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Fluid metaphors : exploring the management, meaning and perception of fresh water in Minoan CreteHouseman, Laura Alexandra January 2014 (has links)
This thesis explores the role of fresh water in Bronze Age Crete. It presents a catalogue of Minoan water management systems, and investigates the ways in which these systems were incorporated into broader social, political, economic, religious and cultural processes and practices. While the primary focus of this thesis revolves around the data collected on water management systems, it also explores the place of fresh water in Minoan art, iconography, and ritual action. While water is a fundamental resource, and the provision of fresh water on Crete is affected by special geological, geographic, and climatological issues, this has been a largely neglected area in the literature on Minoan archaeology. The thesis seeks to redress this neglect, and argues that the evidence reveals a culture that was deeply concerned with fresh water, developing technologically sophisticated solutions, and devoting considerable economic resources, and political and religious attention to it. One of the key claims of this thesis is that fresh water was a meaningful and valued commodity in Bronze Age Crete, and certain sources of water were particularly revered. This status was exploited by elite groups, who invested in often monumental and highly visible systems for collecting and storing fresh water, in order to assert and reaffirm their special status. Fresh water was also incorporated into ritual practice, and – through its innate capacity to act as a conduit for complex meanings and metaphors – participated in the construction of Minoan religious and cultural beliefs. This thesis also draws out the ways in which water’s religious meaningfulness was incorporated into elite strategies of social control and the construction of an ideology of difference.
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Guidelines for Integrated Flood Control Design in the Informal Settlements of Cape Town Municipality : A case study of Kosovo Informal Settlement in Philippi District / Riktlinjer för integrerad design av översvämningskontroll i Kapstads kommuns informella bosättningar : En fallstudie av Kosovos informella bosättning i distriktet PhilippiMseleku, Erasmus January 2021 (has links)
Flooding over the last few years has become the most frequent and devastating of the natural disasters. This has accounted for approximately half of the death-rate and a third of economic losses as a result of weather-related events. Though these flooding events affect many cities across the globe, it is often the less fortunate who are disproportionately impacted by such events. There are many factors as to why this is the unfortunate case, with a high number of the underprivileged urban population finding themselves living in informal settlements. These settlements are often developed on environmentally-fragile land on steep sites or floodplains and lack the adequate waste and drainage systems that control the flow of water, further aggravating the flood risk within these areas. These uneven hardships are no different to Cape Town metropolitan region. Flooding has become an annual recurrence for the city during the wet winter months between May and September, with the informal settlements in the Cape Flats low-lying area bearing the brunt of this impact. The research therefore aims to explore how integrated flood control design within urban development can contribute to creating social and environmental sustainable interventions for flood resilience in informal settlements within the Cape Town municipality. One of the most important findings was the strong relation between waste as one of the largest contributors to the flooding events in these settlements, which became a key driver for investigation within the research. Kosovo informal settlement is one of the hardest hit communities during Cape Town’s high rainfall winter seasons and will used as the case study area for the research. The objective of the study is to investigate the existing condition and the involved stakeholders to develop well thought design strategies and toolbox for the municipality, planners, and residents. The design strategies and toolbox provides mechanisms to rethink flood prevention measures by shifting from creating barriers [interrupt], to mechanisms that engage with floodwater [interact] within a case study area. This research has attempted to position the community at the centre. Community participation and collaboration with key stakeholders will allow the residents to contribute with their local knowledge, experience and voices, sharing their views on the design solutions that are required to be integrated into their spaces.
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Estudio de la ósmosis inversa operada a baja presión como tratamiento de una fuente natural contaminada por actividad minera, en la micro cuenca Milluni en Bolivia, para el abastecimiento de agua segura a poblacionesAlvizuri Tintaya, Paola Andrea 16 January 2023 (has links)
[ES] La problemática de los metales pesados en cuerpos de agua superficial se ha observado a nivel mundial y ha sido objeto de múltiples estudios. La presencia de metales en concentraciones por encima de los límites establecidos adquiere mayor relevancia cuando estos se encuentran en fuentes de agua para abastecimiento público. Esta investigación toma como área de estudio a la Microcuenca Milluni, la cual se encuentra cercana de actividades mineras pasadas e ilegales que afectan directamente sobre sus recursos hídricos. Milluni está ubicada en el departamento de La Paz y es una fuente natural de agua para dos ciudades importantes de Bolivia, La Paz y El Alto (540 000 habitantes aproximadamente). El objetivo de esta tesis doctoral es estudiar la implementación de la Ósmosis Inversa (OI) operada a bajas presiones como alternativa sostenible de tratamiento para eliminar la contaminación minera en las aguas de Milluni. Adicionalmente se busca contribuir a la gestión de recursos hídricos, con énfasis en el control de la de calidad de agua en la zona.
Esta investigación doctoral se desarrolló en cuatro etapas. En la primera etapa se hizo la caracterización de los cuerpos de agua superficiales para identificar el metal pesado más peligroso presente en Milluni. Para ello, se diseñó un programa de monitoreo considerando las particulares características y limitaciones en la gestión del agua del área. En la segunda etapa del estudio se formularon dos mecanismos para fortalecer la gestión del agua de Milluni, planteando complementar el programa de monitoreo tradicional con la herramienta de teledetección de contaminantes e identificar las partes interesadas de Milluni, para contribuir a la toma de decisiones de la zona. En la tercera etapa de la investigación se diseñó, montó y puso en marcha una planta piloto de OI, tecnología seleccionada debido a su alta eficiencia en la separación de compuestos iónicos del agua. Además, se realizó un diseño de experimentos para estudiar el comportamiento y eficiencia de una membrana tipo ULP 2540 Marca Keensen. Finalmente, en la cuarta etapa se desarrolló un análisis estadístico de los resultados experimentales obtenidos, y la validación de los mismos por medio de un modelo matemático basado en el modelo de concentración de polarización de Spiegler-Kedem. El modelo incluyo un factor de ajuste de temperatura tipo Arrhenius, para obtener una predicción precisa del rendimiento del proceso.
Esta tesis doctoral concluye que es posible remover el arsénico presente en aguas sintéticas utilizando la OI operada en condiciones sostenibles de presión (presiones bajas). Se ha demostrado que el uso de esta tecnología a baja presión no afecta a la eficiencia de separación del proceso y contribuye a disminuir el costo energético durante la operación. Este aporte es significativo en situaciones donde se cuenta con pocos recursos económicos y existen riesgos inminentes sobre la salud pública y los ecosistemas, como es el caso de la contaminación del agua por arsénico en Milluni, Bolivia. / [CA] La problemàtica dels metals pesats en cossos d'aigua superficial s'ha observat a nivell mundial i ha segut objecte de múltiples estudis. La presència de metals en concentracions per damunt dels llímits establits adquirix major rellevància quan estos es troben en fonts d'aigua per a abastiment públic. Esta investigació pren com a àrea d'estudi a la Microcuenca Milluni, la qual es troba propenca d'activitats mineres passades i illegals que afecten directament sobre els seus recursos hídrics. Milluni està ubicada en el departament de la Pau i és una font natural d'aigua per a dos ciutats importants de Bolívia, La Pau i L'Alt (540 000 habitants aproximadament). L'objectiu d'esta tesis doctoral és estudiar l'implementació de la Òsmosis Inversa (OI) operada a baixes pressions com a alternativa sostenible de tractament per a eliminar la contaminació minera en les aigües de Milluni. Adicionalment es busca contribuir a la gestió de recursos hídrics, en émfasis en el control de la de calitat d'aigua en la zona.
Esta investigació doctoral es va desenrollar en quatre etapes. En la primera etapa es va fer la caracterisació dels cossos d'aigua superficials per a identificar el metal pesat més perillós present en Milluni. Per a això, es va dissenyar un programa de monitoreo considerant les particulars característiques i llimitacions en la gestió de l'aigua de l'àrea. En la segona etapa de l'estudi es varen formular dos mecanismes per a enfortir la gestió de l'aigua de *Milluni, plantejant complementar el programa de monitoreo tradicional en la ferramenta d' teledetección de contaminants i identificar les parts interessades de Milluni, per a contribuir a la presa de decisions de la zona. En la tercera etapa de l'investigació es va dissenyar, va montar i va posar en marcha una planta pilot de OI, tecnologia seleccionada per la seua alta eficiència en la separació de composts iònics de l'aigua. Ademés, es va realisar un disseny d'experiments per a estudiar el comportament i eficiència d'una membrana tipo ULP 2540 Marca Keensen. Finalment, en la quarta etapa es va desenrollar un anàlisis estadístic dels resultats experimentals obtinguts, i la validació dels mateixos per mig d'un model matemàtic basat en el model de concentració de polarisació de Spiegler-Kedem. El model incloc un factor d'ajust de temperatura tipo Arrhenius, per a obtindre una predicció precisa del rendiment del procés.
Esta tesis doctoral conclou que és possible remoure l'arsènic present en aigües sintètiques utilisant la OI operada en condicions sostenibles de pressió (pressions baixes). S'ha demostrat que l'us d'esta tecnologia a baixa pressió no afecta a l'eficiència de separació del procés i contribuïx a disminuir el cost energètic durant l'operació. Este aporte és significatiu en situacions a on es conta en pocs recursos econòmics i existixen riscs imminents sobre la salut pública i els ecosistemes, com és el cas de la contaminació de l'aigua per arsènic en Milluni, Bolívia. / [EN] The problem of heavy metals in surface water bodies has been observed worldwide and has been the subject of multiple studies. The presence of metals in concentrations above the established limits becomes more relevant when they are found in water sources for public supply. This research takes the Milluni Micro-basin as a study area, which is close to past and illegal mining activities that directly affect its water resources. Milluni is located in the department of La Paz and is a natural source of water for two important cities in Bolivia, La Paz and El Alto (approximately 540,000 inhabitants). This doctoral thesis aims to study the implementation of Reverse Osmosis (RO) operated at low pressures as a sustainable treatment alternative to eliminate mining contamination in Milluni waters. Additionally, it seeks to contribute to the management of water resources, with an emphasis on the control of water quality in the area.
This doctoral research was developed in four stages. In the first stage, surface water bodies were characterized to identify the most dangerous heavy metal present in Milluni. For this, a monitoring program was started considering the particular characteristics and limitations of water management in the area. In the second stage, two mechanisms were formulated to strengthen Milluni's water management, proposing to complement the traditional monitoring study program with the contaminant remote sensing tool and to identify the invited parties of Milluni to contribute to the decision-making of the area. In the third stage of the investigation, a RO pilot plant was worked on, assembled, and started up, a technology selected due to its high efficiency in separating ionic compounds from water. In addition, a design of experiments was carried out to study the behavior and efficiency of a ULP 2540 Keensen brand membrane. Finally, in the fourth stage, a statistical analysis of the experimental results obtained was presented, and their validation using a mathematical model based on the Spiegler-Kedem polarization concentration model. The model includes an Arrhenius-type temperature adjustment factor to accurately predict the process performance.
This doctoral thesis concludes that it is possible to remove the arsenic present in synthetic waters using the RO operated under sustainable pressure conditions (low pressures). It has been shown that the use of this technology at low pressure does not affect the separation efficiency of the process and contributes to lower energy costs during operation. This contribution is significant in situations with few economic resources and imminent risks to public health and ecosystems, as is the case of water contamination by arsenic in Milluni, Bolivia. / Alvizuri Tintaya, PA. (2022). Estudio de la ósmosis inversa operada a baja presión como tratamiento de una fuente natural contaminada por actividad minera, en la micro cuenca Milluni en Bolivia, para el abastecimiento de agua segura a poblaciones [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/191428
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