The meeting of the basic needs of people, particularly the poor, has come to be an important focus of rural development efforts in the Third World. This is largely due to the realization that the benefits of previous development efforts have not reached the poor. The basic needs concept of development places the focus on the ends of development. This means a direct attack on poverty through meeting the basic human requirements of the neediest segment of society, the poor. There are two approaches that can be taken when one adopts the basic needs concept as the theoretical framework for a project. The first is a top down effort concerned with satisfying basic needs as quickly as possible and is referred to in this thesis as a technocratic approach to meeting basic needs. The second is concerned with developing a sustainable project based on the community so that it can continue to meet its basic needs and is referred to in this thesis as a community development approach to meeting basic needs. The purpose of this thesis is to identify those elements in the planning process that contribute to the success of efforts to meet basic needs in developing countries. Success is defined as the meeting of immediate and long term water needs leading to improvements in health, economic and social conditions of communities. To accomplish this objective a literature review of efforts to meet the basic need of water is undertaken. The focus is on identifying elements found in the literature, dominated by advocates of the community development approach to meeting basic needs, which contributed to the success of rural water supply projects in providing an adequate supply of water to the poor. These success elements can be grouped in the following five categories: appropriate knowledge; appropriate technology; appropriate institutions; appropriate support; and community participation. The assumption articulated by most writers is that each of these five elements is an essential part of a community development approach to meeting basic needs. There is very little in the literature on the technocratic approach, yet it is used in practice. A case study of a rural water supply project in Kenya, East Africa, which used a technocratic approach, was undertaken with the expectation that it would show a lack of success because of its failure to include the five elements of the community development approach. In fact, the project was found to be a success. However, the study did reveal that the planners involved in the project now believe that, for the long run sustainability of the project, it is vital to make the five elements of the community development approach an essential part of the project. The main conclusion of the thesis is that a project using a technocratic approach to meeting basic needs can succeed in the short run but that for this project to continue to be successful there comes a point where the elements assumed to be part of the community development approach to meeting basic needs must be included. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Community and Regional Planning (SCARP), School of / Graduate

M.Ing. / Water demand prediction can be useful for future planning and has a significant economic effect on a city, town or suburb. There are numerous factors influencing water demand and therefore influencing the prediction thereof. The effect of each of these factors on the water demand is called the elasticity of that factor. The main aim of this study is to determine area and income elasticities of demand. This will enable the reader to predict water demand by taking stand size (area) and income into account. The stand value of each user was used as a surrogate for the income of that user. Another aim of this study is to compare average water demands for different cities and towns in Gauteng, South Africa with each other. Over 190 000 users' data were used for this study.

Orientadores: José Gilberto Dalfre Filho, Ana Inês Borri Genovez / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, Arquitetura e Urbanismo / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-18T14:43:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Martim_AndreLuisSoteroSalustiano_D.pdf: 8414506 bytes, checksum: 9edf73e8610e1a9f34e1dbe0ea9e2cb1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: O crescimento populacional e dos centros urbanos torna cada vez mais complexa a infraestrutura urbana, e não deixa de ser diferente a questão das redes e adutoras de abastecimento público de água, que passam a ter grandes extensões e diâmetros, implicando numa complexidade maior da operação e controle e também na maior dificuldade no controle de perdas de água. Este trabalho utiliza um modelo de manutenção de redes de abastecimento de água, aplicando-o em um trabalho de campo experimental, trazendo resultados que podem ser aplicados pelos gestores dos sistemas de abastecimento de água na tomada de decisões na manutenção de redes de abastecimento, avaliando a vida útil da tubulação e prevendo eventos de rompimento. Este estudo empregou uma bancada de ensaios do Laboratório de Hidráulica e Mecânica dos Fluidos da FEC - Unicamp efetuando a análise reversa para validar o modelo matemático pelos resultados obtidos a partir de um modelo físico. Em função da associação entre o modelo teórico de previsão de falhas e a análise de uma tubulação real este trabalho possui característica inédita. A bancada de ensaio forneceu dados de deformação dos tubos de PVC e estes dados foram aquisitados simultaneamente aos dados de pressão interna da tubulação. Estes dados de pressão interna alimentaram o modelo matemático que por forneceu os valores teóricos de tensão a que a tubulação estaria submetida. Confrontando os dados reais e teóricos chegou-se a um desvio entre os modelos entre -4,69% e +7,75%, conferindo ao modelo matemático uma margem de erro inferior a 10% no cálculo das tensões de solicitação das tubulações de PVC. Esses resultados permitiram validar o modelo matemático para previsão das tensões de solicitação das tubulações de PVC, considerando as circunstancias desenvolvidas no laboratório e também a margem de erro admissível à aplicação desejada. Também foi estimada a vida útil, ou a sobrevida da tubulação associando a parcela matemática do modelo correspondente à fadiga, que para a tubulação estudada, que teve esforços de tensão da ordem de 7,21MPa, com a operação da bomba em 1.000KPa de pressão de operação, associada aos fatores externos como temperatura do solo, carregamento do tráfego de veículos e considerando um ciclo de 5 partidas da bomba por hora, a sobrevida da tubulação é de 23,1 anos e considerando a pressão de 11,5MPa, a uma sobrevida é de 2,31anos / Abstract: The growth of population and urban centers become increasingly complex the urban infrastructure, and it's the same issue for different networks and pipelines of public water supply, which now have large areas and diameters, implying a greater complexity of operation and control and also a greater difficulty in controlling water loss. This paper uses a model of network maintenance of water supply, applying it in an experimental work field, bringing results that can be applied by managers of water supply systems in decision-making in the maintenance of supply networks, evaluating the life of the pipe and providing breaking events. This study used a test bench of the Laboratory of Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics of the FEC - UNICAMP. Reverse performing the analysis to validate the mathematical model for the results obtained from a physical model. Depending on the association between the theoretical model for fault prediction and analysis of a real pipe has unique feature of this work. The bench test data provided deformation of PVC pipes and these data were acquisitive data simultaneously to internal pressure of the pipe. These data from internal pressure fed the mathematical model that provided the theoretical values of tension that the pipe would be submitted. Comparing the actual and theoretical data came to a deviation between the models of -4.69% and +7.75%, giving a mathematical model to the margin of error of less than 10% in the calculation of the tensions request of PVC pipes . These results allowed us to validate the mathematical model to predict the stresses request of PVC pipes, considering the circumstances developed in the laboratory and also the margin of error to the desired application. It also estimated the useful life, or survival of the pipe linking the math portion of the model corresponding to the fatigue that for the pipeline studied, which had a tensile force of about 7.21 MPa, with the operation of the pump pressure 1.000KPa operation, associated with external factors such as soil temperature, loading from vehicular traffic and considering a cycle of five matches per hour pump, tubing survival is 23.1 years and considering the pressure of 11.5 MPa at a survival is 2.31 years / Doutorado / Recursos Hidricos / Doutor em Engenharia Civil

Orientador: Paulo Vatavuk / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, Arquitetura e Urbanismo / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-26T16:05:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Costa_EdsonSeneda_M.pdf: 9039767 bytes, checksum: e9d0b4f243d44d427133eff873f18844 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: O problema de perdas de água em redes de abastecimento é um dos principais desafios dos gestores dos sistemas. Neste trabalho pretende-se avaliar um caso prático no qual a alteração do ponto de alimentação da rede de água possibilitou redução de perda de água devido à diminuição das pressões na área estudada. A região central do município de Cotia abastecido pelo setor Cotia-Jardim Atalaia, tinha o ponto de alimentação da rede situado em um local distante de seu ponto crítico alto. Devido ao crescimento populacional, este reservatório ficou com a demanda de água maior que a oferta, e, houve a necessidade de realizar a diminuição de sua área de atuação. Para resolver a questão, a área de estudo foi retirada do setor Cotia-Atalaia e passou a ser abastecida pelo setor Cotia-Centro que suportou o acréscimo de vazão. Com essa mudança, o novo ponto de alimentação da região central coincidiu com o ponto crítico alto e houve uma redução das perdas no período diurno. Durante a investigação do ocorrido, mediante modelagem matemática e medições de vazão e pressão em campo, ficou demonstrado que, em um Distrito de Medição e Controle (DMC), quando se tem um único ponto de alimentação e que seja pelo ponto crítico alto, há uma redução das pressões diurnas e, consequentemente, diminuem as taxas de vazamentos / Abstract: The problem of water loss in distribution systems is one of the main challenges faced by the system managers. The purpose of this work is to evaluate a practical case in which the change of the feed point of the network enabled a reduction of water loss due to the reduction of pressures in the studied area. The central region of the city of Cotia, supplied by the Cotia-Jardim Atalaia sector, had the main supply point located far from the critical (high elevation) point. Due to population growth, this tank had its water demand exceeded, and then the need for the reduction of its operating area appeared. To solve the issue, the study area was removed from Cotia-Jardim Atalaia sector and is now supplied by Cotia-Centro sector that accepted the flow increase. With this change, the new feed point of the central region matched the critical high point and there was a reduction in losses during the day. During the investigation of the incident by mathematical modeling and field flow and pressure measurements, it was shown that, in a District Metered Areas (DMA), when you have a single point of supply that matches the critical high point, there is a reduction in daytime pressures and thus a reduction of leakage rates / Mestrado / Recursos Hidricos, Energeticos e Ambientais / Mestre em Engenharia Civil

>Magister Scientiae - MSc / Water is a strategic resource critical for basic human needs and for sustaining key economic sectors, including various emerging small businesses. The significance of water to everyday life become apparent mainly during periods of acute water shortages because of increasing population, industrial developments, droughts, and natural disasters that threatens the assurance of water supply. With the growing complexity of water supply challenges faced by the Phalaborwa WTW, there is a need to deploy technology and other means available to improve the provision of water and sanitation services. The aim of the study was to evaluate the telemetry system for managing the Phalaborwa WTW water supply process. / 2022

MESHWR / Department of Hydrology and Water Resources / See the attached abstract below

We may take our access to clean water for granted but recent events in Sweden and Europe have shown that a loss of water supply due to contamination does occur and can have large negative effects on society both financially and health wise. These events may become more frequent as the climate changes. This study investigates different aspects of crisis management for drinking water supply in municipalities in Sweden. The data was collected in a questionnaire sent out to the municipalities as a web-survey. The questionnaire included questions about the municipality’s ability to handle a failure in the main water supply and if a crisis in the drinking water supply was included in their risk and vulnerability analysis (RSA). The overall response rate was 15 %. The majority of the municipalities answered that drinking water supply was included in their RSA. Most of the municipalities lacked the ability to connect to a reserve water source, and the majority of those who were able, could not do so within 24 hours. A municipality’s ability to connect to a reserve water source did not vary with population between small (<20 000) and semi large (>20 000<100 000). The study indicates that there are improvments regarding crisis preparedness in the RSA and the ability to connect to a reserve water source compared to older studies however it also indicates that some municipalities are still not well prepared in case their primary water source of drinking water can not be used.

This study aimed to investigate the critical success factors for the community management of rural water supplies in the Ohangwena Region, Namibia. Rural communities in Namibia receive water through the Community Based Management (CBM) strategy, which necessitates water governance decentralisation, thereby enabling local communities to participate fully in the management of their water resources. In pursuance of this policy and philosophy, a large number of water point committees have been created nationally to manage the water system in rural areas. However, it is reported that at least half of the existing water points in rural areas in Namibia are faulty and dysfunctional, and the majority of people are still struggling to access clean water. Rural communities in the Ohangwena region have over the years experienced water scarcity, compelling them to drink unsuitable and salty water for survival. The main objective of the study was to examine the critical success factors for the community management of rural water supplies in the Ohangwena Region of the country. More specifically, the study endeavoured to examine key considerations having a positive impact on the success of the management of the rural water supply in Namibia, using the Ohangwena Region as a local case study. Both qualitative and quantitative methods were used in the study. The research methods included a mini-survey, document analysis and interviews. Purposive sampling was used to select the participants. All these approaches were applied to investigate the critical success factors for the community management of rural water supply. The findings from the study affirmed that polycentric principles govern the provision of Namibian rural water supply. Governance issues, leadership attributes of the committee members, training and capacity building, level of community involvement, coordination and support were identified as critical success factors for effective management of rural water supplies. Among factors identified as hampering effective management of the rural water points were a lack of implementation of specific regulations and stipulations of the National Water Policy of 2008 and Water Resource Management Act 11 of 2013 (although the Act was formulated, it still remains to be implemented), lack of skills among the water point committees, lack of financial and human resources and a lack of an oversight role by the government. The study recommended the enforcement of water management policies, harmonisation of laws and regulations as well as the provision of economic incentives to the water committees to ensure sustainable and efficient supply of water to communities. Finally, a rural water management model was developed, which is anticipated to contribute towards improved management of rural water provision in the study area. / Public Administration and Management / D.P.A.

Water scarcity has caused severe impact on the entire ecosphere while the climate change is resulting in high frequency of extreme weather conditions, especially extended period of drought. Due to the even increasing world’s population and the continued societal modernization, water scarcity is now one of the leading global challenges towards the development of human society. On the other hand, atmospheric water, accounting for 6 times the water in all rivers on Earth, is emerging as an alternative water resource. This dissertation thoroughly investigated the fully solar energy driven atmospheric water harvesting (AWH) process in a broad scientific and application context. The light-to-heat conversion process of solar photothermal materials was investigated first with a rationally designed droplet-laser system, which in combination with the calculation of heat of absorption of water vapor for various application scenarios, formed a theoretical basis of this dissertation research. As a result, a series of commonly used hydrated salts and their anhydrous counterparts were judiciously selected and successfully proven to be low-cost AWH materials to generate clean fresh water for arid regions. A hydrogel-deliquescent salt composite was further developed as AWH material with a significantly enhanced fresh water production capacity. A new design of nano-capsule encapsulated deliquescent salt was further put forward to enhance water vapor sorption/desorption kinetics, which enabled, for the first time, multiple sorption/desorption cycles within one day and thus multiplied water production capacity. The first-ever continuous AWH device, as opposed to batch-type one, was rationally designed, fabricated, and successfully tested in field conditions outdoors. At last, the dissertation pioneered a novel concept of atmospheric water sorption and desorption cycle for photovoltaic (PV) panel cooling. This dissertation shines significant light on sorption based atmospheric water harvesting and inspires more research efforts on this important research topic.

This thesis is a combination of two separate studies which examine hydrologic data assimilation techniques: 1) to determine the applicability of assimilation of remotely sensed data in operational models and 2) to compare the effectiveness of assimilation and other calibration techniques. The first study examines the ability of Data Assimilation of remotely sensed microwave radiance data to improve snow water equivalent prediction, and ultimately operational streamflow forecasts. Operational streamflow forecasts in the National Weather Service River Forecast Center are produced with a coupled SNOW17 (snow model) and SACramento Soil Moisture Accounting (SAC-SMA) model. A comparison of two assimilation techniques, the Ensemble Kalman Filter (EnKF) and the Particle Filter (PF), is made using a coupled SNOW17 and the Microwave Emission Model for Layered Snowpack model to assimilate microwave radiance data. Microwave radiance data, in the form of brightness temperature (TB), is gathered from the Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer-Earth Observing System at the 36.5GHz channel. SWE prediction is validated in a synthetic experiment. The distribution of snowmelt from an experiment with real data is then used to run the SAC-SMA model. Several scenarios on state or joint state-parameter updating with TB data assimilation to SNOW-17 and SAC-SMA models were analyzed, and the results show potential benefit for operational streamflow forecasting. The second study compares the effectiveness of different calibration techniques in hydrologic modeling. Currently, the most commonly used methods for hydrologic model calibration are global optimization techniques. While these techniques have become very efficient and effective in optimizing the complicated parameter space of hydrologic models, the uncertainty with respect to parameters is ignored. This has led to recent research looking into Bayesian Inference through Monte Carlo methods to analyze the ability to calibrate models and represent the uncertainty in relation to the parameters. Research has recently been performed in filtering and Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) techniques for optimization of hydrologic models. At this point, a comparison of the effectiveness of global optimization, filtering and MCMC techniques has yet to be reported in the hydrologic modeling community. This study compares global optimization, MCMC, the PF, the Particle Smoother, the EnKF and the Ensemble Kalman Smoother for the purpose of parameter estimation in both the HyMod and SAC-SMA hydrologic models.