The natural occurrences of high (&gt;10 μg/L) dissolved arsenic (As) in groundwater of Bengal Basin has put millions of people under the threat of chronic As exposure through drinking water. Present study has examined the processes that regulate As mobilization and its distribution in shallow aquifers and the potentiality of finding safe aquifers within shallow depth (&lt;50 m) for drinking water supply. The results indicate that in terms of aquifer sediment colors and water quality two types of aquifer namely brown sand aquifer (BSA) and grey sand aquifer (GSA) can be distinguished within the depth, accessible by low-cost drilling. The redox condition in the BSA is delineated to be Mn oxyhydroxides reducing, not sufficiently lowered for As mobilization resulting in high Mn and low Fe and As in groundwater. While in GSA, currently the reductive dissolution of Fe oxyhydroxides is the prevailing redox process causing As mobilization into groundwater of this aquifer type. It is revealed that the vertical distribution of As and other aqueous redox parameters is related to the redox zonation within aquifer. The decoupling of As and Fe release into groundwater is evident in the shallowest part of aquifer because of Fe enrichment by weathering of silicate minerals especially of biotite, the precipitation of secondary mineral phases like siderite and vivianite and incomplete reduction of Fe oxyhydroxides. It is characterized that the seasonal variations of As and other aqueous solutes are limited within the upper portion of aquifer only (&lt;30 m bgl) and can be related to seasonal cycling of redox status, aggregation and dispersion of As scavenging colloids, local groundwater abstraction and monsoonal recharge. The results of surface complexation modeling indicate that PO43- is the major competitor of As(III) and As(V) adsorption onto Fe oxyhydroxides. This study concludes that the reductive dissolution of Fe oxyhydroxides followed by competitive sorption reactions with the aquifer sediment is the process conducive for As enrichment in groundwater of Bengal Basin. Present study advocates that despite low concentration of As in groundwater, a rigorous assessment of attendant health risk for Mn is necessary prior to considering mass scale exploitation of the BSA for sustainable drinking water supply. This study also validates that TW platform colors can be used as a rapid screening tool for As and Mn in drinking water wells to prioritize As mitigation management. / <p>QC 20130919</p> / EURINDIA 2009-1665

Denna rapport är en del av en förstudie som syftar att undersöka möjligheterna för ett bevattningsprojekt i de ecuadorianska Anderna. Rapport koncentrerar sig på vatten-tillgången för förstudien Estudio de Prefacitbilidad de un Proyecto de Riego en los Andes – el Caso de Balda Lupaxi Bajo, Chimborazo, Ecuador. Fältundersökningarna gjordes under mars till och med maj 2003 i Balda Lupaxi Bajo, en indian-by i provinsen Chimobrazo. I detta område är nederbörden bristfällig och följaktligen är skörden dålig och det är inte möjligt att bruka jorden under delar av året. Idén till projektet initierades av en bonde-förening som kallas UNASAC. UNASAC kommer att använda rapporten i sitt sökande efter finansiellt stöd för fördjupande studier och slutligen ett genomförande av projektet. Målet med denna delrapport är att identifiera en lämplig plats för vattenuttag och att bestämma hur många hektar som kan bevattnas. Vidare presenteras ett förslag till utformning av vattenavledningen. Studien har gjorts genom fältstudier, vattenanalyser, intervjuer och bearbetning av hydrologiska och meteorologiska data. Fyra vattenuttagsalternativ undersöktes, både flod- och grundvatten. Det mest lämpliga alternativet enligt denna studie är floden Llinllin. De andra undersökta alternativen förkastades på grund av brist på vatten, otillräcklig vattenkvalitet och höga kostnader. Llinllin-alternativet består av en direkt avledning, en öppen kanal och en sifon. Alternativet kan försörja 250 hektar av bevattnad odlingsmark under de antaganden som är gjorda i rapporten. För att fortsätta med detta projekt måste bönderna lösa de sociala problem som finns i och mellan byarna. Kommunicationen med de närliggande byarna är nödvändig. Det finns många intressenter av Llinllin floden och det är nödvändigt att finna en hållbar lösning för vattenuttaget. / This report is a part of a prefeasiblity study to investigate the possibilities to introduce an irrigation system in a rural part of the Andes in Ecuador. The report concentrates on the water supply for the prefeasability study called Estudio de Prefacitbilidad de un Proyecto de Riego en los Andes – el Caso de Balda Lupaxi Bajo, Chimborazo, Ecuador. The field study was carried out in March to May 2003 in the indigenous village of Balda Lupaxi Bajo situated in the province of Chimborazo. In this area the precipitation is inferior throughout the year. Consequently the harvest is poor and it is not possible to cultivate during parts of the year. The project was initiated by UNASAC, an indigenous organization for farmers. UNASAC would use this report for finding finances to complete further studies and finally implement an irrigation system. The main aims of this report are to identify a suitable site for water supply and to determine the size of the area possible to irrigate. Further, a distribution design of the water supply has been investigated. This was carried out by field studies, water analyses, interviews and processing of hydrological and meteorological data. Four alternatives of water supply were studied, both river and ground water. The most appropriate water supply according to the study is the Llinllin River. The other investigated alternatives were rejected due to lack of water, insufficient water quality and high costs. The Llinllin River alternative consists of a direct abstraction, open channels and a siphon. This alternative can support 250 hectares under the constraints taken in this study. In order to continue this project the farmers need to solve the social problems within and between the villages. An improvement of the communication with the nearby villages is necessary. There are many stakeholders involved in the usage of the Llinllin River and therefore it is of great importance to find a sustainable solution for the water abstraction.

Risk-based sampling program of microorganisms in the water source in northern Sweden After several disease outbreaks caused by parasites in the drinking water during the last years, it is more essential than ever to insure that the water supply companies have enough barriers to counteract the presence of microorganisms in the outgoing water. It is also discussed whether climate changes such as increased precipitation can have a connection to the increased cases of parasites in water sources. The water source at Gäddvik is Luleå municipality’s largest and provides drinking water to 64 500 of Luleå’s 74 000 inhabitants. The investigation of microorganisms in the water source, especially in the Lule River has not been as prioritized as the sampling of chemical parameters. Therefore a risk-based sampling program of microorganisms has been established. After analyzing former tests both on the Lule River and the wells at the water supply companies, and observing the precipitation variability over the last 40 years, a sampling program was developed. Analyzes of the chemical parameters from the river have not revealed any significant changes during the sampling time. The precipitation has shown an increasing trend over the past 40 years. The sampling program was divided into three groups containing the parasites Cryptosporidium and Giardia, some indicator organisms (Escherichia coli, coliforms and Clostridium perfringens) and phytoplankton. The infiltration time during the artificial recharge is too short and therefore it is necessary to expand the Standard control for microorganism in the wells (from 12 to 24 samples). The sampling frequency for parasites should be higher during days with heavily rainfall and during the spring flood.

No description available.

Ronneby Miljö- och hälsoskyddskontor ville genom undersökningen få information om nitrathalter i enskilda dricksvattenbrunnar inom kommunen, med bakgrund av den nya miljökvalitetsnormen. Riktvärdet för nitrat är 50 mg/l. Halter som överstiger detta bör inte ges till barn under ett års ålder på grund av risk för methemoglobinemi. Jämförelsen skulle ske mellan områden präglade av jordbruk respektive skogsbruk, samt mellan grävda och borrade brunnar. Jämförelsen skulle även ske över tiden, mellan 1975-1990 till 2005. Urvalet av provtagningspunkter baserades på en sammanställning från befintligt arkiv samt efter en annons i dagspressen. Sammanställning av resultaten har gjorts i tabellform. Det framkommer av undersökningen att grävda och borrade brunnar uppvisar det förväntande resultatet: de grävda brunnarna svarar för en högre halt av nitrat samt att nitrathalterna har ökat under tidsperioden. För de borrade brunnarna är resultatet det omvända. Medan områden präglade av skogsbruk samt jordbruk inte har erhållit det förväntade resultatet. Jordbruket uppvisar en minskning av nitrathalterna medan skogsbruket har fått en förhöjd nitrathalt. En trolig orsak till de förhöjda nitrathalterna kan vara hästhållningen. Samt att deposition av olika kväveföreningar förekommer. / The environment protection and public health department in Ronneby wanted to have a study of nitrate concentrations in private water supply. The reason is a new environmental quality standard. The contaminant level for nitrate is 50 mg/l. Water containing excessive amounts of nitrate should not be given to infant with age under one year. It could cause a disease called methemoglobinemia. The purpose of the study was to compare areas pervade of agriculture respectively forestry, and between digged and drilled wells. The study was time dependent as well, from 1975 – 1990 until 2005. The testing points were selected from existing archive and an advertisement in the local paper. The results are shown in tabular forms. The study shows the expected result for digged and drilled wells. The higher amount of nitrate is found in the digged wells, and the concentration of nitrate have exceeded during time. For the drilled wells is the result the opposite. Areas pervade of forestry and agriculture didn't achieve the expected result. Agriculture shows a decrease of the amount of nitrate and forestry an increased amount of nitrate. The cause of increasing nitrate concentration is likely dependent on changed animal husbandry, for example horse keeping. Another reason could be the deposit of different nitrogen compounds.

A framework is developed for the assessment of climate change impacts on water resources systems. The applied techniques include: quantifying global climate model (GCM) skill over a range of time scales; developing future climate scenarios based on GCM data that are found to skillfully represent the observed climate over an historical baseline period; and using the climate scenarios together with hydrologic and water resources models to make assessments of the potential impacts and implications of climate change on water resources systems. A statistical analysis of GCM skill in East Africa shows that temperature is well represented in the GCMs at monthly to annual time scales. Precipitation is found to be much less reliable in the models and shows skill in fewer seasons and nodes than temperature. Eight climate scenarios, stemming from three global climate models and two atmospheric emissions scenarios, project temperature increases between 2 and 5 ° Celsius by the year 2080. Precipitation projections vary widely across models as well as regionally. The scenarios project changes in precipitation from -38% to +42%. The climate change impact methodology is applied to the Nile River Basin. It is shown that, in spite of widely varying precipitation projections, the major sub-basins of the Nile River will experience decreases in watershed runoff under all eight climate scenarios. Detailed water resources models are employed to assess the system wide response to the climate-induced hydrologic changes. The assessments indicate that water supply deficits will emerge by 2030 and continue to grow in frequency and magnitude by 2080. Additional impacts include reservoir depletion and reduced hydropower generation. An assessment of the river system response to basin development projects, including additional water storage and wetlands water conservation, indicates that adverse climate impacts may be mitigated for 30 to 40 years. The assessments demonstrate the relevance of climate change considerations to water resources management and the development of water policy.

Turkey is a developing country and its energy demand is increasing due to its growing population and industry. As a result, to fulfill this growing energy demand, Turkey is currently developing its unused hydropower potential, especially through small hydroelectric power plants (SHPPs). Estimation of annual electricity generation of a small hydropower plant strongly depends on streamflow data. In Turkey, there are a limited number of streamgaging stations so the estimation of streamflow at a potential SHPP location requires transferring streamflow time series from a reference streamgaging station to the ungaged basin. In order to determine daily streamflow time series for ungaged catchments, typically the nearest streamgaging station is chosen as the reference streamgaging station. However the distance between a reference streamgaging station and an ungaged catchment may not always be the most appropriate reference streamgaging station selection criterion. Archfield and Vogel (2010) proposed a new method called the Map Correlation Method (MCM) to select a reference streamgaging station to donate its observations to an ungaged catchment. MCM aims to identify the most correlated streamgaging station with the ungaged catchment. This new method is used at the Western Blacksea Basin in Turkey to select the best among possible reference streamgaging stations. The method proved to be promising / the most correlated streamgaging station for approximately one third of the study streamgaging stations are identified correctly by the MCM.

Beginning at least as early as 1977, the international community formally recognized that drinking water and sanitation were not a reality for large percentage of the world and that it was necessary to take action to change this. Over the following three decades more actions and agreements were made, each with a progressively acute awareness of the requirements to achieve this goal and the failures of previous attempts. Poor information sharing and underestimation of cost were identified as two of the greatest recurring impediments. The Millennium Declaration made in 2000 is the newest campaign to move towards this goal, among others, and provides a metric against which progress and success can be measured. At this point, great success has been made overall towards the Millennium Development Goals. Millions of people have gained access to improved sources of drinking water and several regions have surpassed their goals. Unfortunately this progress is not homogenous and the definitions of success are misleading. Sub-Saharan Africa is lagging significantly behind due to water scarcity, large population growth, urban versus rural disparities, and slow growth of piped infrastructure. Limitations to the sector as a whole have been identified as logistics, funding limitations, inadequate cost recovery, and inadequate operations and maintenance. Additionally, the metric of access to an "improved" source does not equate to safe drinking water and is not attached to sanitation improvements or overall health improvements. In further examining the financial aspects of achieving the goals, it is clear that there is a great deal of inconsistency. Many donors, whether public or private, international or local, are giving money to the development goals. But the money given is often not equivalent to the original commitment, not given to the countries with the greatest need, not given to the water and sanitation sector specifically, given in the form of loans which must be repaid, given to new large scale systems which are not always appropriate, or not sufficient to achieve the desired target. This makes it very difficult to achieve and sustain progress in the areas which have been difficult to reach thus far, including Sub-Saharan Africa. The need for progress toward safe water is clear from the perspective of health. Water is needed for hygienic practices, as well as consumption, and it is counterproductive to use water that is not clean. One of the leading causes of both death and disability worldwide is diarrheal disease which can largely be attributed to unsafe water. Studies have shown that there is a positive correlation between drinking water interventions and improved health outcomes, especially with increased proximity of the source, and for this reason there is an even greater need to tie the definition of success in improved water to overall health outcomes. It is also important that public health practitioners, engineers, and professionals from other related sectors work together to improve knowledge sharing and ultimately efficiency in achieving the goal of safe water for all. Point-of-use interventions are among the best approaches to delivering means of water treatment to unreached communities because they can be deployed much more quickly and easily than a traditional piped system, require less expertise, and reduce recontamination that may occur during transport and storage. Such technologies utilize a variety of mechanisms to address a range of contaminants and concerns. In order for any technology to be successful though, it must be accompanied by a method of safe storage as well as education, training, and continued external support. This information is synthesized in a technology selection guide, which attempts provide assistance in technology selection by addressing the immediate issue of water quality for the sake of health benefits, while also considering the context of the installation, the user preferences, the level of expertise of the implementers, the cost, operations and maintenance requirements, and common areas of failure. Simultaneously it allows for technologies to be compared so that the most appropriate technology may be chosen. The guide is marketed towards a non-technical audience with the intention of promoting knowledge sharing and serving as a translation between the developers of the treatment technology and those who implement it in developing countries.

<p>Ronneby Miljö- och hälsoskyddskontor ville genom undersökningen få information om nitrathalter i</p><p>enskilda dricksvattenbrunnar inom kommunen, med bakgrund av den nya miljökvalitetsnormen.</p><p>Riktvärdet för nitrat är 50 mg/l. Halter som överstiger detta bör inte ges till barn under ett års ålder på</p><p>grund av risk för methemoglobinemi. Jämförelsen skulle ske mellan områden präglade av jordbruk</p><p>respektive skogsbruk, samt mellan grävda och borrade brunnar. Jämförelsen skulle även ske över tiden,</p><p>mellan 1975-1990 till 2005. Urvalet av provtagningspunkter baserades på en sammanställning från</p><p>befintligt arkiv samt efter en annons i dagspressen. Sammanställning av resultaten har gjorts i</p><p>tabellform. Det framkommer av undersökningen att grävda och borrade brunnar uppvisar det</p><p>förväntande resultatet: de grävda brunnarna svarar för en högre halt av nitrat samt att nitrathalterna har</p><p>ökat under tidsperioden. För de borrade brunnarna är resultatet det omvända. Medan områden präglade</p><p>av skogsbruk samt jordbruk inte har erhållit det förväntade resultatet. Jordbruket uppvisar en minskning</p><p>av nitrathalterna medan skogsbruket har fått en förhöjd nitrathalt. En trolig orsak till de förhöjda</p><p>nitrathalterna kan vara hästhållningen. Samt att deposition av olika kväveföreningar förekommer.</p> / <p>The environment protection and public health department in Ronneby wanted to have a study of nitrate</p><p>concentrations in private water supply. The reason is a new environmental quality standard.</p><p>The contaminant level for nitrate is 50 mg/l. Water containing excessive amounts of nitrate should not</p><p>be given to infant with age under one year. It could cause a disease called methemoglobinemia. The</p><p>purpose of the study was to compare areas pervade of agriculture respectively forestry, and between</p><p>digged and drilled wells. The study was time dependent as well, from 1975 – 1990 until 2005.</p><p>The testing points were selected from existing archive and an advertisement in the local paper.</p><p>The results are shown in tabular forms. The study shows the expected result for digged and drilled</p><p>wells. The higher amount of nitrate is found in the digged wells, and the concentration of nitrate have</p><p>exceeded during time. For the drilled wells is the result the opposite. Areas pervade of forestry and</p><p>agriculture didn't achieve the expected result. Agriculture shows a decrease of the amount of nitrate and</p><p>forestry an increased amount of nitrate. The cause of increasing nitrate concentration is likely</p><p>dependent on changed animal husbandry, for example horse keeping. Another reason could be the</p><p>deposit of different nitrogen compounds.</p>

Also presented as the author's doctoral dissertation as accepted by Universität Augsburg in 2000 with title: Wasserreichtum in der römischen Stadt.