O fósforo é apontado como o principal responsável pelo enriquecimento nutricional de mananciais de abastecimento público, desencadeando por meio do fenômeno de eutrofização, a floração de grupos algais tóxicos e, portanto a sua remoção passa a ter grande significado para a saúde pública e para o meio ambiente. O presente trabalho foi desenvolvido com os objetivos de: avaliar a eficiência de remoção de fósforo do efluente de um sistema convencional de lodos ativados (Estação de Tratamento de Esgotos de Barueri) pelo lodo de uma estação de tratamento de água, que utiliza sulfato de alumínio como coagulante (Estação de Tratamento de Água do Alto Cotia) e verificar a influência das seguintes variáveis nesta remoção: tempo de permanência do lodo no decantador, dosagem de lodo, potencial zeta, teor de matéria orgânica no lodo, pH da mistura lodo/efluente e uso de polímero na coagulação/floculação da água bruta. Para o desenvolvimento prático da pesquisa, foram realizados ensaios de jarros, variando as condições operacionais, de tal forma a averiguar o efeito das variáveis mencionadas anteriormente na remoção do fósforo. Observou-se que esta remoção era dependente do pH; da dosagem de lodo; do tempo de permanência do mesmo no decantador; do tempo de mistura e da presença de polímero. Independia do potencial zeta e do tempo de sedimentação. A máxima remoção obtida foi de 100% (concentração inicial de 2,9 mg P/L), em pH de 4,5, com dosagem de 37 mg lodo/L, tempo de mistura de 15 minutos a 40 s-1 de gradiente, tempo de sedimentação de 30 minutos, tempo de permanência do lodo no decantador de 80 dias, sem polímero. Nestas condições, a concentração de fósforo do efluente tratado foi de 0,01mg P/L. Os resultados obtidos no presente trabalho sinalizam uma alternativa tecnológica, que pode vir a ser utilizada em projetos sustentáveis, em que as estações de tratamento de esgotos e estações de tratamento de água sejam planejadas de forma integrada, considerando o reaproveitamento e encaminhamento do lodo de ETA como insumo a ser utilizado no fim do processo de tratamento de esgotos para remoção de fósforo do efluente final, em consonância com os conceitos de produção mais limpa na busca da qualidade. / Phosphorus is considered as the main responsible for the nutritional enrichment of reservoirs of public drinking water supplies, because eutrophication process has resulted in toxic algae blooms, and therefore its removal has a great significance since these toxins represent a public health risk and environment. The aim of this research work was to evaluate the efficiency of removal of phosphate from activated sludge process (Barueri Wastewater Treatment Plant) by sludge from water treatment plant that uses aluminum sulfate as coagulant (WTP Alto Cotia) and verify the influence of following operational parameters in this removal: aging of sludge, sludge dose, zeta potential, mixing time, sedimentation time, concentration of organic matter, pH and use of polymer in coagulation/flocculation process. For the experimental research, the jar tests were operated with different conditions. The removal of phosphate was dependent of pH, sludge dose, aging of sludge, mixing time and presence of polymer. It was independent of zeta potential and sedimentation time. It was verified that maximum efficiency of phosphate removal was around 100% (initial concentration = 2,9 mgP/L), in pH 4,5 with the use of 37 mg of sludge from Alto Cotia Water Treatment Plant per liter of effluent from Barueri Wastewater Treatment Plant, with a mixing time of 15 minutes at 40 s-1, 30 minutes for sedimentation time, 80 days for aging of sludge, without polymer. Under these conditions it was obtained phosphate concentrations around 0,01mgP/L. Results obtained in this research work show a technological alternative, that can be used in projects, that sewage and water treatment plants can be planned together, considering the reuse and forwarding the water treatment plant sludge as beneficial use in the end of the sewage treatment process for the phosphorus removal, in consonance with concepts of a cleaner production practices in Environmental Management Systems.

Submitted by Mariana Dornelles Vargas (marianadv) on 2015-04-10T19:29:16Z No. of bitstreams: 1 influencia_variabilidade.pdf: 2460487 bytes, checksum: 14d53357bd40cb3e9c4c2a4ec2ac0ec8 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-10T19:29:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 influencia_variabilidade.pdf: 2460487 bytes, checksum: 14d53357bd40cb3e9c4c2a4ec2ac0ec8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-11-27 / Nenhuma / As estações de tratamento de água (ETA) são consideradas fontes de poluição, por gerarem resíduos sólidos como subproduto do próprio processo de tratamento. Por falta de adoção das políticas específicas de gerenciamento pelas ETAS, o lodo de estação de tratamento de água (LETA) tem sido disposto de forma ambientalmente inadequada, em cursos d'água. Uma alternativa viável seria a utilização deste LETA na fabricação de cerâmica vermelha destinada a construção civil, sendo assim, este trabalho tem por objetivo avaliar a influência da composição química do LETA, alterado pela qualidade da água a ser tratada, nas propriedades de cerâmica vermelha produzidas com este resíduo. Para atingir a finalidade proposta utilizaram-se 3 amostras de LETA, coletadas em Agosto de 2013, Dezembro de 2013 e Março de 2014 e uma amostra de argila, que foi amostrada em uma Olaria localizada em Porto Alegre – RS. A metodologia dividiu-se em coleta e caracterização das matérias primas, produção das 4 cerâmicas diferentes e caracterização das propriedades químicas, físicas e mecânicas das cerâmicas. O LETA foi prensado com adição de Cal para a retirada de excesso de água em um filtro prensa e caracterizado por meio dos ensaios de sólidos totais, fixos e voláteis, FRX, DRX, solubilização e lixiviação. Na argila, o LETA prensado foi empregado em adição de 5% em relação à massa total e então homogeneizado para a realização da extrusão dos corpos de prova. Os corpos de prova foram sinterizados em forno mufla nas temperaturas de 800°C, 950°C e 1050°C. As cerâmicas foram caracterizadas quanto à composição química e mineralógica, perda ao fogo e caracterização ambiental. Analisou-se a retração linear, a absorção de água e resistência à flexão dos corpos de prova. A composição química do LETA apresentou influência significativa nas propriedades estudadas das cerâmicas sinterizadas à 950ᵒC e 1050ᵒC, sendo que a propriedade mais afetada foi a absorção de água inicial sinterizada em 950ᵒC, obtendo-se um acréscimo de 61% nos corpos de prova B e 12% nos corpos de prova CPD em relação as cerâmicas de referência. Na temperatura de 1050ºC as cerâmicas apresentaram problema de baixa absorção de água. Nas cerâmicas sinterizadas à 800ºC as propriedades físicas e mecânicas não foram alteradas significativamente pela adição de lodo, mostrando-se viável a adição de LETA na cerâmica sinterizada nesta temperatura. / The water treatment plants (WTP) are considered point sources of pollution, for generating solid waste as a byproduct of the treatment process itself. For lack of adoption of specific management policies by WTP, the WTS has been disposed of improperly in environmentally watercourses. A viable alternative would be to use this WTS in the manufacture of red ceramic intended for construction, so this work aims to evaluate the influence of the chemical composition of the WTS, as amended by the water quality be treated in the properties of red pottery produced with this residue. To reach the proposed aim we used three samples of WTS, collected in August 2013, December 2013 and March 2014 and a sample of clay, which was sampled in a Pottery located in Porto Alegre - RS. The methodology divided into collecting and characterization of raw materials, production of 4 ceramics and characterization of different chemical, physical and mechanical properties of ceramics. The WTS was pressed with addition of lime for the removal of excess water and characterized by means of tests solids, fixed and volatile, XRF, XRD, solubilization and leaching. In clay, the WTS go been employed in addition of 5% relative to the total mass, and then homogenized for carrying out the extrusion of test specimens. The specimens were sintered in a muffle furnace at temperatures of 800°C, 950°C and 1050°C. The ceramics were characterized for chemical and mineralogical composition, loss on ignition and environmental characterization. We analyzed the linear shrinkage, water absorption and flexural strength of the ceramics. The chemical composition of WTS significantly affecting the properties of the ceramic sintered on 950ᵒC and 1050ᵒC, being the most affected absorption property was on 950ᵒC the initial water absorption, yielding an increase of 61% in the specimens CPB and 12 % CPD in the samples in relation to the reference ceramic. On the temperature 1050ºC, presented low water absorption. In the ceramics sintered at 800 ° C the physical and mechanical properties were not change significantly by the addition of sludge, being feasible the addition of WTS in this temperature.

O fósforo é apontado como o principal responsável pelo enriquecimento nutricional de mananciais de abastecimento público, desencadeando por meio do fenômeno de eutrofização, a floração de grupos algais tóxicos e, portanto a sua remoção passa a ter grande significado para a saúde pública e para o meio ambiente. O presente trabalho foi desenvolvido com os objetivos de: avaliar a eficiência de remoção de fósforo do efluente de um sistema convencional de lodos ativados (Estação de Tratamento de Esgotos de Barueri) pelo lodo de uma estação de tratamento de água, que utiliza sulfato de alumínio como coagulante (Estação de Tratamento de Água do Alto Cotia) e verificar a influência das seguintes variáveis nesta remoção: tempo de permanência do lodo no decantador, dosagem de lodo, potencial zeta, teor de matéria orgânica no lodo, pH da mistura lodo/efluente e uso de polímero na coagulação/floculação da água bruta. Para o desenvolvimento prático da pesquisa, foram realizados ensaios de jarros, variando as condições operacionais, de tal forma a averiguar o efeito das variáveis mencionadas anteriormente na remoção do fósforo. Observou-se que esta remoção era dependente do pH; da dosagem de lodo; do tempo de permanência do mesmo no decantador; do tempo de mistura e da presença de polímero. Independia do potencial zeta e do tempo de sedimentação. A máxima remoção obtida foi de 100% (concentração inicial de 2,9 mg P/L), em pH de 4,5, com dosagem de 37 mg lodo/L, tempo de mistura de 15 minutos a 40 s-1 de gradiente, tempo de sedimentação de 30 minutos, tempo de permanência do lodo no decantador de 80 dias, sem polímero. Nestas condições, a concentração de fósforo do efluente tratado foi de 0,01mg P/L. Os resultados obtidos no presente trabalho sinalizam uma alternativa tecnológica, que pode vir a ser utilizada em projetos sustentáveis, em que as estações de tratamento de esgotos e estações de tratamento de água sejam planejadas de forma integrada, considerando o reaproveitamento e encaminhamento do lodo de ETA como insumo a ser utilizado no fim do processo de tratamento de esgotos para remoção de fósforo do efluente final, em consonância com os conceitos de produção mais limpa na busca da qualidade. / Phosphorus is considered as the main responsible for the nutritional enrichment of reservoirs of public drinking water supplies, because eutrophication process has resulted in toxic algae blooms, and therefore its removal has a great significance since these toxins represent a public health risk and environment. The aim of this research work was to evaluate the efficiency of removal of phosphate from activated sludge process (Barueri Wastewater Treatment Plant) by sludge from water treatment plant that uses aluminum sulfate as coagulant (WTP Alto Cotia) and verify the influence of following operational parameters in this removal: aging of sludge, sludge dose, zeta potential, mixing time, sedimentation time, concentration of organic matter, pH and use of polymer in coagulation/flocculation process. For the experimental research, the jar tests were operated with different conditions. The removal of phosphate was dependent of pH, sludge dose, aging of sludge, mixing time and presence of polymer. It was independent of zeta potential and sedimentation time. It was verified that maximum efficiency of phosphate removal was around 100% (initial concentration = 2,9 mgP/L), in pH 4,5 with the use of 37 mg of sludge from Alto Cotia Water Treatment Plant per liter of effluent from Barueri Wastewater Treatment Plant, with a mixing time of 15 minutes at 40 s-1, 30 minutes for sedimentation time, 80 days for aging of sludge, without polymer. Under these conditions it was obtained phosphate concentrations around 0,01mgP/L. Results obtained in this research work show a technological alternative, that can be used in projects, that sewage and water treatment plants can be planned together, considering the reuse and forwarding the water treatment plant sludge as beneficial use in the end of the sewage treatment process for the phosphorus removal, in consonance with concepts of a cleaner production practices in Environmental Management Systems.

Coagulation and flocculation processes are important parts of water and wastewater treatment. Coagulation or destabilization of colloidal suspensions results in aggregation of colloidal particles by physical and chemical processes. Flocculation results in the formation of larger and settleable structures by bridging. Alginate, a polysaccharide obtained from marine brown algae, produces a gel structure when mixed with calcium ions, which is expected to be a potential coagulant in water treatment. This study aims to determine the use of calcium alginate as a potential coagulant during water treatment and determine its capabilities and deficiencies in coagulation processes. The study was conducted on turbid water samples prepared in the laboratory and those taken from the inlet of Ankara ivedik Water Treatment Plant (IWTP) by running typical jar tests. The main experimental variables were initial alginate and calcium doses, initial turbidity of water samples and the order with which the two chemicals are dosed. The main criteria investigated to check the success of the system was the final turbidity values and the turbidity removal capacity of calcium- alginate. Experiments were conducted on three different laboratory &ndash / prepared turbid water samples and on the raw water taken from the inlet point of Ankara ivedik Drinking Water Treatment Plant (IWTP). These were prepared as high (150 NTU) medium (80 NTU) and low (10 NTU) turbidity samples. The calcium concentrations tested varied between 30 and 200 mg/L and alginate concentrations tested varied between 0.04 to 40 mg/L. Depending on the initial turbidity and initial calcium concentration of water sample the results depict that calcium alginate could be used as an effective coagulant for high (150 NTU) and medium (80 NTU) turbidity water sample especially at the calcium doses of 120 and 160 mg/L for low alginate concentration doses like 0.4 mg/L. The final turbidity met both the requirements of Drinking Water Standards applied in Turkey and Europe. Generally, the higher the initial turbidity was, the higher the turbidity removal efficiency achieved, even with very low alginic acid concentration. As the initial turbidity decreased, initial concentration of calcium required for the effective coagulation processes decreased. However, for low (10 NTU) turbidity water samples the system did not work properlyHowever, for low turbidity water samples, the turbidity removal efficiency decreased, and it was difficult to meet the limits.

Sludge, produced in the waste water treatment process, can be used as fertilizer in agriculture. It is rich in nutrients but also contains other substances, such as heavy metals. Metals may enter crops which means that it also enters the food chain. Some heavy metals have been proven to cause severe damage to living organisms in high doses. It is therefore important to regulate the amount of heavy metals in the soil and in the sludge used as fertilizer. In this thesis the sources of heavy metals in the waste water system in the town of Västerås was examined. The sources of the heavy metals cadmium, chromium, mercury, copper and zinc were mainly analyzed by using the Excel tool "Source Finder". In this tool collected data of emissions or calculated emissions by the use of model values were entered. Households proved to be the single largest source of all the metals in this study, with the exeption of chromium. For cadmium and chromium water leakage from the ground water into the pipe system was a large contributing source. Business did not prove to be a large source of any metal with the exception of dental units which emitted large amounts of mercury. To be able to predict change of quality, in regards of metals, in the sludge and puried water an existing model of the water treatment plant was supplemented with processes regarding separation of copper. This was done by studying other models regarding metal partitioning and separation. The final model proved unable to describe variances in the measured data, but could describe the median concentration of copper in cleansed water and sludge.

Os oocistos de Cryptosporidium spp. e os cistos de Giardia spp. podem gerar doenças de veiculação hídrica associadas a problemas de saúde pública. Os (oo)cistos são de difícil remoção e inativação durante o tratamento de água, principalmente devido ao tamanho reduzido e à resistência ao processo de cloração. Além disso, os métodos de detecção de protozoários na água apresentam elevado custo e estão sujeitos à grande variabilidade e à baixa reprodutibilidade, especialmente em águas de elevada turbidez. Com água de estudo com turbidez de aproximadamente 110 uT, ensaios de tratabilidade com cloreto de polialumínio foram feitos em jarteste para a obtenção da água de lavagem dos filtros (ALF) e do resíduo sedimentado. O método escolhido para detecção de (oo)cistos foi a centrifugação direta com adição de solução de dispersão ICN 7X seguido de IMS com duas dissociações ácidas (CD + ICN 7X). O tratamento dos resíduos objetivou a inativação dos (oo)cistos, por meio de danos à estrutura celular dos parasitos, identificada pela incorporação do corante iodeto de propídio no microrganismo. Para o método CD + ICN 7X, menor interferência na viabilidade dos (oo)cistos foi observada em relação à floculação em carbonato de cálcio e melhor recuperação do que a centrifugação direta. O controle de qualidade analítica desse método, feito com suspensão do kit EasySeed®, apresentou recuperação de 2,8±0,8% de oocistos e 7,8±2,9% de cistos para a ALF e de 3,3±2,0% e 24,8±8,0%, para oocistos e cistos no resíduo sedimentado. Apenas a recuperação de cistos de Giardia spp. no resíduo sedimentado atendeu aos padrões recomendados pelo Método 1623.1 da USEPA. A presença de microesferas magnéticas aderidas aos (oo)cistos foi observada nos poços de leitura após a IMS, indicando limitações desse método de purificação. Para o tratamento alcalino do resíduo sedimentado, a dosagem de 27mg/100mL foi testada para os tempos de 3 e 5 dias e, respectivamente, foram obtidos 1,85 e 3,0 log de inativação de oocistos e 2,05 e 2,14 log de inativação para cistos. Para o processo de ozonização da ALF, avaliado apenas para oocistos, as inativações de 2,83 log e 3,44 log foram obtidas para as dosagens de 7,5 mg O3 L-1 por 10 min e 10 mg O3 L-1 por 5 min, respectivamente. / Cryptosporidium spp. oocysts and Giardia spp. cysts are infectious forms and can cause public health problems due to associated waterborne diseases. (Oo)cysts are difficult to remove and inactivate during water treatment, mainly because of reduced size and resistance to chlorination. In addition, protozoan detection methods in water are expensive and subject to high variability and low reproducibility, especially in high turbidity water. In jartest treatability tests, 110 uT study water was treated with polyaluminium chloride to obtain backwashing water (BW) and sedimented residue. The method chosen for detection of (oo)cysts was direct centrifugation with addition of 7X ICN dispersion solution followed by IMS with two acid dissociations. Treatment of residuals objectified inactivation of (oo)cysts by damages on parasites cellular structure, identified by inclusion of propidium iodide as an indicator. The method of detection chosen showed less interference in the viability of (oo)cysts in comparison to flocculation in calcium carbonate and better recovery than direct centrifugation. The analytical quality control of this method, performed with EasySeed® suspension, obtained recovery of 2.8±0.8% oocysts and 7.8±2.9% cysts for BW and of 3.3±2.0% and 24.8±8.0%, for oocysts and cysts in sedimented residue. Only Giardia spp. recovery in sedimented residue complied with the standards recommended by USEPA Method 1623.1. Magnetic microspheres were found attached to (oo)cysts in microscope slides after IMS, indicating limitations of this purification method. For the alkaline treatment of sedimented residue, dosage of 27mg / 100mL was tested for 3 and 5 days and respectively 1.85 and 3.0 log inactivation were obtained for oocysts while 2.05 and 2.14 log of. For ozonation of BW, evaluated only for oocysts, 2.83 log and 3.44 log inactivation were obtained for dosages of 7.5 mg O3 L-1 for 10 min and 10 mg O3 L-1 for 5 min, respectively.

M.Sc. / The world is focusing on increasing the number of people who have access to safe drinking water due to the ascending numbers of drinking water related illnesses reported annually in rural areas where water is not treated before consumption. To meet this goal, household water treatment has to be introduced especially in places where homes are wide apart making centralised water treatment improbable. Most readily available household water treatment systems (HWTS) such as membrane filters may not be affordable in rural areas due to power requirements and degree of ability to use and maintain them. This study was therefore aimed at designing and constructing HWTS using readily available material such as sand, gravel, zeolites and clays. Five HWTS were designed, built, evaluated and compared based on their ability to remove chemical contaminants such as iron, arsenic and fluorides from drinking water. The types of filters that were used during this study are the biosand filter (BSF), a modified biosand filter with zeolites (BSFZ), a silver impregnated porous pot (SIPP) filter, a ceramic candle filter (CCF) and a bucket filter (BF). Effectiveness of the filters in reducing physical parameters such as turbidity and visual colour was also assessed. The water treatment devices had the following flow rates; 1.74 L/h – 19.20 L/h (BSFZ), 0.81 L/h – 6.84 L/h (BSF), 0.05 L/h – 2.49 L/h (SIPP) and 1.00 L/h – 4.00 L/h (CCF). The flow rates were high at the early stages of filter use and decreased with increase in the volume of water filtered through. The flow rates of the filters were affected by the turbidity of intake water which was between 1.74 NTU – 42.93 NTU and correlated to chlorophyll a concentrations. The household water treatment technologies reduced turbidity to levels less than 1 NTU (> 90% reduction) in the following order SIPP > BSFZ > BSF > CCF > BF. The filters achieved greater than 60% retention of calcium, magnesium, iron and arsenic. These contaminants with the exception of arsenic were reduced to acceptable levels of the South African National Standard of drinking water (SANS 241, 2004). Compared to the other filters, the BSFZ performed better in removing nitrates, phosphates and fluorides although the overall retention efficiency was low. Total organic carbon was removed greatly by the CCF (39%) and the least removal was by the BF. The overall performance of the filters in reducing contaminants from drinking water was in the order BSFZ > BSF > SIPP > CCF > BF. Filter washing vi resulted in an overall increase in the flow rates of the filters but negatively affected turbidity reduction. The filters still removed contaminants after total cumulative volumes of 1200 L (BSFZ, BSF, CCF and BF) and 300 L (SIPP) were filtered through the devices. The five evaluated filters have several advantages to the readily available technologies and the advantages include ease of construction, operation and maintenance. The filters are gravity driven and work independent of temperature. These HWTS incorporate safe storages fitted with spigots to eliminate recontamination of water when it is drawn for use. The filters can produce enough drinking and cooking water for a family of six members due to their high flow rates. The BSFZ, BSF, SIPP, CCF and BF may therefore be considered for treating contaminated water at household scale in places where water is taken directly from the source without treatment.

The first part of the thesis deals with water sources and methods of drinkable water treatment. This section describes the technologies used for two-stage water treatment from a surface source. The second part deals with study of the new drinking water treatment plant from a surface source for Adamov town. The work documents the current state of the existing water treatment plant and describes used technology with a design flow Q = 30 l s-1. In the next part of thesis is design of two variations of new technological line with a design flow Q = 10 l s-1. The first variation is one-stage water treatment with pressure filters as the main separation stage. Two-stage water treatment is designed for the second variation, in which the first stage of separation are clarifiers and the second stage are pressure filters. Thesis includes drawing documentation of designed pressure filters and clarifiers, technological and height scheme of both variations.

General part of thesis deal with information on technology of water treatment and its changes at drinking water treatment plant Štítary. In experimental part of the document are presented treated data on monitoring of concentration of organic matter along the technological line of reconstructed drinking water treatment plant in Štítary for period since 2009 to 2010.

The theme of this thesis is " Evaluation of water quality in water treatment plant Mokošín". The source of water supply are 4 artesian wells. The paper first describes the supply area and water treatment plant with individua water treatment technologies. In the practical section there is the specification of contaminating elements required to be separated at the water treatment plant. Since it is an underground source of water, there is an increased amount of iron and manganese. Increased attention is given to arsenic, which occurs in two water sources in recent years. There are also offered the possibilities of removing arsenic at water treatment plant and two filter materials tested in the laboratory. Monitoring of water quality takes place always in resources and after treatment in the time period of five years, the arsenic values are reported for ten years.