The state of CearÃ, inserted in the semiarid Northeast, has been following the global trend of the development of water resources policy, but the challenge is to continue its effective implementation, considering the need to ensure water availability and improving the quality of water, besides the implementation of management instruments against a background of increasing demand and thus polluting sources. Starting from the premise that public sector intervention in water resources policy is essential and mandatory due to the need of managing conflicts and major investments, government planning and evaluating their actions become decisive factors for the successful management these resources. From this rationale, this study sought to analyze the development of the Water Resources of the State of Cearà policy observing the execution of the State budget in the period 1995-2012 on the political context, the involvement of funding agencies, major products delivered infrastructure, studies, projects and periods of drought. Technical comparisons, observations and analyzes of facts were used, and the relationship thereof. As a result, it was observed that the budgetary execution of SRH was strongly influenced politics, especially in the last years of government mandates, funding sources that were instrumental in the implementation of policy and drought years did not interfere directly in the budget implementation of SRH in every year. As for studies and projects, the research showed that there was a concentration in the early years of the analysis. Based on the information gathered and analysis is intended to support government planning with greater knowledge, maximizing the results of public spending, identifying successes and overcoming bottlenecks. / O estado do CearÃ, inserido no semiÃrido Nordestino, vem acompanhando a evoluÃÃo mundial do desenvolvimento da polÃtica de Recursos HÃdricos, porÃm o grande desafio à dar continuidade a sua efetiva implementaÃÃo, considerando a necessidade de garantir a disponibilidade hÃdrica e a melhoria da qualidade de Ãgua, alÃm da implantaÃÃo dos instrumentos de gestÃo diante de um cenÃrio de crescente aumento da demanda e, consequentemente, de fontes poluidoras. Partindo da premissa que a intervenÃÃo do setor pÃblico na polÃtica de recursos hÃdricos à essencial e obrigatÃria em virtude da necessidade do gerenciamento de conflitos e da realizaÃÃo de grandes investimentos, o planejamento governamental e a avaliaÃÃo das suas aÃÃes tornam-se fatores decisivos para uma boa gestÃo desses recursos. A partir desta justificativa, este trabalho buscou analisar a evoluÃÃo da polÃtica de Recursos HÃdricos do Estado do Cearà observando a execuÃÃo orÃamentÃria do Estado no perÃodo de 1995 a 2012 diante do contexto polÃtico, da participaÃÃo de agentes financiadores, dos principais produtos entregues de infraestrutura, estudos, projetos e dos perÃodos de seca. Adotou-se como estratÃgia de pesquisa o estudo de caso, utilizando tÃcnicas de comparaÃÃes, observaÃÃes e anÃlises de fatos, bem como a interdependÃncia dos mesmos. Como resultado, observou-se que a execuÃÃo orÃamentÃria da SRH sofreu forte influencia polÃtica, principalmente nos Ãltimos anos de mandatos governamentais; que as fontes financiadoras foram decisivas na implantaÃÃo da polÃtica e que os anos de seca nÃo interferiram diretamente na execuÃÃo orÃamentÃria anual da SRH. Quanto aos estudos e projetos, a pesquisa mostrou que houve uma concentraÃÃo nos primeiros anos da anÃlise. Baseado nas informaÃÃes levantadas e nas anÃlises pretende-se subsidiar o planejamento governamental com maior conhecimento, maximizando o resultado do gasto pÃblico, identificando Ãxitos e superando pontos de estrangulamento.

With the large current debate around climate change, water scarcity worldwide and the controversy created by the conflicts arising from multiple uses of water especially during dry periods, and taking into account the problems caused by flooding, mudslides, landslides originated the lack of criteria for the occupation and use of slopes and their causes and social and economic consequences, it is emphasized how important the acquisition of historical hydrological data to feed, support, validate or invalidate studies and methodologies that contribute positively progressive in the management of resources. This work has the following objectives, through the instrumentality of an existing monitoring station to assess the validity of using measures of turbidity, as a tool to monitor the production of sediments in the basin of the stream Lajeado Grande in São Martinho da Serra to from readings and samples fixed and specific, seeking to establish a relationship between the turbidity readings with the results of the concentration of suspended sediments. For that, we installed a programmable sampler pumping level sensor, a turbidimeter snapshot data logger and a torpedo tube type integrator, all set in a metallic structure at a fixed point in the bed of the stream. These instruments have been regularly scheduled for collection and reading of data in the occurrence of rain events. As results were obtained several correlations between turbidity and suspended sediment concentration including: Css = 1,0649T 5,2001 with R2= 0,53 and Css = 0.972 T - 5.5754 with R2 = 0.84. Were also obtained various relationships between flow and turbidity, and then concluded as valid the use of measures points and fixed turbidity with the methodology used to monitor the production of sediments in the basin under study, and recommending the continuation of work and diversification of new methodologies for collecting and analyzing samples aimed at reducing the deviations of the result. / Diante do grande debate atual em torno das mudanças climáticas, da escassez de água mundial e da polêmica criada pelos conflitos derivados dos usos múltiplos da água especialmente em períodos de seca e, levando-se em consideração os problemas gerados por inundações, enxurradas, deslizamentos originados pela falta de critérios na ocupação e utilização de encostas e, suas causas e conseqüências sociais e econômicas, fica salientada a grande importância da aquisição de dados hidrológicos históricos para alimentar, fundamentar, validar ou invalidar estudos e metodologias que contribuam progressiva e positivamente no gerenciamento dos recursos hídricos. Este trabalho tem como objetivos específicos, através da instrumentação de uma estação de monitoramento existente, avaliar a validade da utilização das medidas de turbidez, como ferramenta para monitorar a produção de sedimentos na bacia hidrográfica do arroio Lajeado Grande no município de São Martinho da Serra a partir de leituras e coletas fixas e pontuais, buscando estabelecer uma relação entre as leituras de turbidez com os resultados das análises de concentração de sedimentos em suspensão. Para tanto, foram instalados um amostrador programável por bombeamento com sensor de nível, um turbidímetro instantâneo com data logger e um amostrador integrador no tempo, todos fixados em estrutura metálica em um ponto fixo no leito do arroio. Estes instrumentos foram programados periodicamente para coletas e leituras de dados na ocorrência ou não de eventos chuvosos. Como resultados foram obtidas várias correlações entre turbidez e concentração de sedimentos em suspensão entre elas: Css = 1,0649T 5,2001 com R2= 0,53 e Css = 0,972 T 5,5754 com R2= 0,84. Também foram obtidas várias relações entre vazão e turbidez, sendo então concluída como válida a utilização de medidas pontuais e fixas de turbidez com a metodologia empregada para monitorar a produção de sedimentos na bacia hidrográfica em estudo e, recomendando-se a continuidade do trabalho com a diversificação de novas metodologias para coleta e análise de amostras objetivando reduzir os desvios dos resultados encontrados.

Η όλο και εντονότερη ανάπτυξη των συστημάτων υδατικών πόρων σε παγκόσμια κλίμακα, ταυτόχρονα με τα συνεχώς αυξανόμενα ελλείμματα λόγω της μεγάλης αύξησης της κατανάλωσης σε συνδυασμό με την υποβάθμιση της ποιότητας, έχει κάνει επιτακτική την ανάγκη για την εφαρμογή ολοκληρωμένων μεθόδων σχεδιασμού και διαχείρισης των υδατικών πόρων. Για το λόγο αυτό η Ευρωπαϊκή Ένωση με διαδοχικές Κοινοτικές αποφάσεις, κατέληξε στην έκδοση και ψήφιση της Οδηγίας Πλαίσιο για τα νερά 2000/60, που αποτελεί το πλαίσιο εφαρμογής μέτρων, για την προστασία όλων των υδατικών συστημάτων της Κοινότητας. Απώτερος στόχος και σκοπός της Οδηγίας είναι να διασφαλιστεί η αειφόρος χρήση του νερού, για την καλή οικολογική κατάσταση στη Κοινότητα. Πρόκειται για μια οδηγία σταθμό καθώς εισάγει μια νέα πολιτική πρακτική και νομοθεσία και καθιερώνει την ολοκληρωμένη διαχείριση των υδατικών πόρων. Το 2015, αποτελεί το χρονικό ορόσημο επίτευξης των στόχων της οδηγίας. Η Πολιτεία με το Νόμο 3199/2003 και το Π.Δ. 51/2007, προσάρμοσε την Ελληνική νομοθεσία στην Οδηγία πλαίσιο. Η ισχύουσα πλέον νομοθεσία στη χώρα μας, επιβάλει τη διασφάλιση της αειφορίας των νερών μέσω της ολοκληρωμένης διαχείρισης και προστασίας τους. Η κοινοτική οδηγία ορίζει πως η διαχείριση πρέπει να γίνεται στο επίπεδο της λεκάνης απορροής ποταμού, ενώ η ελληνική νομοθεσία, λόγω της γεωμορφολογίας της χώρας και των ιδιαίτερων συνθηκών ορίζει την διαχείριση στο επίπεδο των 14 υδατικών διαμερισμάτων της χώρας. Τα διαχειριστικά σχέδια των υδατικών διαμερισμάτων είναι στην διαδικασία της ολοκλήρωσής τους, γι΄ αυτό και η Τοπική Αυτοδιοίκηση και συγκεκριμένα οι Δήμοι, που έχουν την ευθύνη της διαχείρισης των υδατικών πόρων της περιοχής τους, οφείλουν να προσανατολίσουν τις ενέργειές τους στις βασικές αρχές της κοινοτικής οδηγίας και να διευκολύνουν την εφαρμογή των Σχεδίων Διαχείρισης. Έτσι και στην περίπτωση της περιοχής του πρώην Δήμου Μεσσάτιδος, ενός Καποδιστριακού Δήμου της Αχαΐας (που μετά την εφαρμογή του νόμου «Καλλικράτη» αποτελεί Δημοτική Ενότητα του διευρυμένου Δήμου Πατρέων), μέσης έκτασης και πληθυσμού, όπου χρησιμοποιούνται αποκλειστικά υπόγειοι υδατικοί πόροι για την ύδρευση και τις άλλες χρήσεις που εξυπηρετούνται από το δίκτυο του Δήμου, ενώ τα επιφανειακά νερά χρησιμοποιούνται για την άρδευση όταν είναι διαθέσιμα, πρέπει να αλλάξει η φιλοσοφία της διαχείρισης του νερού και να προσανατολιστεί στις παρακάτω βασικές αρχές της κοινοτικής οδηγίας: • Ολοκληρωμένη διαχείριση των υδατικών πόρων λαμβάνοντας υπ΄ όψη όλες τις υδρογεωλογικές, περιβαλλοντικές, οικονομικές και κοινωνικές παραμέτρους. • Εφαρμογή σωστής πολιτικής τιμολόγησης του νερού με τελικό σκοπό «την ανάκτηση του κόστους ύδατος» • Αλλαγή της φιλοσοφίας της διαχείρισης από διαχείριση της προσφοράς να περάσουμε σε διαχείριση της ζήτησης. • Ενημέρωση και συμμετοχή του κοινού στην διαχείριση των υδατικών πόρων Με τον τρόπο αυτό θα περάσουμε σε μια μορφή ολοκληρωμένης διαχείρισης με στόχο την αειφορία του υδάτινου συστήματος όπως ορίζει η κοινοτική οδηγία. / The more and more intense growth of systems of water resources in world scale, simultaneously with continuously increasing deficits because of the big increase of consumption in combination with devalorisation of quality, has made imperative the need for the application of completed methods of planning and management of water resources. For that reason the European Union with successive community decisions, led to the publication and the voting of Directive Frame on the Water 2000/60 that constitute the frame of application of measures to protect all the water systems of the community. Final objective and aim of Directive are to ensure the viable use of water, for the good ecological situation of the community. It’s an essential directive since it imports a new political practice and legislation and establishes the completed management of water resources. In 2015, it constitutes a milestone of achievement of objectives of the Directive. The state with the law 3199/2003 and the presidential decree 51/2007, adapted the Greek legislation in the Framework Directive. The current legislation in our country, imposes the guarantee of viability of waters via the completed management and their protection. The community directive defines that the management should become in the level of the river basin while the Greek legislation, because of the geomorphology of the country and the particular conditions defines the management in the level of 14 water districts of the country. The administrative plans of water districts are in the integration process that’s why the local government and specifically the municipalities, that have the responsibility of management of water resources of their region, owe to orient their actions in the basic principles of the community directive and to facilitate the application plans of management. So, in the case of the region of the former municipality Messatida, a “Kapodistrias law” municipality of Achaia, (that after the application of the law “Kallikratis” constitutes municipal units of the extended Municipality of Patras) average area and population, where exclusively underground water resources for the water supply are used and the other uses that are served by the network of the Municipality, while the surface waters are used for the irrigation when they are available, the philosophy of management of water should be charged and should be directed in the following basic principles of the Community Directive: • Completed management of water resources taking into consideration all the hydrogeological, environmental, financial and social parameters. • Application of right pricing policy of water, with final aim the recuperation of the cost of water. • Change the philosophy of management by management of offer to pass in management of demand. • Information and public participation in the management water resources. In this way we will pass in a form of completed management with target the viability of water system as indicated by the Community Directive.

These days we all face with drinking water and not menace to human’s health water’s problem. There are the greater part of fresh water polluted in many countries of European Union (EU). Water is intensive use in energetic, in chemistry industry, in agriculture, and that’s why the flowing water of industrial establishment and agriculture mostly pollutes the rivers, lakes and the seas route of entry, unraveling natural biological cycle, natural environment of organisms, and they menace to human’s health and life. That’s why relevant and effective security of water resources protection is very important. Water protection policy has direct impact on human’s health and the quality of their life’s, thus, this sector falls among the priority fields in environmental protection policy. These days the main consideration is directed to the waist water’s treatment and to secure the quality of drinking water at the moment in Lithuania. The Republic of Lithuania has been participating in the EU waters protection policy. This is related to the important changes in water’s sector legal base, possibilities for funding the projects related to water����s pollution reduction, institutional structure and other aspects. In this master’s work the main attention was directed to the sponsorship analysis of the water sector because if it’s wanted to secure an effective waters’ resources, it’s needed sufficient sponsorship. While implementing one of the EU requests, its need to increase investments to... [to full text]

Submitted by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2017-08-16T12:27:29Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Gilliard Pedro Marques - 2016.pdf: 7292314 bytes, checksum: 8dd9c621180554a91ab4360cf8abfd76 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2017-08-16T12:54:15Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Gilliard Pedro Marques - 2016.pdf: 7292314 bytes, checksum: 8dd9c621180554a91ab4360cf8abfd76 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-08-16T12:54:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Gilliard Pedro Marques - 2016.pdf: 7292314 bytes, checksum: 8dd9c621180554a91ab4360cf8abfd76 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-04-28 / The Samambaia Stream is located in the municipality of Catalão (GO). In addition to serving the riverbank population in their various activities, since 1974 it began to be used for water capturing and public supply to Catalão town. According to IBGE (2015), in 1970, Catalão population was no more than 30 thousand. However, currently it accounts with 98.737 thousand inhabitants. Faced with this population growth and among other demands for 40 years, a few has been invested and made properly for the environmental improvement of the Hydrographic Basin of Samambaia Stream. The environmental recovery program applied in 2004 denied the riverbank population participation and restricted the seedlings plantation in Permanent Preservation Areas (PPAs), without any concern with its the maintenance. In September 2014, the Catalão town's High Public Power faced many difficulties in public water supply. This agency by means of the Municipal Water and Sewer Superintendence (MWSS) entered with a precautionary measure request to the Judiciary, which was granted to implement the sealing of irrigation pumps and the obstruction of all forms of water catchment from riverbank population. The achievement of this measure, among other actions, has unfolded in an expressive conflict between riverbank population and Catalão town’s High Public Power. Thus, this work had as main aim to understand the water resources’ management in Brazil, as well as to understand the conflicts for water and its appropriation and expropriation in the riverbank population's territory of the Hydrographic Basin of Samambaia Stream in Catalão (GO), in 2014. Concerning the methodology, it was prevailed by two research stages: the theoretical and documentary research. Among the literature, stands out the authors: Orlando (2005), Campos and Fracalanza (2010), Scantimburgo (2013) and others. In regard of the documents: The Lei Federal no. 9.433, which establishes the National Policy for Water Resources and the losses' collection of riverbank population's productions due to sealing of their water catchment pumps and dam breakage. Finally, it is considered that a public administration that ensures water quantity and quality to the present and future generations still poses as a great challenge in current Brazil. Besides, about the conflict for water in the Hydrographic Basin of Samambaia Stream, it is undeniable the inability of the Municipal Public Power of Catalão town in dialogue and recognize the importance of riverbank population in water management activities. / O Ribeirão Samambaia, o qual localiza-se no município de Catalão (GO), além de servir as populações ribeirinhas nas suas diversas atividades passou a ser utilizado para captação e abastecimento público da cidade de Catalão, desde 1974. Segundo o IBGE (2015), na década de 1970, a população do município de Catalão não passava de 30 mil. Porém, atualmente, conta com 98.737 mil habitantes. Perante este crescimento populacional e entre outras demandas ao longo de 40 anos, pouco se investiu e se fez adequadamente para a melhoria ambiental da Bacia Hidrográfica do Ribeirão Samambaia. O programa de recuperação ambiental, aplicado em 2004, negou o direito da participação das populações ribeirinhas, e restringiu o isolamento e plantio de mudas nas áreas de preservação permanentes (APP’s), sem nenhuma preocupação com a manutenção. Em setembro de 2014, o Poder Público Municipal de Catalão enfrentou muitas dificuldades no abastecimento público de água. Ele, por meio da Superintendência Municipal de Água e Esgoto (SAE), entrou com um pedido de Medida Cautelar ao Judiciário, a qual foi concedida para implementar a lacração de bombas de irrigação e a obstrução de todas as formas de captação de água dos ribeirinhos. A consecução desta medida, entre outras ações, desdobrou em um expressivo conflito entre os ribeirinhos e Poder Público Municipal de Catalão. Assim, este trabalho teve como o objetivo geral compreender a gestão das águas no Brasil, bem como o conflito pela água e a sua apropriação e expropriação no território dos ribeirinhos, da Bacia Hidrográfica do Ribeirão Samambaia, no município de Catalão (GO), em 2014. Em relação à metodologia, esta perpassou por duas etapas de investigação: a pesquisa teórica e a documental. Dentre a literatura, destaca-se os autores: Orlando (2005), Campos e Fracalanza (2010), Scantimburgo (2013), dentre outros. Em relação aos documentos: a Lei Federal n. 9.433, a qual institui a Política Nacional dos Recursos Hídricos, e o levantamento de perdas das produções dos ribeirinhos decorrentes dos lacres das bombas e arrombamento das represas. Por fim, considera-se que uma gestão que assegure água em quantidade e qualidade às gerações presentes e futuras, ainda se apresenta como um grande desafio no Brasil atual. Além disso, sobre o conflito pela água na Bacia Hidrográfica do Ribeirão Samambaia, é inegável a incapacidade do Poder Público Municipal de Catalão em dialogar e reconhecer a importância dos ribeirinhos como sujeitos primordiais na gestão das águas.

Water distribution systems convey drinking water from treatment plant and make available to consumers’ taps. It consists of essential components like pipes, valves, pumps, tanks and reservoirs etc. The main concern in the working of a water distribution system is to assure customer demands under a choice of quantity and quality throughout the complete life span for the probable loading situations. However, in some cases, the existing infrastructure may not be adequate to meet the customer’s requirements. In such cases, system modeling plays an important role in proper management of water supply systems. In present scenario, modeling plays a significant task in appropriate execution of water distribution system. From the angle of taking management decisions valve throttling control and pumps speed control are very important. These operational problems can be addressed by manual control or by automatic control. The problem is the use of manual controls that slow down the effectiveness of the system. It reduces the efficiency of operation of valve or pump. To improve the efficiency of such water distribution systems, an automatic control based technology has been developed that links the operation of the variable speed pump control or valve throttling control. By employing an automatic control, the pump can adjust its speed at all times to meet the actual flow requirements of each load served. In case of real system design Simulink is the most widely used tool. Commercial software package Matlab/Simulink used for creation of WDS model. The goal was to produce a model that could numerically analyze the dynamic performance of a water distribution system. A Comparison of single platform methodology (Simulink based control) and double platform methodology (Matlab and EPANET based control) has been done. Nonlinear Dynamic Inversion (DI) Control system model is developed for WDS model in Matlab/Simulink environment. Controller gain parameters are the very important value in control prospective. If the controller gain parameters are chosen incorrectly, the controlled process input can be unstable, i.e. its output diverges, with or without oscillation Tuning is the adjustment of control parameters (gains) to the optimum values for the desired control response. There are several methods for tuning controller like manual tuning (Trial and error procedure), Ziegler-Nichols method, Output Constraint Tuning (OCT) etc. Establishment of a pump operational policy by which all the reservoirs can be fed simultaneously to meet their requirements without creating undue transients. Tune the gain of DI controllers by different tuning methods and evaluate the best tuning method on the basis of controller performance. Development of meaningful additional objective is search of lower bound pump speed on the basis of control time or settling time. To bring the pump speeds in feasible range, application of constraint in pumps speed is introduced. The magnitude of constraints can be found using Monte Carlo methods. Monte Carlo methods are frequently used in simulating physical and mathematical systems. This method may be the most commonly applied statistical method in engineering and science disciplines. Another benefit is providing increased confidence that a model is robust using Monte Carlo testing. Model development for generalized control system for water distribution network provides the simplification needed for the simulation of large systems. Model development is based on the study of symmetric and non symmetric small, irregular networks, as well as large, regular and open bifurcating water distribution system. The problem considered in this section is that of flow dynamics in simple to complex, regular network which bifurcates in the form of a branching tree. In addition the control application of the flow network is investigated using valves as the manipulated variables to control branch flow rates. Communication between the network hydraulics coming from EPANET and control algorithm develop on Matlab (Programming Language) can be generalized with the help of development of general purpose control algorithm model.