Thesis (MTech (Environmental Management))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2010 / Freshwater scarcity and river pollution has become a serious challenge for governments and scientists. Worldwide, governments have a responsibility to provide their populations with enough clean water for their domestic needs. Scientists will have an enormous task to find a way to purify polluted water, because of its vital role in human lives and an increasing demand for water consumption due to population growth. Although the water from the Bottelary River is used on a daily basis for farming activities, its pollution level as well as spatial distribution of effluents in the catchment is unknown. In the present study, I took monthly water samples from six sampling points for laboratory analysis. The laboratory determined concentration levels of phosphorous, chloride, nitrate, and nitrate nitrogen (N03N), as well as the chemical oxygen demand (COD) and suspended solids from the samples. On the same occasion's pH, dissolved oxygen, electrical conductivity and temperature were measured in-situ using a multi-parameter reader. The results were then compared with the South African Water Quality Guidelines for Aquatic Ecosystems and for irrigation (DWAF, 1996a, 1996c). The non-point pollution source (NPS) model was used to generate predictions of the pollution level from the land-uses and use the data obtained from the field to validate the model predictions. Finally, I performed a two-factorial A One-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) without replication to assess the spatial and temporal variation of the measured variables along the river. The findings of the study have shown that the concentration levels of some compounds are below the Target Water Quality Range (TWQR) set by the Department of Water Affairs and Forestry (DWAF, 1996a, 1996b, 1996c) while, the concentrations of chloride, total nitrogen and water quality variables such as electrical conductivity, suspended solids, are higher than the TWQR (DWAF, 1996a, 1996b, 1996c). Based on the above findings water of the Bottelary River can have negative effects on the environment and human lives because of the concentration level of these compounds. It was therefore recommended that, environmentally friendly measures and practices must be undertaken in order to decrease the pollution and avoid further pollution of the river.

São Roque situa-se a 60 km de São Paulo, em uma região composta por serras e morros. A hidrografia do município é composta por bacias tributárias do Rio Tietê. A cidade se desenvolveu às margens dos córregos Aracaí e Carambeí, cujos leitos fluem em margens canalizadas até o deságue no Ribeirão Guaçu. Estes córregos, bem como o Ribeirão do Marmeleiro, encaminham resíduos, detritos e todo o volume de águas pluviais ao Ribeirão Guaçu. Em 2017, foi instalada no município uma estação de tratamento de esgoto visando a melhoria das condições de saneamento na região. Diante disso, este trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar as relações hidroquímicas quanto ao estado de trofia e demais impactos antrópicos na qualidade das águas do Ribeirão Guaçu, São Roque, SP, de modo espacial e temporal, mediante abordagem integrada de multitraçadores ambientais, situando a qualidade da microbacia hidrográfica pré e pós instalação de um sistema de coleta e tratamento de esgoto. Para avaliar a qualidade das águas dos corpos hídricos, foram efetuadas amostragens bimestrais de água superficial, obedecendo às épocas de chuva e de seca. Foram selecionados sete locais estrategicamente escolhidos e georreferenciados. As análises foram realizadas de acordo com os métodos analíticos baseados no Standard Methods for Examination of Water and Wastewater. Foram analisados parâmetros físicos, químicos e microbiológicos, sendo os resultados comparados com os valores permitidos por lei. O IQA foi empregado a fim de se obter um panorama sobre a qualidade hídrica da microbacia em função da sazonalidade e um comparativo entre o período pré e pós-operação da ETE. Os pontos Marmeleiro e Guaçu 4 apresentaram maior influência antrópica. Todos os pontos analisados demonstraram-se comprometidos com contaminantes microbiológicos. Em relação aos físicos e químicos, diversos pontos apresentaram inconformidades. / São Roque is located 60 km from São Paulo, in a region composed of hills. The hydrography of the municipality is composed of tributary basins of the Tietê River. The city developed on the margins of the streams of Aracaí and Carambeí, whose channels channeled flows until the drain in the Guaçu River. These streams, as well as Marmeleiro River, send waste, debris and all the volume of rainwater to the Guaçu River. In 2017, a sewage treatment plant was installed in the municipality aiming to improve the sanitation conditions in the region. The objective of this work was to evaluate the hydrochemical relationships regarding trophic status and other anthropic impacts in the water quality of the Guaçu River, São Roque, SP, in a spatial and temporal way, through an integrated approach of environmental multipliers, placing the quality of the hydrographic microbasin pre and post installation of a sewage collection and treatment system. In order to evaluate the water quality of the water bodies, bimonthly sampling of surface water was carried out, obeying rain and dry seasons. Seven strategically chosen and geo-referenced sites were selected. The analyzes shall be carried out in accordance with analytical methods based on the Standard Methods for Examination of Water and Wastewater. Physical, chemical and microbiological parameters were analyzed, and the results were compared with the values allowed by law. The WQI was used in order to obtain an overview of the water quality of the microbasin according to the seasonality and a comparison between the pre and post-operation period of the STS. The collect points Marmeleiro and Guaçu 4 presented greater anthropic influence. All analyzed points were shown to be compromised with microbiological contaminants. Regarding physicochemicals, several points presented nonconformities.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Joint Program in Oceanography, Massachusetts Institute of Technology/Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 1997. / Includes bibliographical references. / by Örjan Gustafsson. / Ph.D.

De um total de 402 propriedades rurais do Município de Botucatu, S.P. que tinham entre suas atividades a exploração pecuária, foram sorteadas 60 (15 por cento ) pelo processo de amostragem probabilística simples. Nestas 60 propriedades localizou-se 113 bebedouros que eram os mais utilizados pelos animais para sua dessedentação. Foram colhidas amostras de água destes bebedouros visando a pesquisa de bactérias do gênero SaLmonella, a determinação do Número Mais Provável (NMP) de bactérias coliformes fecais e a verificação do pH. Antes da coleta das amostras procedia-se a medida da temperatura da água. Obteve-se isolamento positivo para salmonelas nas amostras de água de 15 (13,27 por cento ) bebedouros correspondentes a 12 (20 por cento ) das 60 propriedades visitadas, identificando-se os seguintes sorotipos: S. dublin, S. newport, S. madelia, S. IV 43:g,z57:-, S. sphra, S. glostrup, S IV ochsenzool e S. I 9,12:i:-. Das 113 amostras de água analisadas, 14(12,39 por cento ) apresentaram-se com NMP/100 ml de coliformes fecais acima de 4000. Não foi constatada associação entre o isolamento positivo de salmonelas e NMP/100 ml de coliformes fecais acima de 4000. A positividade maior parao isolamento de salmonelas e o NMP/100 ml de coliformes fecais acima de 4000 deu-se em temperaturas superiores a 18°C. Quanto ao pH, em ambas as situações a positividade maior ocorreu entre 6,0 e 7,0. / Sixty small farms from the Municipality of Botucatu*, that are dedicated to cattle breeding were studied. These farms represent 15 per cent of the 402 farms that exist in the Municipality. The sample was drawn by simple probabilistic technique. On the farms one hundred and thirteen drinking p1aces were localized. Samples of water were taken from these drinking places and examined for bacteria of the genus Salmonella, for the determination of Most Probable Number (MPN) of fetal coliform bacteria as well as determination of the water\'s pH. Temperature of water was measured before collection. Samples of 15 drinking places (13.27 per cent ) were positive for Salmonella. The drinking places belonged to 12 of the sixty farms studied (20 per cent ). The following serotypes were identified: S. dublin, S. newpoPt, S. madeZia, S. IV 43: g,z57:-, S .saphra, S. glostrup, S. IV ochsenzool e S.I9,12:i:-. Of the 113 samples studied 14 (12.39 per cent ) presented MPN/100 ml of fecal coliforms above 4000. There was no relatiotiship between MPN/100 ml of fecal coliforms above 4000 and positivity for Salmonella. Highest positivity for Salmonella and MPN/lOOml of fecal coliforms over 4000 both occured at temperatures that were higher than 18ºC. Regarding pH, both situation occured at pH between 6.0 and 7.0. * São Paulo, Brazil.

by Wong On Nei. / Thesis submitted in: October 2004. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2005. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 101-116). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / ABSTRACT --- p.ii / 摘要 --- p.iv / ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS --- p.vi / TABLE OF CONTENTS --- p.vii / LIST OF TABLES --- p.xi / LIST OF FIGURES --- p.xiii / Chapter CHAPTER ONE --- INTRODUCTION --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Background --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Lethal and sublethal effects of SS on fish --- p.2 / Chapter 1.2.1 --- Biological effects --- p.2 / Chapter 1.2.2 --- Molecular biomarkers --- p.3 / Chapter 1.2.2.1 --- Acetylcholinesterase activity inhibition assay --- p.4 / Chapter 1.2.2.2 --- Induction of cytochrome P450 mRNA --- p.5 / Chapter 1.2.2.3 --- Induction of metallothionein mRNA --- p.6 / Chapter 1.2.3 --- Study on CYP1A and MT expression / induction --- p.8 / Chapter 1.2.3.1 --- Reverse Transcription (RT) --- p.8 / Chapter 1.2.3.2 --- Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) --- p.8 / Chapter 1.3 --- Objectives --- p.11 / Chapter CHAPTER TWO --- MATERIALS AND METHODS --- p.13 / Chapter 2.1 --- Study sites --- p.13 / Chapter 2.2 --- Sediment --- p.15 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Sediment samples collection --- p.15 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Sediment handling --- p.15 / Chapter 2.2.3 --- Sediment dry-wet (w/w) ratio measurement --- p.15 / Chapter 2.2.4 --- Heavy metal content analysis --- p.16 / Chapter 2.2.5 --- Organic content analysis --- p.16 / Chapter 2.3 --- Test organism --- p.17 / Chapter 2.4 --- Bioassays --- p.17 / Chapter 2.4.1 --- 10-day exposure treatments --- p.17 / Chapter 2.4.1.1 --- Experimental setup --- p.17 / Chapter 2.4.1.2 --- Procedure --- p.21 / Chapter 2.4.1.3 --- Tissue sample collection --- p.22 / Chapter 2.4.2 --- 30-day exposure treatments --- p.22 / Chapter 2.4.2.1 --- Behavioural observations --- p.23 / Chapter 2.4.2.2 --- Tissue sample collection --- p.23 / Chapter 2.5 --- Molecular Biomarkers --- p.25 / Chapter 2.5.1 --- Tested samples --- p.25 / Chapter 2.5.2 --- Acetylcholinesterase activity inhibition assay --- p.25 / Chapter 2.5.2.1 --- Acetylcholinesterase activity assay --- p.25 / Chapter 2.5.2.2 --- BioRad Bradford assay --- p.26 / Chapter 2.5.2.3 --- Calculation of specific enzyme activity --- p.26 / Chapter 2.5.3 --- Study on CYP1A and MT expression / induction --- p.27 / Chapter 2.5.3.1 --- Gill and liver tissue samples --- p.27 / Chapter 2.5.3.2 --- Preparation of ribonuclease free reagents and apparatus --- p.27 / Chapter 2.5.3.3 --- Isolation of total RNA --- p.27 / Chapter 2.5.3.4 --- Spectrophotometric analyses of DNA and RNA --- p.28 / Chapter 2.5.3.5 --- First strand cDNA synthesis --- p.28 / Chapter 2.5.3.6 --- Cloning and sequencing of CYP1A and MT gene --- p.29 / Chapter 2.5.3.7 --- RT-PCR co-amplification of CYP1A and 18S rRNA --- p.34 / Chapter 2.5.3.8 --- Real-time RT-PCR --- p.36 / Chapter CHAPTER THREE --- RESULTS --- p.39 / Chapter 3.1 --- Sediment chemistry --- p.39 / Chapter 3.1.1 --- Sediment dry-wet (w/w) ratio --- p.39 / Chapter 3.1.2 --- Heavy metal content of sediments --- p.39 / Chapter 3.1.3 --- Levels of total PCBs and PAHs in sediment --- p.39 / Chapter 3.2 --- Monitoring of test conditions --- p.42 / Chapter 3.3 --- Bioassays --- p.42 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- Survivorship --- p.42 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- Growth --- p.46 / Chapter 3.3.3 --- Feeding rate --- p.51 / Chapter 3.3.4 --- Behaviour --- p.54 / Chapter 3.3.5 --- Sediment clogging --- p.59 / Chapter 3.3.6 --- Body lesions --- p.59 / Chapter 3.3.7 --- Abnormal behaviour --- p.59 / Chapter 3.4 --- Molecular biomarkers --- p.63 / Chapter 3.4.1 --- Acetylcholinesterase activity inhibition assay --- p.63 / Chapter 3.4.2 --- Cloning and sequencing of CYP1A and MT gene --- p.66 / Chapter 3.4.3 --- RT-PCR co-amplification of CYP1A and 18S rRNA --- p.73 / Chapter 3.4.4 --- Real-time RT-PCR --- p.77 / Chapter CHAPTER FOUR --- DISCUSSION --- p.84 / Chapter 4.1 --- Sediment chemistry --- p.84 / Chapter 4.2 --- Biological responses --- p.85 / Chapter 4.3 --- Molecular biomarkers --- p.91 / Chapter 4.3.1 --- Acetylcholinesterase activity inhibition assay --- p.91 / Chapter 4.3.2 --- Cloning and sequencing of CYP1A and MT gene --- p.93 / Chapter 4.3.3 --- RT-PCR co-amplification of CYP1A and 18S rRNA --- p.93 / Chapter 4.3.4 --- Real-time RT-PCR --- p.95 / Chapter 4.4 --- Recommendations --- p.99 / Chapter 4.5 --- Conclusions --- p.100 / REFERENCES --- p.101 / APPENDIX --- p.117

Pak Ah Pan. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2006. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 149-158). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / ABSTRACT --- p.ii / 摘要 --- p.vi / ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS --- p.vii / TABLE OF CONTENTS --- p.ix / LIST OF TABLES --- p.xiv / LIST OF FIGURES --- p.xvi / Chapter CHAPTER ONE --- LITERATURE REVIEWS --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1. --- Sediment pollution problems --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2. --- Effects of suspended sediments (SS) on aquatic biota --- p.3 / Chapter 1.3. --- Histopathological biomarkers in fish --- p.7 / Chapter CHAPTER TWO --- INTRODUCTION --- p.20 / Chapter CHAPTER THREE --- MATERIALS AND METHODS --- p.23 / Chapter 3.1. --- Sediments --- p.23 / Chapter 3.1.1. --- Sediment sampling sites --- p.23 / Chapter 3.1.2. --- Sediment collection and handling --- p.25 / Chapter 3.1.3. --- Chemical analysis of sediments --- p.25 / Chapter 3.2. --- Collection and maintenance of fish --- p.26 / Chapter 3.3. --- Sediment bioassays for groupers (E. coioides) --- p.28 / Chapter 3.3.1. --- Preparation of suspended sediments (SS) --- p.28 / Chapter 3.3.2. --- Experimental design --- p.30 / Chapter 3.3.2.1. --- 10-day exposure experiment --- p.30 / Chapter 3.3.2.2. --- 30-day exposure experiment --- p.31 / Chapter 3.3.2.3. --- Time-course and recovery experiment --- p.33 / Chapter 3.3.3. --- Measurement of oxygen consumption and ventilation rates --- p.33 / Chapter 3.4. --- "Tissue sample collection, preparation and examinations" --- p.35 / Chapter 3.4.1. --- Study of sediment clogging --- p.35 / Chapter 3.4.2. --- Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) study --- p.37 / Chapter 3.4.3. --- Histopathological investigations --- p.38 / Chapter 3.4.3.1. --- Histopathology of gills --- p.40 / Chapter 3.4.3.2. --- Histopathology of liver --- p.40 / Chapter 3.4.3.3. --- Histopathology of kidney --- p.41 / Chapter 3.5. --- Sediment bioassays for seabreams (A. schlegeli) --- p.42 / Chapter 3.6. --- Statistical analysis --- p.43 / Chapter CHAPTER FOUR --- RESULTS --- p.44 / Chapter 4.1. --- Chemical analysis of sediments --- p.44 / Chapter 4.2. --- Physicochemical parameters --- p.47 / Chapter 4.3. --- Sediment bioassays for groupers (E. coioides) --- p.49 / Chapter 4.3.1. --- Feeding rate --- p.49 / Chapter 4.3.2. --- Growth rate --- p.49 / Chapter 4.3.3. --- Sediment clogging --- p.53 / Chapter 4.3.4. --- Survival rates --- p.53 / Chapter 4.3.5. --- Oxygen consumption rate and ventilation rate --- p.56 / Chapter 4.3.6. --- SEM study --- p.56 / Chapter 4.3.7. --- Histopathological investigations --- p.64 / Chapter 4.3.7.1. --- Histopathology of gills --- p.64 / Chapter 4.3.7.2. --- Histopathology of liver --- p.82 / Chapter 4.3.7.3. --- Histopathology of kidney --- p.94 / Chapter 4.4. --- Sediment bioassays for seabreams (A. schlegeli) --- p.113 / Chapter 4.4.1. --- Survival rates --- p.113 / Chapter 4.4.2. --- Histopathological investigations of gills and liver --- p.113 / Chapter CHAPTER FIVE --- DISCUSSION --- p.122 / Chapter 5.1. --- Hypoxic effects of SS on histopathology --- p.122 / Chapter 5.2. --- Synergistic effects between SS and chemical --- p.126 / Chapter 5.3. --- Effects of gill impairment on biological responses --- p.131 / Chapter 5.4. --- Reparability of histopathological alterations --- p.135 / Chapter 5.5. --- Species differences in sensitivity to SS --- p.135 / Chapter 5.6 --- Recommendation --- p.136 / Chapter CHAPTER SIX --- CONCLUSION --- p.138 / APPENDICES --- p.140 / REFERENCES --- p.149

by Tse Ching Yee Carol. / Thesis submitted in: September 2005. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2006. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 75-90). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Abstract --- p.ii / 摘要 --- p.iv / Acknowledgments --- p.vi / Table of contents --- p.vii / List of tables X / List of figures --- p.xii / Chapter 1.0 --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Sediment pollution in Hong Kong --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Impact of suspended sediment on fish --- p.2 / Chapter 1.3 --- Biochemical responses to pollution --- p.3 / Chapter 1.3.1 --- Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) --- p.4 / Chapter 1.3.2 --- Creatine kinase (CK) --- p.5 / Chapter 1.3.3 --- Ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase (EROD) --- p.6 / Chapter 1.3.4 --- DNA damage --- p.8 / Chapter 1.4 --- Study of recovery --- p.10 / Chapter 1.5 --- Objectives and significances --- p.11 / Chapter 2.0 --- Materials and Methods --- p.13 / Chapter 2.1 --- Study sites --- p.13 / Chapter 2.2 --- Sediments collection and handling --- p.13 / Chapter 2.3 --- Measurement of heavy metals and organic contents of sediment --- p.15 / Chapter 2.4 --- Exposure tests --- p.16 / Chapter 2.4.1 --- Test organisms --- p.16 / Chapter 2.4.2 --- 10- and 30-day exposure experiments --- p.18 / Chapter 2.4.3 --- 20-day exposure and recovery experiment --- p.19 / Chapter 2.5 --- Biochemical responses --- p.19 / Chapter 2.5.1 --- "Aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and creatine kinase (CK) activities" --- p.19 / Chapter 2.5.2 --- Ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase activity (EROD) --- p.20 / Chapter 2.5.3 --- DNA damage --- p.21 / Chapter 2.5.4 --- Statistical analysis --- p.22 / Chapter 3.0 --- Results --- p.24 / Chapter 3.1 --- Physical and chemical parameters --- p.24 / Chapter 3.2 --- Pollutants in sediment --- p.24 / Chapter 3.3 --- Mortality --- p.28 / Chapter 3.4 --- Biochemical responses --- p.31 / Chapter 3.4.1 --- 10- and 30-day exposure experiments --- p.31 / Chapter 3.4.2 --- 20-day exposure and recovery experiments --- p.50 / Chapter 4.0 --- Discussion --- p.58 / Chapter 4.1 --- "Sediment pollution at Port Shelter, Mirs Bay and Victoria Harbor" --- p.58 / Chapter 4.2 --- Biochemical responses --- p.59 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- 10- and 30-day exposure experiments --- p.59 / Chapter 4.2.1.1 --- "AST, ALT and CK" --- p.59 / Chapter 4.2.1.2 --- EROD --- p.63 / Chapter 4.2.1.3 --- DNA damage --- p.67 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- 20-day exposure and recovery experiments --- p.69 / Chapter 5.0 --- Recommendations and conclusions --- p.73 / References --- p.75 / Appendix --- p.91

Guan, Lijie. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2011. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 139-161). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Acknowledgements --- p.i / Table of contents --- p.vii / List of Figures --- p.X / List of Tables --- p.xiii / Abbreviations --- p.xiv / Chapter 1. --- INTRODUCTION --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Source and Fate of Pharmaceuticals in the Environment --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Occurrence of Pharmaceuticals --- p.2 / Chapter 1.2.1 --- Wastewater --- p.2 / Chapter 1.2.2 --- Sewage sludge and soil --- p.5 / Chapter 1.2.3 --- "Surface water, ground water and seawater" --- p.6 / Chapter 1.2.4 --- Drinking water --- p.9 / Chapter 1.3 --- Effects on the Environment --- p.11 / Chapter 1.3.1 --- Antibiotic resistance --- p.11 / Chapter 1.3.2 --- Ecotoxicity on the aquatic organisms --- p.14 / Chapter 1.4 --- Removal in the Environment --- p.19 / Chapter 1.4.1 --- Adsorption --- p.20 / Chapter 1.4.2 --- Photodegradation and hydrolysis --- p.22 / Chapter 1.4.3 --- Biodegradation --- p.23 / Chapter 1.5 --- Analytical Method of Pharmaceuticals in Environmental Samples --- p.25 / Chapter 1.5.1 --- Solid-phase extraction --- p.25 / Chapter 1.5.2 --- Liquid chromatography mass spectrometry --- p.30 / Chapter 1.6 --- Objectives and Outline of Thesis --- p.33 / Chapter 2 --- OCCURRENCE AND FATE OF SELECTED PHARMCEUTICALS IN STPS --- p.35 / Chapter 2.1 --- Introduction --- p.35 / Chapter 2.2 --- Materials and Methods --- p.36 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Choice of pharmaceuticals for study --- p.36 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Description of sewage treatment plants (STPs) --- p.41 / Chapter 2.2.3 --- Experimental approach --- p.49 / Chapter 2.3 --- Results and Discussion --- p.55 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- Occurrence of azithromycin --- p.55 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- Fate of azithromycin --- p.59 / Chapter 2.3.3 --- Occurrence of erythromycin --- p.63 / Chapter 2.3.4 --- Fate of erythromycin --- p.67 / Chapter 2.3.5 --- Occurrence of roxithromycin --- p.70 / Chapter 2.3.6 --- Fate of roxithromycin --- p.74 / Chapter 2.3.7 --- Occurrence of atenolol --- p.75 / Chapter 2.3.8 --- Fate of atenolol --- p.79 / Chapter 2.3.9 --- Occurrence of simvastatin --- p.81 / Chapter 2.3.10 --- Fate of simvastatin --- p.84 / Chapter 2.3.11 --- Fate of pharmaceuticals during different treatment process --- p.85 / Chapter 2.3.12 --- Contribution of industrial (manufacturing) plants to STPs --- p.87 / Chapter 2.3.13 --- Seasonal variation --- p.87 / Chapter 2.4 --- Summary --- p.90 / Chapter 3 --- EFFECTS OF PHARMACEUTICALS ON ACTIVATED SLUDGE BACTERIA --- p.91 / Chapter 3.1 --- Introduction --- p.91 / Chapter 3.2 --- Materials and Methods --- p.92 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Growth inhibition test --- p.92 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Nitrification inhibition test --- p.94 / Chapter 3.3 --- Results and Discussion --- p.96 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- Growth inhibition of activated sludge bacteria --- p.96 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- Inhibition of nitrifying bacteria --- p.102 / Chapter 4 --- BIODEGRADATION PATHWAYS OF FOUR PHARMACEUTICALS --- p.106 / Chapter 4.1 --- Introduction --- p.106 / Chapter 4.2 --- Materials and Methods --- p.107 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- Test procedures --- p.107 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- Detection method --- p.108 / Chapter 4.3 --- Results and Discussion --- p.109 / Chapter 4.3.1 --- Degradation of atenolol --- p.109 / Chapter 4.3.2 --- Degradation of azithromycin --- p.117 / Chapter 4.3.3 --- Degradation of erythromycin --- p.129 / Chapter 4.3.4 --- Degradation of roxithromycin --- p.133 / Chapter 4.4 --- Summary --- p.134 / Chapter 5 --- GENERAL CONCLUSIONS --- p.136 / References --- p.139

De um total de 402 propriedades rurais do Município de Botucatu, S.P. que tinham entre suas atividades a exploração pecuária, foram sorteadas 60 (15 por cento ) pelo processo de amostragem probabilística simples. Nestas 60 propriedades localizou-se 113 bebedouros que eram os mais utilizados pelos animais para sua dessedentação. Foram colhidas amostras de água destes bebedouros visando a pesquisa de bactérias do gênero SaLmonella, a determinação do Número Mais Provável (NMP) de bactérias coliformes fecais e a verificação do pH. Antes da coleta das amostras procedia-se a medida da temperatura da água. Obteve-se isolamento positivo para salmonelas nas amostras de água de 15 (13,27 por cento ) bebedouros correspondentes a 12 (20 por cento ) das 60 propriedades visitadas, identificando-se os seguintes sorotipos: S. dublin, S. newport, S. madelia, S. IV 43:g,z57:-, S. sphra, S. glostrup, S IV ochsenzool e S. I 9,12:i:-. Das 113 amostras de água analisadas, 14(12,39 por cento ) apresentaram-se com NMP/100 ml de coliformes fecais acima de 4000. Não foi constatada associação entre o isolamento positivo de salmonelas e NMP/100 ml de coliformes fecais acima de 4000. A positividade maior parao isolamento de salmonelas e o NMP/100 ml de coliformes fecais acima de 4000 deu-se em temperaturas superiores a 18°C. Quanto ao pH, em ambas as situações a positividade maior ocorreu entre 6,0 e 7,0. / Sixty small farms from the Municipality of Botucatu*, that are dedicated to cattle breeding were studied. These farms represent 15 per cent of the 402 farms that exist in the Municipality. The sample was drawn by simple probabilistic technique. On the farms one hundred and thirteen drinking p1aces were localized. Samples of water were taken from these drinking places and examined for bacteria of the genus Salmonella, for the determination of Most Probable Number (MPN) of fetal coliform bacteria as well as determination of the water\'s pH. Temperature of water was measured before collection. Samples of 15 drinking places (13.27 per cent ) were positive for Salmonella. The drinking places belonged to 12 of the sixty farms studied (20 per cent ). The following serotypes were identified: S. dublin, S. newpoPt, S. madeZia, S. IV 43: g,z57:-, S .saphra, S. glostrup, S. IV ochsenzool e S.I9,12:i:-. Of the 113 samples studied 14 (12.39 per cent ) presented MPN/100 ml of fecal coliforms above 4000. There was no relatiotiship between MPN/100 ml of fecal coliforms above 4000 and positivity for Salmonella. Highest positivity for Salmonella and MPN/lOOml of fecal coliforms over 4000 both occured at temperatures that were higher than 18ºC. Regarding pH, both situation occured at pH between 6.0 and 7.0. * São Paulo, Brazil.

A dissertation submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Environmental Science. with Witwatersrand University, Johannesburg, South Africa, (School of Geography, Archaeological and Environmental Science within the Faculty of Science) 2nd June 2017. / Hydraulic fracturing in the Karoo is said to be a game changer of energy sector in South Africa, but it is said to pose potential groundwater contamination. Therefore the aim of the study was to investigate the extent to which current institutional set up in South Africa can deal and address potential environmental challenges that are associated to fracking. The study was particularly interested in investigating the institutional capabilities in the context of water management. The literature review of this study showed that water resource is a major environmental concern that revolves around hydraulic fracturing, including the water resources use and potential contamination. In addition, it should be considered that hydraulic fracturing is a new mining process in South Africa and Africa as a whole with controversial mining techniques and environmental impacts involved within this process. The review indicates that the biggest issue with proposed hydraulic fracking mining process in the Karoo is if the South African Government has taken into consideration the resources, infrastructures and skills to execute the process successfully. The literature asserts that even if proper enforcement of any regulations on this rapidly expanding industry will still be difficult as the regulation is insufficient due to certain explicit exemptions. In South Africa, the starting point for hydraulic fracturing and the associated regulations that governs fracking, is the recognition of an argument that South Africa does not possess any fracking specific laws, guidelines or even polices. Research participants were asked to give their views on the research topic by answering the semi structured interview questions. Data from the semi-structured interviews and literature review was analysed and discussed to address the research questions. The results of the investigation confirmed that there was no any legislation in place to govern this mining process in South Africa. Currently there are legislations which are under review and development to also address hydraulic fracking and the protection of water resources. The government should also involve other research institutes in the drafting and decision making of the legal institute governing hydraulic fracking to ensure that all gaps are identified before fracking can be permitted in the Karoo. / MT 2017