This thesis deal with utilization unconventional beam technology (LASER/ water jet) in machine. The aim works is analysis technological possibility method laser and analysis technological possibility method water jet. Further aim of this work is mutual trade-off of the both methods unconventional beam technology and technical economic interpretation.

This diploma thesis deals with the unconventional technology of cutting water jet. The aim of this thesis is analysis of technological possibilities of water jet, possible operating modes (techniques) and entering technological data and influence of technical parameters on quality and accuracy of cutting. The thesis contains several experiment at which was examined achieved quality and accuracy of cuts, and simultaneously there is solved technoeconomic evaluation of this technology.

The Apollo Command Module had a tendency to flip over upon impact with the ocean surface after returning from space (9/19 times). In an effort to better characterize the inversion process for future water landing vehicles, experimental results for a simplified buoyant cylindrical puck impacting the water surface are presented. This study focuses on the dependence of inversion upon vertical velocity, horizontal velocity, and the pitch angle of the puck relative to the free surface. High-speed images reveal an asymmetric cavity that forms upon water impact. The asymmetric cavity then collapses, applying a moment, which can be sufficient to invert the puck after impact. Increasing the vertical velocity increases the likelihood of inversion. The puck never flipped over below a vertical velocity of 3.75 m/s. Increasing the horizontal velocity also slightly increases the likelihood of inversion. However, the largest effect of increasing horizontal velocity is to shift the range of impact angles for which the puck will invert to lower angles. The buoyant cylindrical puck used in this study requires a higher Froude number (4.34) to invert than previous geometries which have been studied.

Two new mechanisms of droplet splashing and breakup during impact have been identified and analyzed. One is the internal rupture of spreading droplet film through formation of holes, and the other is the splashing of droplet due to its freezing during spreading. The mechanism of film rupture was investigated by two different methods. In the first method, circular water films were produced by directing a 1 mm diameter water jet onto a flat, horizontal plate for 10 ms. In the second method, films were produced by making 0.6 mm water droplets impact a solid surface mounted on the rim of a rotating flywheel. Substrate wettability was varied over a wide range, including superhydrophobic. In both cases, the tendency to film rupture first increased and then decreased with contact angle. A thermodynamic stability analysis predicted this behavior by showing that films would be stable at very small or very large contact angle, but unstable in between. Film rupture was also found to be promoted by increasing surface roughness or decreasing film thickness. To study the effect of solidification, the impact of molten tin droplets (0.6 mm diameter) on solid surfaces was observed for a range of impact velocities (10 to 30 m/s), substrate temperatures (25 to 200°C) and substrate materials (stainless steel, aluminum and glass) using the rotating flywheel apparatus. Droplets splashed extensively on a cold surface but on a hot surface there was no splashing. Splashing could be completely suppressed by either increasing the substrate temperature or reducing its thermal diffusivity. An analytical model was developed to predict this splashing behavior. The above two theories of freezing-induced splashing and film rupture were combined to predict the morphology of splats typically observed in a thermal spray process. A dimensionless solidification parameter, which takes into account factors such as the droplet diameter and velocity, substrate temperature, splat and substrate thermophysical properties, and thermal contact resistance between the two, was developed. Predictions from the model were compared with a wide range of experimental data and found to agree well.

Two new mechanisms of droplet splashing and breakup during impact have been identified and analyzed. One is the internal rupture of spreading droplet film through formation of holes, and the other is the splashing of droplet due to its freezing during spreading. The mechanism of film rupture was investigated by two different methods. In the first method, circular water films were produced by directing a 1 mm diameter water jet onto a flat, horizontal plate for 10 ms. In the second method, films were produced by making 0.6 mm water droplets impact a solid surface mounted on the rim of a rotating flywheel. Substrate wettability was varied over a wide range, including superhydrophobic. In both cases, the tendency to film rupture first increased and then decreased with contact angle. A thermodynamic stability analysis predicted this behavior by showing that films would be stable at very small or very large contact angle, but unstable in between. Film rupture was also found to be promoted by increasing surface roughness or decreasing film thickness. To study the effect of solidification, the impact of molten tin droplets (0.6 mm diameter) on solid surfaces was observed for a range of impact velocities (10 to 30 m/s), substrate temperatures (25 to 200°C) and substrate materials (stainless steel, aluminum and glass) using the rotating flywheel apparatus. Droplets splashed extensively on a cold surface but on a hot surface there was no splashing. Splashing could be completely suppressed by either increasing the substrate temperature or reducing its thermal diffusivity. An analytical model was developed to predict this splashing behavior. The above two theories of freezing-induced splashing and film rupture were combined to predict the morphology of splats typically observed in a thermal spray process. A dimensionless solidification parameter, which takes into account factors such as the droplet diameter and velocity, substrate temperature, splat and substrate thermophysical properties, and thermal contact resistance between the two, was developed. Predictions from the model were compared with a wide range of experimental data and found to agree well.

A panel method derived from inviscid irrotational flow theory and utilizing hyperboloid panels is developed and applied to the simulation of steady fully wetted flows inside water-jet pumps and rocket engine inducers. The source and dipole influence coefficients of the hyperboloid panels are computed using Gauss quadrature. The present method solves the boundary value problem subject to a uniform inflow directly by discretizing the blade, casing/shroud and hub geometries with panels. The Green's integral equation and the influence coefficients for the water-jet/inducer problem are defined and solved by allocating constant strength sources and dipoles on the blade, hub and casing surfaces and constant strength dipoles on the shed wake sheets from the rotor/ stator blades. The rotor- stator interaction is accomplished using an iterative procedure which considers the effects between the rotor and the stator, via circumferentially averaged induced velocities. Finally, the hydrodynamic performance predictions for the water-jet pump and the inducer from the present method are validated against existing experimental data and numerical results from Reynolds Averaged Navier- Stokes (RANS) solvers. / text

The current hydraulic system that function as the power source for operating the water jet steering device, need to be located inside of the hull to avoid possible environmental damage. This will cause a height difference from where the power supply will be located and where the output is needed. The research of literature and the limitations given by Rolls-Royce laid the basis for the simulation work. The lever concept is a development of the original layout from Rolls-Royce. The current lever concept was formed by simulation of the individual parts it consists of. The modeling work is a starting point for further design changes and improved solutions depending on what results are achieved when simulation is performed on the parts. The modeling work is not part of this report but can be seen in the other master thesis “Water jet steering concept - evaluation of an environmental design, Part 2” which is not yet done but it will be soon. All simulations made are simplified and they are a solid starting point for further work with dimensioning, material selection and calculations. The results of the simulation show that further development is required before a theoretically functioning concept is achieved. / Det nuvarande hydraulsystemet som verkar som kraftkälla för att manövrera vattenjetens styrsystem, måste flyttas till insidan skrovet för att undvika eventuell miljöskada. Detta kommer bidra till en höjdskillnad mellan vart kraften verkar och vart den behöver verka. Litteraturundersökningen och begränsningar som erhållits från Rolls-Royce låg till grund för simuleringsdelen. Hävarmskonceptet är en version utav original idén från Rolls-Royce. Det framtagna hävarmskonceptet konstruerades med hjälp av simuleringar utav de individuella delarna som ingår i konceptet. Modelleringen är en startpunkt för vidare utveckling av design och förbättrade lösningar baserat på resultaten som erhållits från simuleringen på de olika delarna. Modelleringen är inte en del utav denna rapport men kan ses i examensarbetet ”Koncept för vattenjet styrning - utvärdering av en miljövänlig konstruktion, Del 2” som ännu inte är färdigt men kommer bli det vid senare tillfälle. Alla simuleringar är förenklade och de är en bra startpunkt för vidare bearbetning med dimensionering, materialval och beräkningar. Resultaten från simuleringarna visar att vidare utveckling behövs innan ett teoretisk funktionellt koncept kan uppnås.

With a new range of water jet assemblies under development, CWF Hamilton & Co. Ltd. highlighted the need to establish a validated model for predicting critical speeds. A review of the relevant literature revealed a significant lack of information concerning the operating properties of a lightly loaded, water lubricated marine bearing. Therefore, an instrumented test rig based on a CWF Hamilton & Co. Ltd. ‘HJ364’ water jet assembly was established to evaluate critical speeds and validate the predictive models. A number of analytical and numerical models for predicting critical speeds were investigated. Geometric modifications were made to the test rig and the changes in critical speeds were observed. The ability of the predictive models to measure these observed critical speeds was examined. Driveline mass and driveline overhang were found to have the most significant effects on critical speeds. Modifications to the thrust bearing housing, the impeller mass, the tailpipe stiffness and the marine bearing resulted in no significant shift in critical speeds. However, a change to the geometry of the thrust bearing resulted in a significant shift. This indicated that the thrust bearing was not performing ideally in the test rig. All three models predicted changes in critical speeds relatively accurately. However, the estimates of the critical speeds themselves were somewhat conservative; approximately 10 to 15 percent lower than those measured. Linearisation of the thrust bearing geometry is recommended if greater accuracy is to be achieved. Of all the predictive methods, the Myklestad-Prohl transfer-matrix and the Isolated-Mainshaft finite-element were deemed to be the most flexible and suitable for CWF Hamilton & Co. Ltd.

Thesis (M.Eng.Sc.) - University of Queensland, 2004. / Includes bibliography.

O Design, sendo uma atividade responsável pela criação de bens materiais, vem incorporando características culturais e saberes locais no desenvolvimento de produtos. O interesse por produtos culturais acarreta em desenvolvimento para as regiões produtoras, refletindo em diversos âmbitos da vida em sociedade, impulsionando e aumentando a competitividade do mercado local. Para isso, as tecnologias são fundamentais na promoção de inovações em produtos, facilitando o processo de produção e permitindo novas aplicações. Desta forma, a união destes dois fatores, tecnologias e valorização de produtos culturais, podem acarretar em ganhos, tanto para a região produtora, como para o país, no oferecimento de produtos com maior valor agregado. O serpentinito, considerado uma gema ornamental rara do Rio Grande do Sul, não possui atualmente uso comercial. O principal mineral constituinte dessa rocha são minerais do grupo das serpentinas, que podem ocorrer como agregados maciços e lamelares (antigorita e lizardita) e como cristais fibrosos (crisotilo). Assim, este trabalho tem como objetivo estudar as técnicas de beneficiamento em serpentinito, a fim de valorizar sua utilização como material gemológico para aplicação em joalheria. Para a caracterização mineralógica do serpentinito, utilizou-se lupa binocular, difratometria de raios X e microscópio petrográfico. As técnicas testadas para seu beneficiamento foram: corte por jato d’água, gravação a laser, polimento e resinagem. Para análise das interações das técnicas empregadas com o material, utilizou-se a lupa estereoscópica, microscópio eletrônico de varredura (MEV) e medidor de brilho (Gloss meter). Obteve-se resultados satisfatórios quanto a aplicação das técnicas no serpentinito, mas estes variam, conforme a textura da rocha. Em rochas com predominância de antigorita e lizardita, recomenda-se o uso da técnica de corte por jato d’água e a gravação a laser de preenchimento para obtenção de texturas superficiais. Em rochas com crisotilo, recomenda- se a realização de cortes com serra diamantada de precisão e o uso da gravação a laser de linhas e preenchimentos, para criação de elementos gráficos de média complexidade. Para o polimento, recomenda-se o uso de lixas de carbeto de silício (carborundum), partindo da faixa de grão 180 até 2000, para rochas com predominância da serpentina antigorita, e da faixa de grão 320 até 2000, para rochas com predominância da serpentina crisotilo. O tempo de cada etapa de lixamento é de 2 minutos e velocidade em torno de 300 rpm. Para proteção do material e obtenção de um brilho mais intenso, recomenda-se a aplicação de resina acrílica como etapa final do processo de beneficiamento. / Design as an activity for developing material goods, has been adding cultural characteristics and local knowledge in the development of products. The interest in cultural products brings progress for the producing regions, reflecting in different areas of social life, promoting and increasing the competitiveness of the local market. For this reason technologies are very important, to promote innovations in products, to enable the production process and new applications. So, the union of these two factors, technologies and valorization of cultural products, providing products with a bigger added value, may result in improvement for the producing region and also for its Country. Serpentinite, a rock used as a rare ornamental gemstone occurs in Rio Grande do Sul State (Brazil) and currently does not have commercial use. The main mineral of this rocks are of serpentine group, that may occur as massive and lamelar aggregates (antigorite and lizardite) and as fibrous crystals (chrysotile). This research aims to study processing techniques to apply in this serpentinite, in order to increase its use as gemological material for use in jewelry. The mineralogical characterization of serpentinite were done with a stereoscopic loupe, X-ray diffraction and with petrographic microscopy. The processing techniques tested were cut by water jet, laser engraving, polishing and resin coating. To analyze the interactions of this techniques with the serpentinite, it was used a stereoscopic loupe, a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and a gloss meter. The results obtained with the application of the processing techniques in serpentinite are good, but vary according to the texture of the rock. In rocks with predominance of antigorite and lizardite, is recommend the use of cutting by water jet and the use of filled shapes laser engraving to obtain surface textures. In rocks with chrysotile, it is recommended to use precision cut diamond saw and the use of laser engraving lines and fill shapes to create graphics of medium complexity. To obtain a good polishment, the use of silicon carbide (carborundum) sandpaper is recommended, with the grit of 180 until 2000, for rocks with predominance of antigorite, and the grit of 320 until 2000, for rocks with predominance of chrysotile. The sanding time for each step is 2 minutes with a speed around 300 rpm. To protect the material and to obtain a better luster, is recommend the application of an acrylic resin as a final step of the improvemente process.