Santraukoje atskleidžiamas mokslinio tyrimo objektas. Pateikiami teisės aktai susiję su tema. Išdėstomi ginamieji teiginiai ir jų patvirtinimai. Žemė yra ypatingas nekilnojamasis turtas. Žemė priklauso ne tik privatiems asmenims, bet ir valstybei, savivaldybėms. Asmenys, vykdantys žemės ūkio veiklą, miškų ūkio veiklą, vandens ūkio veiklą ar ketinatys tuo užsiimti, yra suinteresuoti sudaryti nekilnojamojo turto sandorius. Darbe siekiama pažvelgti giliai ir išsamiai į Lietuvos ir kitų Europos šalių žemės ūkio paskirties, vandens ūkio paskirties, miškų ūkio paskirties žemės įsigijimo nuosavybės teise sąlygas, tvarką, būdus. Lietuvoje žemės teisę reglamentuoja ne vienas teisės aktas. Pagrindiniai teisės aktai: Lietuvos Respublikos Konstitucija, Lietuvos Respublikos Konstitucijos 47 straipsnio 3 dalies įgyvendinimo konstitucinis įstatymas, Lietuvos Respublikos civilinis kodeksas, Žemės įstatymas, Žemės reformos įstatymas, Žemės ūkio paskirties žemės įsigijimo laikinasis įstatymas, Miškų įstatymas, Vandens įstatymas ir poįstatyminiai teisės aktai. Žemės sandoriai yra notarinės formos bei registruojami Nekilnojamojo turto registre. Sutartyje nurodomi pagrindiniai duomenys apie perkamą žemės sklypą, taip pat jo pardavimo kaina. Žemės sandoriams sudaryti turi būti parengtas žemės sklypo planas. Nuosavybės teisė į žemę pirkėjui pereina nuo žemės sklypo perdavimo. Žemės sklypo perdavimas ir jo priėmimas įforminamas pardavėjo ir pirkėjo pasirašytu priėmimo – perdavimo aktu. Darbe... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The research object, legal acts related with the topic, and hypotheses with its confirmation are revealed in the summary. Land is a specific real estate. Land, inland waters and forest belong not to private persons, but to the state and municipalities. Persons, engaging in agricultural activities, forestry activities, water activities or intending to do, are interested in real estate transactions. The purpose of the master work is looking deeply and comprehensively into acquisition of agricultural land, water land, forestry land ownership conditions, oder and ways in Lithuania and other countries of Europe. Land law of Lithuania is not governed by one legal act. The main law acts are: Constitution of the Republic of Lithuania, 3 part implementation of Constitution law of 47th article of Constitution of Lithuanian Republic, Civil code of the Republic of Lithuania, Land law of the Republic of Lithuania, Land reform law of the Republic of Lithuania, agricultural land acquisition provisional law of the Republic of Lithuania, Forest law of the Republic of Lithuania, Water law of the Republic of Lithuania and after legislative law acts. The land contracts are of notarial form and are registered in the Registry of Realty. The main information about buyable land site and its selling price are noted in the contract. The land site plan has to be prepared in order to make the land site transactions. Buyer gets proprietorship of land after release of land. The release and the acceptance... [to full text]

Molecular aspects of nitrogen metabolism in vertebrates is an interesting area of physiology and evolution to explore due to the different ways in which animals excrete nitrogenous waste as they transition from an aquatic to a terrestrial lifestyle. Two main products of nitrogen metabolism in fishes are ammonia and urea. Ammonia is produced during protein catabolism and build up of ammonia is toxic. Some aquatic vertebrates convert ammonia into a less toxic compound urea via de novo synthesis through the ornithine-urea cycle (O-UC). Five enzymes are involved in the O-UC: carbamoyl phosphate synthetase (CPS), ornithine carbamoyl transferase (OCT), argininosuccinate synthetase (ASS), argininosuccinate lyase (ASL), and arginase (ARG). An accessory enzyme, glutamine synthetase (GS) also participates in the "fish-type" O-UC. Teleosts excrete ammonia passively over their gills into the aquatic environment. The teleost, Opsanus beta, has been shown to increase urea production after 48 hours of crowding. This thesis explored how crowding stress affected nitrogen metabolite levels of ammonia and urea and O-UC gene expression and enzyme activity in O. beta. Lungfishes while in an aquatic environment avoid ammonia toxicity by releasing excess ammonia across their gills, but when stranded on land they produce urea through the O-UC. Urea production via the O-UC has a metabolic cost of at least four ATP molecules. This thesis explored the response of a lungfish, Protopterus annectens, to six days of aerial exposure and re-immersion conditions by measuring concentrations of O-UC mRNA expression and enzyme activity and nitrogen metabolites ammonia and urea. CPS acts as the entry point to the O-UC and based on enzymatic studies, most aquatic vertebrates utilize one isoform of this enzyme (CPSIII) while terrestrial vertebrates utilize a different isoform of this enzyme (CPSI). Lungfishes are a particularly interesting group of air-breathing fishes, not only because of their link to the origins of tetrapods, but also because CPS I may have originated within this group. Both CPS III and CPS I have been enzymatically described within this group. This thesis uses phylogenetics to investigate how CPS nucleotide sequences in lungfishes evolved compared to other vertebrates.

<p>Promoting sustainable consumption is critical to meet the United Nation’s Sustainable Development Goals. Food systems can cause considerable environmental impacts, which are exacerbated by the rapidly increasing global population and urbanization. Policy makers are seeking strategies to promote sustainable food consumption to reduce food-related environmental footprints. However, literature assessing environmental implications of food consumption has several gaps: first, studies using national average diets or one-day dietary recall data are likely to neglect the heterogeneous food purchasing patterns in different households and over longer time spans; second, few studies have considered reducing the overall food-emissions-water-land (FEWL) impacts and the FEWL impact reduction potentials have not been fully examined due to lack of considering changing consumption patterns of food items within food groups. Additionally, knowing the environmental impacts of food consumption is only the first step towards sustainable consumption. Providing the information to consumers to guide their decision making is also critical. Ecolabels are increasingly used to inform consumers about the environmental performance of products. However, the effectiveness of ecolabels is unclear because methods used in existing studies may not show consumers’ naturalistic behavior.</p> <p> </p> <p>This dissertation aims to address these research gaps to provide better understanding of the reduction potentials and trade-offs of food environmental impacts, and the effectiveness of ecolabels to facilitate consumer decision making for sustainable consumption. To achieve the objective, a variety of models and methods are used: (1) detailed food purchasing records from 57,578 U.S. households were analyzed and a process-based life cycle assessment (LCA) model is developed to evaluate the food carbon emissions and identify reduction pathways; (2) the LCA model was then expanded to also quantify food-related blue water footprint and land footprint. The FEWL impact reduction potentials were evaluated in two dietary change scenarios: (a) only adjusting intake in each food group to the recommended amount and (b) in addition to adjusting food group intake amount, changing consumption patterns to shift towards the food item that minimizes the overall FEWL impacts within each group). A food-item level analysis was also conducted to examine the FEWL impact trade-offs associated with food item substitutions; and (3) survey and attention data were collected from 156 participants in a naturalistic shopping environment using eye tracking glasses to evaluate the effectiveness of ecolabels on informing consumers’ product selection for sustainable consumption. </p> <p> </p> <p>By assessing the environmental impacts of food consumption and the effectiveness of ecolabels, this dissertation proposed pathways to reduce food-related environmental impacts (i.e., through identifying target households and food groups for impact reduction) and strategies to improve ecolabels’ effectiveness in consumers’ decision making. The results can provide insights to policy makers to promote sustainable consumption. </p>