MESHWR / Department of Hydrology and Water Resources / See the attached abstract below

The drive train components and the machine control system significantly influence the fuel consumption of mobile machinery. The demonstrator vehicle “Green Wheel Loader” developed within the joint research project “TEAM” combines the most promising drive concepts currently available for mobile machines with an innovative operating strategy. The developed drive and control system proved its functionality and performance under realistic operation conditions in a gravel pit. Reference test showed 10 – 15 % fuel savings of the prototype vehicle compared to a state-of-the-art series machine.

A stator turn fault in a safety-critical drive application must be detected at its initial stage and imperatively requires an evasive action to prevent a serious accident caused by an abrupt interruption in the drive s operation. However, this is much challenging for the case of an interior permanent magnet synchronous motor (IPMSM) drives because of the presence of the permanent magnets that cannot be turned off at will. This work tackles the problem of increase the stator turn fault tolerance of IPMSM drives in safety-critical applications. This objective is achieved by an on-line turn fault detection method and a simple turn fault-tolerant operating strategy. In this work, it is shown that a stator turn fault in a current-controlled voltage source inverter-driven machine leads to a reduced fundamental positive sequence component of the voltage references as compared to the machine without a turn fault for a given torque reference and rotating speed. Based on this finding, a voltage reference-based turn fault detection method is proposed. In addition, it is also revealed that an adjustment to the level of the rotating magnetic flux in an appropriate manner can yield a significant reduction in the propagation speed of the fault and possibly prevention of the fault from spreading to the entire winding. This would be accomplished without any hardware modification. Based on this principle, a stator turn fault-tolerant operating strategy for IPMSM drives maintaining drive s availability is proposed. To evaluate these turn fault detection method and fault-tolerant operating strategy, an electrical model and a thermal model of an IPMSM with stator turn faults are derived. All the proposed models and methods are validated through simulations and experiments on a 10kW IPMSM drive.

This dissertation proposed a new methodology for determining the optimal operating strategies for a chilled water storage system under a Time-of-Use electricity rate structure. It is based on a new classification of operating strategies and an investigation of multiple search paths. Each operating strategy consists of a control strategy and the maximum number of chillers running during the off-peak and on-peak periods. For each month, the strategy with the lowest monthly billing cost and minimal water level higher than the setpoint is selected as the optimal operating strategy for the current month. A system model is built to simulate the tank water level at the end of each time step and the system total power during each time step. This model includes six sub-models. Specifically, the plant model is a forward model using a wire-to-water concept to simulate the plant total power. For the Thermal Energy Storage (TES) model, the tank state is described with total chilled water volume in the tank and its derivation is the tank charging or discharging flow rate. A regression model is adopted to simulate the loop supply and return temperature difference as well as the loop total flow rate demand. In the control strategy sub-model, except for three conventional control strategies and the operation without TES, a new control strategy is advanced to load the chiller optimally. The final results will be a table showing the monthly control strategy and maximal number of chillers staged on during the off-peak and on-peak periods, an approach which is easy for the operators to follow. Two project applications of this methodology are introduced in this dissertation. One is an existing TES system with state-of-the-art control and metering systems. The monthly optimal operating strategies are generated, which will achieve significant savings. The comparisons among different control strategies are also provided. The other application consists of multiple plants with little data. The purpose of the study is to evaluate the economic feasibility of designing a new chilled water storage tank and sharing it among four plants. This problem can be solved with a simplified system model, and an optimal tank size is recommended.

The drive train components and the machine control system significantly influence the fuel consumption of mobile machinery. The demonstrator vehicle “Green Wheel Loader” developed within the joint research project “TEAM” combines the most promising drive concepts currently available for mobile machines with an innovative operating strategy. The developed drive and control system proved its functionality and performance under realistic operation conditions in a gravel pit. Reference test showed 10 – 15 % fuel savings of the prototype vehicle compared to a state-of-the-art series machine.

本研究進行，乃基於隨著國際油價飆漲，中東產油國及新興國家大量投資煉油石化產業，使得商機增加；但由於韓國工程公司在政府力量支持之下崛起，使國際統包工程市場競爭趨於激烈；加上匯率及金屬原物料價格的大幅波動，造成統包工程承做風險提高等不利條件進行探討。藉由以上的背景因素發掘個案公司在跨國專案管理的問題與尋求解決方案，進而提升個案公司的整體營運績效，強化核心能耐與競爭力；期能掌握這一波產業發展契機，與歐美日韓進入國際統包工程的領先群，並擺脫中國、印度等潛在後起之秀的追趕。 本研究係由個案公司所處的內外部環境、跨國專案管理與經營策略三方面進行分析，以期構建個案公司的發展願景、強化核心能耐及訂定短、中、長期策略目標。此外，亦期經由本研究，提供學術探討與企業實務運作的參考，裨益於石化工程公司跨國專案管理的研究與經營發展方向的探討。 為提高研究的周延性，本研究從國際統包工程的特點、管理模式與經營策略三方面進行文獻探討，藉以建立正確的研究知識並啟發基本的研究觀念，進而訂定本研究的研究架構與實施步驟，使研究有序的進行。 基於國內從事國際統包工程且願意分享其跨國專案管理經驗的企業相當有限，加上本研究主題乃目前全球競爭現實自然演變而產生，不適合驗證性的研究；因此本研究採取探索性的個案研究方式。研究架構則以個案公司所處的內外部環境為自變項，跨國專案管理為控制變項，經營策略為應變項三個主軸發展；研究方法主要採用文獻探討、個案研究與資料分析。 對於個案公司的分析，首先從個案公司所處的國際煉油石化工程產業、個案公司的基本資料等基礎構面進行探討；其次對個案公司的內部發展進行分析，再審視個案公司的執行力與競爭力，然後對未來策略構想進行綜合整理與剖析。 本研究提出的結論如下： 一、外在環境： 煉油石化工程產業市場需求提高，但競爭激烈，且市場風險不易掌握。 二、經營策略定位： 以台灣為營運中心，從中國大陸、東南亞、印度、沙烏地子公司進行在地紮根，進行跨國協同設計與集團化採購，並有效結合中國大陸資源。 三、未來經營策略： 強化作業流程改進委員會；發揮創新小組功能，追求差異化帶來的競爭優勢；完善『企業整合性管理資訊系統』，支援跨國協同設計作業，減少品質重做成本，加速作業流程，提高整體營運效率。 本研究建議個案公司應強化支援性資訊系統，以有效支援跨國專案的執行；對未來的研究，則建議透過更多訪談，取得可供比較的資料，採行較大規模的量化資料蒐集，獲取較多可供驗證的資料，以及多方面拓展研究方向，促使本研究領域的深入與完整。

依據全球能源趨勢分析新興市場能源需求逐年成長，然而國內市場飽和的衝擊下，台灣的工程業如何運用既有實績、知識、技術來拓展海外商機，是企業面對環境快速變化所採取的必要策略。縱使金融風暴及外在投資環境愈趨險惡，競爭對手亦都是國際級工程公司，國內工程業仍須就時代脈動及未來趨勢提前規劃訂定新目標及經營策略以確保永續經營。 本研究藉由台灣工程業生存環境的變化及政策發展目標改變，依據區域、產業、顧客、市場的變化來尋求潛在市場規模。以煉油石化工程為主要研究對象，其市場特性為進入門檻高，且大型統包型專案執行日漸複雜，台灣的工程公司應具備良好之業務、專業能力，熟悉全球化作業細節，才有機會積極跨入國際市場以提供完善服務。本研究藉由個案公司對國內、外市場趨勢的探討，公司所處的內外部環境，尋求一個企業如何找出其價值鏈來提升核心競爭力；並且藉由研究策略之關鍵因素，利用跨國行銷管理與經營績效進行分析，以構建個案公司的發展願景。 企業創新、組織改造與競爭策略是未來發展的解決方案。本研究利用工程資訊、文獻資料等剖析企業在面臨國際經濟、工業發展、政府政策，供應鍵變化等不確定因素下，要跨入國際工程市場，可採用的策略方法。運用競合策略SWOT分析、價值網、策略地圖、平衡計分卡等探討強化核心能耐及訂立短、中、長期策略目標。 隨著大陸、印度等煉油石化工程同業逐漸取得報價資格進入國際市場，當我們面對低價搶標，材料及人工成本的上漲壓力，個案公司需以極敏銳的隨機變動能力，掌握這一波產業發展契機並發掘在跨國管理上的問題以尋求提升整體營運績效，強化核心能耐與競爭力。

In diesem Beitrag wird eine Betriebsstrategie für einen hybriden Energiespeicher vorgestellt, die sich der Vorhersage zukünftiger Fahrzustände durch ein autonomes Fahrzeug bedient. Dies ermöglicht ein zusätzliches Verringern der Verluste im Vergleich zu herkömmlichen Strategien, die keine Vorhersagen verwenden. Um diese Funktionen umzusetzen, wurden drei Hierarchieebenen definiert. Die oberste enthält die Energiestrategie und bestimmt den langfristigen Ladestandverlauf des Kondensators mit Hilfe der Vorhersagen. Sie gibt der Leistungsstrategie in der mittleren Ebene einen Sollladestand und eine Zielzeit vor, zu der dieser Ladestand erreicht werden soll. Die Leistungsstrategie ist als modellprädiktive Regelung ausgeführt, die den Zielladegrad in einem Toleranzband führt und die Verluste des Energiespeichersystems minimiert. Die unterste Hierarchieebene enthält die Leistungsregelung des verwendeten DC/DC-Wandlers. Diese stellt die Kondensatorleistung nach der Vorgabe durch die Leistungsstrategie ein. Mit Hilfe dieses Ansatzes und einer Vorausschau von maximal 12 s konnten die Verluste im Vergleich zu einer regelbasierten Strategie ohne Vorausschau um 12 % verringert werden. Im Vergleich zu einer global optimierten Lösung, die mittels einer Dynamischen Programmierung erreicht wurde, erzeugt sie 8 % mehr Verluste. / This paper presents an operating strategy for a hybrid energy storage system using the prediction of future driving conditions by an autonomous vehicle. This allows to reduce the losses compared to conventional strategies that do not use predictions. To implement these functions, three hierarchy levels have been defined. The top level is the energy strategy and determines the long-term state of charge of the capacitor using the predictions. It gives the power strategy, the middle level, a target charge level and a target time at which this state of charge should be reached. The power strategy determines the current power distribution using a model predictive approach and stationary loss optimization. The lowest hierarchical level is the power control of the DC/DC converter used. This adjusts the capacitor power according to the specification of the power strategy. With the help of this approach and a forecast of maximum 12 s, the losses could be reduced by12 % compared to a rule-based strategy without a forecast. In comparison to a globally optimized solution achieved by dynamic programming, the new strategy generates 8 % more losses.

台灣有超過2,000家在營業中的旅行社，營運規模由3到5個員工到數千人員工，由極輕量化的公司營運一直到大型營運的公司皆存在旅遊產業中。 本研究個案試著運用幾種企業管理常用的理論模組，讓閱讀本文的人士能夠清楚地了解，如何在適當的時機做對的決策，以擴大營運規模。 以本個案的綜合旅行社為例，年間服務出境旅客超過20萬人次，在過去七年間，員工人數成長約2.5倍，業績成長約3倍，並且上興櫃成功；除了公司內部作業平台的改善及優化之外，本個案要闡明的是，在快速變遷的環境中，如何掌握機會，做好決策，並落實執行的過程。期望能提供有效的資訊給有意將公司大型化的同業參考，並也藉由個案檢視公司成長的決策過程，由累積公司成長的經驗中建立有效、穩定的公司決策模式。讓個案中的公司與有興趣閱讀的人員可以從文中獲得知識的累積與經營事業的啟發。