement in the overall digestion of natural roughage feeds. It was not possible to draw firm conclusion on the results of in vivo experiments because, of the variable data. No significant differences were observed in the concentrations of plasma glucose, insulin, urea or free fatty acids between dietary treatments of fish meal, urea or poultry waste.

The thesis deals with waste management. The aim of the thesis is to describe and evaluate present waste legislation including amendmets to several waste management institutions and comparison to waste legislation of European Union. The thesis is divided into eight chapters. The first chapter focuses on introducing into general range of waste management. The second chapter deals with sources of law, both national and international. The third chapter describes the central term of waste management and of the thesis, i. e. waste, and presents its definition, exceptions from the definition and exception from regulation of the Waste Act 185/2001. The fourth chapter focuses on the waste hierarchy and explains it. The fifht chapter includes the waste management plans, and presents them in accordance with their importance in the hierarchy of waste management plans. The chapter explains content and meaning of the waste management plans. The sixth chapter refers subjects to the obligations given by Waste Act . At the end of the sixth chapter author mentions the matter of legal liability in case of the subjects being in breach of the obligations. The seventh chapter deals with all operations with waste, and divides them into waste prevention, means of waste handling according to waste hierarchy and other waste...

<div>There is an ever-increasing concern regarding electronic waste (e-waste), which is the fastest growing waste stream in the world. E-waste contains highly toxic materials such as halogenated flame retardants and heavy metals, as well as precious metals like gold, silver, and platinum. Its proper management and disposition are paramount. Incentivized by various legislations and the intrinsic value of critical metals inside, recycling of e-waste is becoming an attractive business opportunity that also benefits the environment. A novel electrochemical recovery (ER) process has been developed as a promising alternative to the existing pyrometallurgical and hydrometallurgical processes-based technologies to recover base metals, precious metals, and rare earth elements (REEs) from e-waste. Experimental results indicate that the ER process has lower chemical consumption, enhanced control, and reduced energy demand compared to the pyrometallurgical and the hydrometallurgical processes. To quantify and compare the environmental performances of the three technologies, life cycle analysis has been conducted. The baseline comparison used $1000 revenue from the e-waste recovery as a functional unit. Results show that the ER process outperforms the other two processes in almost all impact categories adopted in TRACI and ILCD while there is no clear winner between the hydrometallurgical and the pyrometallurgical processes. The life cycle analysis helped identify the significant inputs for different processes. The highest impactful input for the ER method is hydrochloric acid, and for the pyrometallurgical method is copper scrap, while for the hydrometallurgical method, it is hydrogen peroxide, an oxidizer that accelerates base metal extraction process that dominates the overall environmental footprint. Other than the baseline case, the environmental impacts of recovering REE from e-waste with different processes and from other method were studied. The results indicate REE recovered from e-waste has a lower environmental footprint than virgin extraction. Overall, the ER process has the lowest impacts on the environmental side among the three e-waste treatment processes. The environmental viability of the ER process warrants the further development of the ER process at industrial scale. <br></div><div><br></div>

A project report submitted to the Faculty of Engineering, University of the Witwatersrand, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Engineering. / The design of a waste handling system is closely related to the functioning of the manufacturing system that it serves. The study considered the design of a waste handling system at the factory Printpak Gravure in Industria. The system in use was considered cost inefficient, The system was examlned, operating variables were determined, A model of the system was constructed so that the effectiveness of alternative systems could be compared. The replacement system selected reduced machine downtime and resulted in a lower yearly operating cost. / Andrew Chakane 2018

MSc dissertation - Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment / Waste electrolyte from fluorine cells is a major waste problem for the fluorine chemical industry. Processes have to be developed to reduce, recycle and re-use the spent electrolyte that has up to now been stockpiled. This dissertation is a compilation of the research work that has been done to derive a process to treat waste electrolyte for re-use. Different conversion processes were investigated to develop a Waste Management plan for the fluorine generating facility in respect of the electrolyte. Gravity settling, centrifuging, filtration, the addition of KF.HF to the to the electrolyte to decrease the HF concentration in the electrolyte and consequently decrease the solubility of Fe, Cu and Ni and addition of NaOH to the electrolyte to convert soluble Fe to the insoluble triple salt were tested. Gravity settling and centrifuging were shown to produce the best solution. However, significant sedimentation of the insoluble metal impurities in the electrolyte is timeously. The implementation of sedimentation as an industrial separation process to purify waste electrolyte of excess metal impurities is therefore impractical. The results indicated that sparging molten electrolyte with N2 gas to remove HF (thus precipitating soluble Fe, Cu and Ni, and removing moisture to reduce corrosion of metal components), followed by sediment centrifuging, appears to be a practical basis for an industrial waste electrolyte treatment process. During an assessment carried out by the Economics Trends Research Group (ETRG) (3) at the University of Cape Town a strong argument was made for the need to direct companies in South Africa to address environmental concerns with high priority. In South Africa there is very little awareness of the concept of Clean Technology. Not only must the level of contamination be reduced before waste is released into the environment, but natural resources like water must be conserved, and energy consumption must be reduced. Public concern over degradation of the environment can no longer be ignored. Globally, the chemical industries are considered to be the main culprits in the degradation of the environment. The assessment carried out by the ETRG showed that the chemical industries are classed among the top 5 generators of toxic and hazardous waste in every country. The metallurgical sector (mining) is in most cases classed as the top waste generator. Development and implementation of technologies that are more efficient are not a matter of choice any more. Each new facility that is developed should meet the challenge of generating as little waste as possible. Unfortunately, many old industries and facilities did not focus on increasing efficiency and minimising waste. These old facilities experience a challenge now to develop technology to make them part of this Cleaner Production and Technology era. Cleaner Production implies generating less effluent or waste and recycling waste to be used as raw material in the same or another facility. Cleaner Production also concentrates on the increase of efficiency but this is often limited by the chemical properties of substances. This research was based on the ideas for implementation of Cleaner Production in the fluorine generation facility at Necsa. Waste reduction almost always implies investment in equipment and development of new technologies. However there is ample evidence to show that the cost of rehabilitation of contaminated environment is exceedingly high in comparison with the precautionary steps taken to prevent contamination. Waste/Effluent Management have become new buzz words in the industrial environment.

This research examines the environmental parameters associated with the production and delivery of building materials in the U.K. in 1991. Using primary data supplied from commercial sources, an eco-profile is produced for each material by calculating the gross inputs of energy and raw materials and gross outputs of solid waste, air and water emissions. The production sequences are traced from raw materials in the ground through to the final product and extend to include transport operations and the production and delivery of fuels and ancillary materials. The results are used to complete eco-profiles for the construction of a three bedroom bungalow house and a four bedroom two storey detached house. It is shown that per square metre of floor space, the construction of the two storey detached house produces considerable reductions in the burdens on the enviromnent. Eco-profiles are used to compare the environmental burdens associated with alternative building materials. The effect of alternative building materials on the eco-profiles of house construction is discussed. It is shown that significant reductions in the gross inputs and outputs maybe made by substituting dense concrete blocks for clay bricks.

Digitized by Kansas Correctional Industries

Digitized by Kansas Correctional Industries

No description available.

A safe treatment and disposal of spent Tri-Structural Isotropic (TRISO) coated fuel particles is one of the most important issues for developing the next generation of nuclear reactors, such as a Very High Temperature Reactor (VHTR). The project investigates the encapsulation of surrogated TRISO particles in Glass-Graphite Composite (GGC) and in Alumina Borosilicate Glass (ALBG) and compares their geological performance in the repository. The study deals with the assessment and performance of both matrices in a geological repository's conditions, measuring their chemical durability for 28 days at temperatures ranging 25-90°C and using American Standard for Testing Material (ASTM-C1220-98). The leach test revealed that only sintered ALBG with TRISO particles doped in cesium oxide could provide a safe Engineering Barrier System (EBS). The thermal property of the matrices was examined by measuring their thermal diffusivities. The thermal diffusivity of ALBG bearing various proportions of TRISO particles was measured experimentally using Laser Flash Analysis (LFA). The experimental results validated through a numerical method using Image Based Modelling (IBM). The effect of the porosity in decreasing the thermal diffusivity of TRISO particles was also discussed. In addition, the study deals with the immobilisation of ion exchange resins (doped with radioactive and non-radioactive cesium and cobalt) in borosilicate glass. The thermal analysis revealed that a successful immobilisation could be achieved once the sulfur functional group in the resin was decomposed and evaporated in a form of SO2/SO. The minimum required temperature of the heat treatment was 500°C under air environment as a pre-conditioning stage before immobilisation.