Thesis (MTech (Technology))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2005 / Potable water, and especially the accessibility to it, is an essential part of everyday life. Of particular note, is the challenge that residents of remote rural African villages face in order to gain access to this basic requirement. Specifically, the rural areas in the Northern Cape (Province north of Cape Town) region in South Africa is one such example that illustrates this problem very well. In order to address the requirements for drinkable water, various types of water pumping technologies have been used. Up to now, the two competing water pumping systems, diesel and photovoltaic (PV), have been the primary technologies deployed in selected sites in the Northern Cape. The manual data collection of water pumping system data in the Northern Cape is fraught with impracticalities such as travel costs and requirements for skilled personnel. Therefore, as a preliminary step to accelerate development and testing, a local experimental laboratory PV water pumping rig was set-up within the Department of Mechanical Engineering at the Cape University of Technology. A short-term analysis was performed over a period of three weeks on the rig and the experimental results indicated the following: array efficiency of 16.3%, system efficiency of 15.0% and an average system efficiency of 1.47%. However, the results do indicate that long-term monitoring of PV water pumping systems can be suitable in serving to determine dynamic system performance and system life cycle costs. The purpose of this project is two-fold - firstly, to present the results on the work done on the experimental PV system.

Orientador: Antonio Celso de Oliveira Braga / Coorientador: Dorisvalder Dias Nunes / Banca: José Januário de Oliveira Amaral / Banca: Gilberto José Garcia / Banca: Ene Glória da Silveira / Banca: José Eduardo Zaine / Resumo: A presente pesquisa propõe-se a contextualizar a dinâmica de ocupação territorial da Bacia do Rio Corumbiara no intuito de entender seus reflexos nas águas superficiais da bacia. Procedeu-se ainda a abordagem de outros componentes do meio físico local como o solo, cobertura vegetal, clima e geologia, uma vez que integrantes do meio e como tal devem ser considerados em processos que envolvam perspectivas de manutenção dos recursos hídricos mediante adoção de medidas mitigadoras de impactos ambientais, como ocorre na gestão participativa / Abstract: This research propose to contextualize the dynamics of land-use of Corumbiara River Basin in order to understand its effects on surface water of the basin. There was also the approach of other components of the environment such as soil, vegetation cover, climate and geology, as members of the media and as such it should be considered in cases involving prospects for maintenance of water resources through adoption measures for mitigating environmental impacts, as in participatory management / Doutor

The following diploma thesis deals with those problems related to the emergency water supply in crisis situations in the South Bohemian Region and with working procedures related to protection of residents during preparation and application of the emergency water supply. The objective of this diploma thesis is to determine those special characteristics of the emergency water supply in crisis situations and to compare the possibilities of the emergency water supply in crisis situations in selected regions. The theoretical part provides a basic survey of legislation related to the topic, as well as that of other methodical documents which are necessary for solving this type of crisis. Furthermore, the theoretical part unifies selected specialised terminology and characterizes the system of the regular (non-emergency) water supply, which represents the basic pillar for the emergency water supply. Last but not least, the theoretical part summarises those problems related to the emergency water supply and risk factors that can cause or significantly influence it. The practical part deals with those characteristics and their comparison of the selected regions in the South Bohemian Region, by using those specific indicators that are related to the water supply. The quantitative research was carried out by using the definition of what the special characteristics of the emergency drinking water supply are, in 17 administration districts of municipalities with extended competence in the South Bohemian Region. The data provided by the Czech Statistical Office were also used. Furthermore, a description statistics of the differences between the individual administrative districts of these municipalities with extended competence in the South Bohemian Region was carried out, as well as the quantification of those identified special characteristics of the emergency water supply. Finally, a statistical investigation of the identified special characteristics was carried out, as well as a test of a distribution-free hypothesis about the division of statistical data. Based upon the research that has been carried out, the final part of this thesis confirms two stipulated hypotheses about the dependence of the emergency water supply in crisis situations, based upon specific local conditions and about preparedness of the crisis management authorities for situations which would require an emergency water supply.

A Região Metropolitana de São Paulo (RMSP) apresenta condições críticas de abastecimento de água, operando no limite de sua hidraulicidade e sendo alvo de racionamentos, devido à restrição no aporte de água, e rodízios, devido à falta de investimentos e ocupação desordenada de regiões periféricas. A importância da energia consumida para o tratamento, adoção e distribuição de água é representada pela participação de cerca de 3% de toda a energia elétrica consumida no país no Estado de São Paulo. A racionalização do uso de recursos (energia elétrica e água) requer ações sinergísticas em ambas as frentes, através de um planejamento integrado destes recursos. Após a caracterização da RMSP, do sistema de abastecimento de água, das condições e limitações futuras de fornecimento, analisa-se a viabilidade do deslocamento da operação obtendo uma economia de US$ 194/mês (US$ 206/mês) para cada kW retirado da ponta, para a potência vendida em tensão A3a (A4). Estabelece-se as condições para o aumento da eficiência de motores e bombas, avaliando os impactos da utilização de variadores de velocidade. Verifica-se a viabilidade econômica do investimento em equipamentos sanitários ecientes, sob o ponto do vista dos consumidores, das concessionárias de água e energia, e da sociedade, estudando casos de escolha entre aqueles e convencionais ou a simples substituição destes últimos, em domicílios do setor residencial. Avalia-se os impactos econômicos da redução do consumo de água e energia advindos de cenários projetados até o ano 2015, assumindo hipóteses de implantação de normas de eciência e de adoção tecnologias eficientes em substituição a convencionais. Isto é feito segundo cinco cenários alternativos às projeções feitas pela SABESP. Conclui-se, com base nestes cenários, que reduções de cerca de 1,5 m3/s a 10,2 m3/s até o ano 2015 são possíveis, com benefícios de US$ 421 milhões a US$ 2049 milhões a valor presente. Analisa-se o comportamento dos consumidores frente aos sinais que influenciam as atitudes voltadas para conservação ou decisões de investimento em tecnologias ecientes. Também são analisadas as barreiras a que estão sujeitos, e que se impõem a outros agentes tais quais: concessionárias, fabricantes, governo, agências de fomento e desenvolvimento, etc. São propostos incentivos econômicos que contornem ou minimizem tais barreiras e os desafios enfrentados por desvios tarifários e diminuição de receita. Portanto, confronta-se, de um lado, o potencial de racionalização de água e energia e os impactos de sua implementação efetiva e, de outro, as barreiras e diculdades enfrentadas e mecanismos para suplantá-las. / The São Paulo Metropolitan region (RMSP) presents today critical conditions of water supply, operating in the limits of its water resources, facing water droughts, due to reservoir restrictions, and rodízios, due to the lack of investments and deoriented occupation of peripheral areas. The importance of the energy used for the treatment, supply and distribution of water in the water works is represented by 3% of the total amount of energy used in the country. The rational use of resources (electric energy and water) requires synergistic actions in both fronts through an integrated planning of such resources. The characterization of the RMSP, the water works systems, and the conditions and restraints of future supply are studied. The economic viability of dislocating, of operation out of peak hours shows that an economy of US$ 194/month (US$ 206/month) for cach kW taken out of the peak for power sold at A3a (A4) tension. The conditions for motor and pumps increased efficiency are analyzed as well as the evalustion of the impacts of the use of variable speed drives. The causes of the increase of the manometric highs are studied and actions to minimize it are formulated. The economic viability of investments made by the consumers, end the energy and water utilities in two cases choice of efficient fixtures and substitution of conventional ones are verified, for residential dwellings. The economic impact of the reduction of water and energy consumption, due to the implementation of efficiency standards and substitution of conventional technologies, is evaluated in projection scenarios until the year 2015. This is made in five comparative scenarios with the projections performed by the public water utility for São Paulo region, SABESP. Using those scenarios one can conclude that reductions of 1,5 m3/s to 10,2 m3/s are possible until the year 2015, with benefits raging from US$ 421 million to US$ 2049 million at present value. The consumer behavior are analyzed due to the signals that influence attitudes towards conservation or decisions of investments in efficient technologies. The barriers that are imposed upon public utilities, manufacturers, government, development and financial agencies, are analyzed. Economic incentives are proposed to minimize those barriers, tariffs biases and reduced income. Therefore, the potential rational use of water and energy, and the impacts of its implementation, on one side, are confronted with the barriers faced and mechanisms to surpass them, on the other side, building a real picture of the problem and ways to contour it.

Orientador: Edevar Luvizotto Junior / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, Arquitetura e Urbanismo / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-11T18:08:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Silva_NeusaAparecidaSales_M.pdf: 3550514 bytes, checksum: 2963e1b4e84aea2fc6b498b7ef92c3dc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2003 / Resumo: A gestão de uma empresa de abastecimento de água fundamenta-se em um conjunto de dados gerais, sobre os quais se geram informações (dados tratados) através das quais são tomadas decisões de ações efetivas. As informações se traduzem normalmente em indicativos puros, tais como número de consumidores, extensão da rede, volume produzido, volume consumido, etc. As devidas relações destes indicativos ¿puros¿ podem fornecer valiosas informações de diagnostico do sistema. Tais relações são chamadas de ¿guias¿ ou indicadores de gestão. O presente trabalho coletou da literatura (de organizações de reconhecida credibilidade) um conjunto de 254 indicadores de gestão para empresas de abastecimento. Estes indicadores foram submetidos à análise, por meio de questionário apropriado, pelos diversos setores de um grupo de empresas selecionadas. O resultado das análises, fornece indícios do baixo emprego e conhecimento de indicadores de gestão por parte das empresas de abastecimento (a menos dos exigidos por parte de órgãos de financiamento). Também a falta de uma cultura de manutenção de um banco de dados atualizados, a falta de um rigor no trato destas informações, põem em duvida os valores obtidos para os indicadores utilizados como contribuição deste trabalho. Aproveitando o resultado dos questionários o trabalho estabelece um conjunto de 61 indicadores que parece atender em conjunto a todos os entrevistados sendo portanto tomados como o elenco básico de indicadores de gestão / Abstract: The management of a water suply company is based on general data. One conceive information about this data, and with these information one can take decisions of effective actions. The information are translated in pure indicators, such as number of consumers, the net length, produced and cosumed volume, etc. The proper relations between these pure indicators may supply worth information for the diagnosis of the system. Such relations are called ¿Guides¿ or management indicators. This paper has collected from the literature from the organizations that have recognized credibility a set of 254 management indicators for water supply companies. These indicators were analised, by means of proper questionnaire, by several sections from some chosen companies. The result of this analisis, shows that the water supply companies has a low use and knowledge of these management indicators except those that are required by the finance companies. Also the lack of a culture of maintenance of updated data, the lack of a rigor in treat these information, make the values got to the indicators used as a contribuition for this paper doubtful. Using the questionnaires result this paper establish a set of 61 indicators that seems to serve all the interwied people and so they are used as the basic management indicadores / Mestrado / Recursos Hidricos / Mestre em Engenharia Civil

Orientador: Edevar Luvizotto Júnior / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, Arquitetura e Urbanismo / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-24T20:45:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Brentan_BrunoMelo_M.pdf: 3907443 bytes, checksum: ed727f21f6cc5e54c4c14af2c554c72b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: A necessidade de expansão dos sistemas de saneamento básico devido, principalmente, ao crescimento da população urbana, impõe ao setor de abastecimento de água a tarefa de congregar operações seguras e econômicas. Nesse sentido observa-se uma crescente busca por rotinas operacionais que atendam aos parâmetros normativos e às necessidades dos consumidores. A busca por rotinas otimizadas para o bombeamento de água, com partida e parada de bombas ou com a variação da rotação pelo uso de inversor de frequência tem se tornado cada dia mais comum, tendo em vista as necessidades de economia de energia previamente mencionadas. Porém a tarefa é árdua e se torna campo propício para a aplicação de técnicas modernas de otimização. Destacam-se atualmente as que buscam sua inspiração na natureza, como a PSO, Particle Swarm Optimization, técnica baseada na inteligência de grupos, como cardumes ou enxames. Neste sentido o trabalho apresentado visa contribuir com o tema, desenvolvendo um algoritmo híbrido (simulador-otimizador) para determinação de rotinas otimizadas para o bombeamento de uma instalação de recalque, num período de 24 horas. Para isso utiliza-se uma versão modificada da PSO, a qual inicialmente faz otimização discreta com variáveis binárias para definir o número adequado de bombas ligadas (em rotação nominal) e, em seguida usa a otimização em espaço contínuo para busca de rotações ótimas para reduzir ainda mais os custos, atendendo às restrições operacionais nos horários nas quais as bombas estejam ligadas / Abstract: The need of the expansion of the sanitation systems due the growth of the population imposes the hard task to gather safe and economic operations. By this way, it is possible to see the increase of the investigations to find optimal operational routines wich attend the hydraulic parameters and the demand. The find of optimal routines for the water pumping, with start and stop of the pumps or with the change of the speed with speed drivers, have been widely used by the water systems companies. However, the task is not so easy and it is a propitious field to apply of moderns and robust optimization algorithms. Nowadays, the bioinspired algorithms has been contrasted, like the PSO, Particle Swarm Optimization, that is based on group intelligence, as flock of birds or school of fishes. In this work there is a development of hybrid algorithm (simulator and optimizer) to determine optimized routines for the pumping systems those work at a period of 24 hours. For this, the work uses a variant of the PSO which does a discrete optimization with binary form to define the number of pumps turned on and next, the model works in a continuous form to find the best speed for the pumps trying to reduce even more the cost of operation and attend the operational constraint / Mestrado / Recursos Hidricos, Energeticos e Ambientais / Mestre em Engenharia Civil

Orientador: Edevar Luvizotto Júnior / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, Arquitetura e Urbanismo / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-22T20:58:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ghidetti_AriltonJose_M.pdf: 3270647 bytes, checksum: d5b718b43ee9a69efab843d850099b49 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: Este trabalho apresenta uma avaliação do emprego do Método das Vazões Mínimas Noturnas quando aplicado a um Setor de Abastecimento utilizando bombeamento direto com variação de rotação. O método de simples concepção é empregado na obtenção das informações para a elaboração de um diagnóstico de perdas de água em sistemas de abastecimento. No caso apresentado nesse trabalho o método foi aperfeiçoado possibilitando sua aplicação prática à realidade do setor investigado. Os resultados obtidos permitiram concluir que o método, após o aperfeiçoamento proposto é adequado se utilizarmos como diretriz a comparação e verificação dos resultados obtidos durante a pesquisa com o valor de perdas totais obtidos via balanço hídrico de todo o Município de Itapetininga, podendo inclusive ser utilizado em outros setores que empregam bombeamento com rotação variável, uma tendência observável nos grandes sistemas de abastecimento e, certamente para os quais o método da vazão mínima noturna pode proporcionar um efetivo suporte nas investigações de perdas / Abstract: This paper presents a review of the use of Method of Minimum Flows Night when applied to a Sector Supply using direct pumping with variable speed. The simple design method is employed to obtain the information for making a diagnosis of loss of water supply systems. In the case presented in this work the method was perfected allowing its practical application to the reality of the sector investigated. The results showed that the method after the improvement proposed is appropriate if we use as a guideline the comparison and verification of results obtained during the survey of the value of total losses obtained via water balance of the entire city of Itapetininga, and may even be used in other industries that employ variable speed pumping, a trend observable in large supply system sand certainly for which the minimum night flow method can provide an effective support in investigations of losses / Mestrado / Saneamento e Ambiente / Mestre em Engenharia Civil

Orientador: Daniel Joseph Hogan / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciencias Humanas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-04T02:59:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Galizoni_FlaviaMaria_D.pdf: 861363 bytes, checksum: 1de39800e046c9baaf5d95619ca84eff (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005 / Resumo: O objetivo desta tese é compreender os processos de gestão da água que populações rurais excluídas construíram, analisando as dinâmicas comunitárias de apropriação, regulação, uso e conservação do recurso. Apresenta resultados de pesquisas etnográficas realizadas em comunidades rurais no vale do Jequitinhonha, serra da Mantiqueira e vale do São Francisco, Minas Gerais. Expõe a percepção da água como um bem comum por comunidades de lavradores e seus conflitos com a tendência de governos e empresas definirem a água como um bem econômico, indicando que essa divergência provoca atritos entre culturas locais e políticas públicas. Conclui que, no espaço rural, a priorização do uso da água como um bem econômico limitou o seu uso múltiplo e costumeiro feito pelas populações locais e desembocou em exclusão social e conflitos pelo recurso / Abstract: The objective of this thesis is to understand the water administration processes built by excluded rural populations, analyzing the community dynamics of appropriation, regulation, use and conservation of the resource. Presented are results of ethnographic research done in rural communities in the Jequitinhonha valley, the Mantiqueira range and São Francisco river valley in the state of Minas Gerais. Exposed is the perception, by farming communities, of water as a common good and their conflicts with the tendency of government and companies to define water as an economic good, indicating that divergence provokes friction between local cultures and public policy. It is concluded that, in the rural space, the prioritization of water as an economic good limited the multiple and customary uses made by the local population and resulted in social exclusion and conflicts for the resource / Doutorado / Ciencias Sociais / Doutor em Ciências Sociais

M.Sc. / The Vaal River Barrage reservoir (VRBR) was constructed by Rand Water in 1923 for the purpose of ensuring an adequate raw water supply to meet the potable water requirements of the Pretoria, Witwatersrand and Vaal Triangle regions, and today this is still the main purpose of this body of water. Due to the strategic importance of the Vaal River Barrage catchment and the impact of activities in the catchment on water resources, it is seen as of the utmost importance for the authorities to make a joint effort and co-ordinate action to solve problems in the catchment. A number of different acts have reference to the management of the Barrage reservoir. These, together with Rand Water’s internal policies, are collated and described to provide a reference manual for the integrated management of the Vaal River Barrage reservoir. For completeness, all relevant policies are attached as appendices to the document.

M.Ing. (Civil Engineering Science) / In recent years, there has been an international trend towards installing rainwater tanks in an attempt to save water. However, there are no clear guidelines for determining the optimal size of such a tank in South Africa. This study investigates the possibility of simplifying the process of sizing a rainwater tank for optimal results. It utilises daily data from four rainfall stations, namely Kimberley, Mossel Bay, Punda Maria and Rustenburg, obtained from the South African Weather Services. The water use is considered to be for indoor purposes only, therefore assuming a constant daily demand to be extracted from the tank. The required size of a rainwater tank is influenced by the MAP, the area of the roof draining into the tank, the water demand (both the average demand and seasonal variations), the desired reliability of supply, and the rainfall patterns. The first step in simplifying the process is to consolidate the above variables. The tank volume is expressed as the number of days it could supply the average daily water demand. Another variable is created which provides the ratio of the total water volume which could theoretically be harvested from the roof in an average year, to the total water demand, from the tank, for a year. This has the effect of consolidating the MAP, the roof area, the water demand and the tank volume into two variables only and eliminates the need to consider numerous demand values. Using simulations over 16 years for each location, the relationships between these variables were determined to ensure 90%, 95% and 98% assurance of supply.