As redes de distribuição constituem importantes infra-estruturas por serem responsáveis pelo abastecimento de água à população. Dessa maneira, tanto o projeto, como a operação e a manutenção dessas infra-estruturas devem ser eficientes, visando manter a sustentabilidade do recurso natural distribuído através das mesmas. Devido à idade das redes, pressões excessivas nos condutos e outros fatores, as perdas por vazamento representam, nos dias de hoje, grande parte de toda água bombeada e tratada quimicamente para o consumo populacional. Com o objetivo de minimizar essas perdas, este trabalho visa a determinação dos parâmetros do modelo hidráulico para sub-setores da cidade de São Carlos, onde as perdas por vazamentos mostram-se expressivas. Os referidos parâmetros foram determinados através do modelo inverso de minimização dos desvios entre dados de campo observados e valores simulados por modelo hidráulico, usando algoritmos genéticos (AGs). O estudo constitui parte integrante do projeto intitulado \"controle operacional em subsistema urbano de distribuição de água\", apoiado pelo FINEP, em andamento. / The water supply networks are very important structures for human consumption. This way, the project as well as the operation and maintenance of such systems must be efficient, focusing on keeping the sustainability of this natural resource. Due to the age of the networks, excessive pressure inside the pipes and other factors, leakage nowadays represents a considerable loss of the total pumped and chemically treated water which is to be supplied to the population. Trying to minimize theses losses, this study sets out to determine the parameters for the pressure x leakage model, applying it to sub-sectors of São Carlos city network, SP, where leakage represents a considerable amount. The referred parameters determination is realized through the inverse minimization model of differences between data observed in field and those simulated values by a hydraulic model, using genetic algorithms (GAs).

Tung Kwok Wah Henri. / "Architecture Department, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Master of Architecture Programme 2003-2004, design report." / Chapter 01. --- The Story Line --- p.p.01 - p.06 / Chapter 02. --- The System --- p.p.07 - p.08 / Chapter 03. --- Design Vol. 1 - the fabric --- p.p.09 - p.11 / Chapter 04. --- Design Vol. 2 - 1/2 park + 1/2 plant --- p.p.12 - p.26 / Chapter 05. --- The research part A - Newater plant (Singapore) --- p.p.27 - p.37 / Chapter 06. --- The researh part B - Water Background --- p.p.38 - p.48 / Chapter 07. --- The research part C - Rotomolding --- p.p.49 - p.57

As redes de distribuição constituem importantes infra-estruturas por serem responsáveis pelo abastecimento de água à população. Dessa maneira, tanto o projeto, como a operação e a manutenção dessas infra-estruturas devem ser eficientes, visando manter a sustentabilidade do recurso natural distribuído através das mesmas. Devido à idade das redes, pressões excessivas nos condutos e outros fatores, as perdas por vazamento representam, nos dias de hoje, grande parte de toda água bombeada e tratada quimicamente para o consumo populacional. Com o objetivo de minimizar essas perdas, este trabalho visa a determinação dos parâmetros do modelo hidráulico para sub-setores da cidade de São Carlos, onde as perdas por vazamentos mostram-se expressivas. Os referidos parâmetros foram determinados através do modelo inverso de minimização dos desvios entre dados de campo observados e valores simulados por modelo hidráulico, usando algoritmos genéticos (AGs). O estudo constitui parte integrante do projeto intitulado \"controle operacional em subsistema urbano de distribuição de água\", apoiado pelo FINEP, em andamento. / The water supply networks are very important structures for human consumption. This way, the project as well as the operation and maintenance of such systems must be efficient, focusing on keeping the sustainability of this natural resource. Due to the age of the networks, excessive pressure inside the pipes and other factors, leakage nowadays represents a considerable loss of the total pumped and chemically treated water which is to be supplied to the population. Trying to minimize theses losses, this study sets out to determine the parameters for the pressure x leakage model, applying it to sub-sectors of São Carlos city network, SP, where leakage represents a considerable amount. The referred parameters determination is realized through the inverse minimization model of differences between data observed in field and those simulated values by a hydraulic model, using genetic algorithms (GAs).

Thesis (M.Dev.) -- University of Limpopo, 2018 / The purpose of this study was to determine the challenges that hinder the Greater Tzaneen Municipality from rendering water service delivery to Mokgolobotho villagers and the villagers’ perceptions of their livelihoods without adequate municipal water supply. The study employed both quantitative and qualitative research. Two groups of respondents participated in the study. The data was gathered from 100 respondents from Mokgolobotho village, and of the 100 respondents, 90 were residents from 30 households, 1 chief, 3 indunas, 1 ward councillor,3 ward committee members and 2 NGOs. The respondents from the community (households) were randomly sampled and a questionnaire was administered to them ,while those who participated in the interview were purposefully sampled. The scarcity of water at Mokgolobotho village has a negative impact on a number of aspects; the economic development of the village, the academic performance of learners, health of the community members is also at risk as they share water with animals (Mopani Herald, 2014:3) and it also increases the death rate caused by car accidents as villagers cross the R36 Lydenburg main road to get water at the Dan Extension 2 (Reconstruction and Development Programme Settlement). The Department of Water Affairs is very aware of the anomalies in water distribution, where people reside adjacent to water sources and yet have no access to a source of safe and reliable drinking water. Section 27 of the Bill of Rights in the Constitution states that everyone has the right to have access to sufficient water, and the state must take reasonable legislative and other measures to achieve the progressive realization of this right. The Greater Tzaneen Municipality has failed to implement this section of the Bill of Rights at Mokgolobotho Village. The study recommends that the fulfilment of the constitutional mandate by the Greater Tzaneen Municipality and the active involvement of all the stakeholders will solve the water service delivery problem in Mokgolobotho Village.

Thesis (D. Phil.(International Politics))--University of Pretoria, 2003. / Includes bibliographical references.

Through a case study of the Umdoni Local Municipality the study assessed the claims made in the Ugu District Municipality 2008 Report that eMalangeni and eMahlongwa communities have achieved 100 percent water provision. Furthermore, the study used the Rostowrian‟s four of the five-stage model of development to interrogate whether water service provision has improved the standard of living of the people in these two communities. The findings of this study reveal that there is a positive correlation between the installation of water standpipes and an improvement of the standard of living, though it is spread unevenly in these areas. The study concludes that government departments such as the Departments of Water Affairs and Forestry, Agriculture and Rural Development and Land Reform should forge strong relationships aimed at assisting the UDM to achieve its prime objective of improving the quality of life of all who fall under its jurisdiction. / Thesis (M.A.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 2012.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Wyoming, 2008. / Title from PDF title page (viewed on August 4, 2009). Includes bibliographical references (p. 89-95).

Thesis (M.Sc. (Geography)) - Rhodes University, 2009.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of California, San Diego, 2007. / Title from first page of PDF file (viewed June 21, 2007). Available via ProQuest Digital Dissertations. Vita. Includes bibliographical references.

Water-resource managers are facing unprecedented challenges in accommodating the large uncertainties associated with climate change in their planning decisions. Integration of climate risk information is a pre-requisite for water resources planning under a changing climate, yet this information is often presented outside the decision-making context and in a way which is not relevant for the decision at hand. Furthermore, there is a lack of approaches that explicitly evaluate the impact of nonstationary climate change on decision-relevant metrics and variables. This thesis describes novel methods for incorporating uncertain information on climate change in water resources decision-making and estimating climate change-related risks in water resources systems. The main hypotheses of this thesis are that: (1) shifting away from planning approaches based on abstract supply-demand balance metrics towards risk-based approaches that quantify the frequency and severity of observable outcomes of concern to water users, such as water shortages, can help decision-makers establish preferences among actions and identify cost and climate risk reduction trade-offs (2) adopting risk-based planning methods allows water managers to characterize and account for different sources of uncertainty in the water planning process and to understand their impact on outcomes of value and decisions. To test these hypotheses, this thesis presents an analytic approach for (1) incorporating nonstationary climate change projections and other uncertain factors related to demand changes into water resources decision-making, (2) understanding trade-offs between benefits of climate risk-reduction and cost of climate change adaptation, and (3) characterizing water supply vulnerability to unprecedented drought conditions. The approach is applied to London's urban water supply system located in the Thames river basin, south-east of England. Results from this thesis demonstrate how a systematic characterization of uncertainties related to future hydro-climatic conditions can help decision-makers compare and choose between a range of possible water management options and decide upon the scale and timing of implementation that meet decision-makers' risk tolerability. Additionally, results show the benefits of combining climate information with vulnerability analysis to test decisions' robustness to unprecedented drought conditions. The application of the proposed methods to the London urban water supply system suggests that the risks of exceeding reliability targets in the future will increase if no further supply or demand side actions were to be taken. Results from the case study also show that changes in demand due to population growth could have greater impacts on water security than climate change and that small reductions in climate-related risk may come at significantly higher costs. It should be stressed that the results from the case study are based on a simplified representation of London's water supply system and that they should be further tested with the full system model employed by the water utility which implements more complex operational rules.