Baigiamajame magistro darbe, analitinėje dalyje, pateikta žinomi radiolokatorių antenų elektromagnetinio spinduliavimo kryptinių diagramų matavimo būdai bei svarbiausios matavimo sistemos dalies – imtuvo projektavimo teorija. Eksperimentinėje magistro darbo dalyje panagrinėti būsimi kryptinių diagramų nustatymo būdai, vienas iš jų - panaudojant elektromagnetinių bangų išsibarstymą ore. Pagal žinomus duomenis apie šį efektą sudaryta nauja alternatyvi sistema, kuri leidžia pagreitinti, sumažinti laiko bei materialines sąnaudas atliekant periodinius kryptinių diagramų matavimus ir pateiktos bendros išvados ir rekomendacijos. Darbą sudaro 7 dalys: įvadas, pagrindinės radiolokacinių sistemų techninės charakteristikos, elektroninė matavimo technika, RLS kryptinių diagramų matavimo būdai, bendros išvados ir rekomendacijos, literatūros sąrašas, priedai. / Already known Antennas Radiation Pattern Measuring Systems and theoretical Knowledge, that will help design most important part (Receiver) of measuring system, are presented In my Analysis Part of Master Work. In Experimental part there are new, that still aren’t in practical measuring used, Antennas Radiation Pattern Measuring Systems investigated. One of them is using electromagnetic Wave Scattering from Particles in the Air. Regarding all available Data’s about that effect I made System that allows us to decrease Antenna’s radiation pattern measuring time and expenses. Also made and presented some Advantages, Recommendations and Conclusions. In Master Work is 7 Parts: Introduction, Basic Radiolocation Systems technical Characteristics, Measuring Technique, Radiolocation Systems Antennas radiation patterns Measuring Methods, Conclusions, References, Supplement.

A survey of relevant literature on the topic of wave propagation and scattering in pipes is given first. This review is followed by a theoretical framework which is pertinent to wave propagation in homogeneous, isotropic, pipes. Emphasis is placed on approximate solutions stemming from a computer based, Semi-Analytical Finite Element (SAFE) formulation. A modal analysis of the dynamic response of homogeneous, isotropic pipes, when subjected to a transient ultrasonic excitation, demonstrates that dominant features, i.e., singularities in an unblemished pipe’s displacement Frequency Response Function (FRF) coincide with its cutoff frequencies. This behaviour is confirmed experimentally. A novel technique is developed to deduce such a pipe’s wall thickness and elastic properties from three cutoff frequencies. The resulting procedure is simulated numerically and verified experimentally. Agreement between the new ultrasonic procedure and traditional destructive tests is within experimental uncertainty. Then a hybrid-SAFE technique is used to simulate waves scattered by various open rectangular notches. The simulations show, for the first time, that singularities distinct from the unblemished pipe’s cutoff frequencies arise in a displacement FRF when an axisymmetric notch is introduced. They also suggest that the new singularities depend on the properties of the parent pipe and the finite element region but effects are local to a notch. It is demonstrated further that the difference between the frequency at which a singularity introduced by a notch occurs and the nearest corresponding unblemished pipe’s cutoff frequency is a function of the notch’s dimensions. By plotting contours of constant frequency differences, it is shown that it is usually possible to characterize the notch’s dimensions by using two modes. However, the frequency difference for a third mode may be also needed occasionally. The more general case of nonaxisymmetric notches is shown to be a straightforward extension of the axisymmetric case.

A survey of relevant literature on the topic of wave propagation and scattering in pipes is given first. This review is followed by a theoretical framework which is pertinent to wave propagation in homogeneous, isotropic, pipes. Emphasis is placed on approximate solutions stemming from a computer based, Semi-Analytical Finite Element (SAFE) formulation. A modal analysis of the dynamic response of homogeneous, isotropic pipes, when subjected to a transient ultrasonic excitation, demonstrates that dominant features, i.e., singularities in an unblemished pipe’s displacement Frequency Response Function (FRF) coincide with its cutoff frequencies. This behaviour is confirmed experimentally. A novel technique is developed to deduce such a pipe’s wall thickness and elastic properties from three cutoff frequencies. The resulting procedure is simulated numerically and verified experimentally. Agreement between the new ultrasonic procedure and traditional destructive tests is within experimental uncertainty. Then a hybrid-SAFE technique is used to simulate waves scattered by various open rectangular notches. The simulations show, for the first time, that singularities distinct from the unblemished pipe’s cutoff frequencies arise in a displacement FRF when an axisymmetric notch is introduced. They also suggest that the new singularities depend on the properties of the parent pipe and the finite element region but effects are local to a notch. It is demonstrated further that the difference between the frequency at which a singularity introduced by a notch occurs and the nearest corresponding unblemished pipe’s cutoff frequency is a function of the notch’s dimensions. By plotting contours of constant frequency differences, it is shown that it is usually possible to characterize the notch’s dimensions by using two modes. However, the frequency difference for a third mode may be also needed occasionally. The more general case of nonaxisymmetric notches is shown to be a straightforward extension of the axisymmetric case.

This dissertation presents new methods for detecting dynamic and thermodynamic characteristics of Arctic sea ice using radar remote sensing. A new technique for sea ice motion detection from sequential satellite synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images was developed and thoroughly validated. The accuracy of the system is 0.43 km obtained from a comparison between SAR-derived ice motion vectors and in-situ sea ice beacon trajectories. For the first time, we evaluated ice motion tracking results derived from co-polarization (HH) and cross-polarization (HV) channels of RADARSAT-2 ScanSAR imagery and formulated a condition where the HV channel is more reliable than the HH channel for ice motion tracking. Sea ice motion is substantially controlled by surface winds. Two new models for ocean surface wind speed retrieval from C-band SAR data have been developed and validated based on a large body of statistics on buoy observations collocated and coincided with RADARSAT-1 and -2 ScanSAR images. The proposed models without wind direction input demonstrated a better accuracy than conventionally used algorithms. As a combination of the developed methods we designed a wind speed-ice motion product which can be a useful tool for studying sea ice dynamics processes in the marginal ice zone. To effectively asses the thermodynamic properties of sea ice advanced tools for modeling electromagnetic (EM) wave scattering from rough natural surfaces are required. In this dissertation we present a new analytical formulation for EM wave scattering from rough boundaries interfacing inhomogeneous media based on the first-order approximation of the small perturbation method. Available solutions in the literature represent special cases of our general solution. The developed scattering theory was applied to experimental data collected at three stations (with different snow thicknesses) in the Beaufort Sea from the research icebreaker Amundsen during the Circumpolar Flaw Lead system study. Good agreement between the model and experimental data were observed for all three case studies. Both model and experimental radar backscatter coefficients were considerably higher for thin snow cover (4 cm) compared to the thick snow cover case (16 cm). Our findings suggest that, winter snow thickness retrieval may be possible from radar observations under particular scattering conditions.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-12T20:15:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 A-inicio.pdf: 106467 bytes, checksum: 8ecfda3cfa81a009fae7a31b2dea68e8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-10-31 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / In this Dissertation we study the scattering of massless monochromatic scalar waves by 5-dimensional (5D) Schwarzschild-Tangherlini black holes. We compute the scattering phase shifts using Prüfer method for high frequencies and high-values of the angular multipole index l. The phase shifts are then used to analyze the glory effect, in comparison with the respective 4D values. In the case of low frequencies th total absorption is completely absent in some cases. The oscillatory behavior of the phase shift for large values of l, typical in the 4D case, now becomes absent. For high frequencies, the total absorption starts at much lower values of l, compared to the 4D case. / Nesta Dissertação estudamos o espalhamento de ondas escalares monocromáticas sem massa por buracos negros de Schwarzschild-Tangherlini em 5 dimensões (5D). Computamos os desvios de fase usando o método de Prüfer para altas freqüências e altos valores do índice de multipolo l. Os desvios de fase são para análise do efeito glória, comparando com os respectivos valores resultantes do caso do espalhamento em 4D. Para baixas freqüências a absorção total em 5D é, em alguns casos, totalmente ausente para l + 0. O comportamento oscilatório do desvio de fase para grandes valores de l, típico em 4D, agora desaparece. Para altas freqüências a absorção total em 5D começa para valores de l muito menores que aqueles respectivos ao caso 4D.

The principle of an original instrument for experimental measurement of electromagnetic wave scattering from rough planar surfaces is presented in the diploma theses. A design and realization of the instrument is presented too. The instrument is primarily intended for measurement of angle intensity distribution of light scattered from solar cells surfaces. Owing to a possibility to analyse surfaces with a high level anisotropy of electromagnetic wave scattering it is possible to use the instrument for a study of surfaces with an arbitrary type of the surface roughness.

Le travail présent est axé sur la simulation numérique et l'analyse de l'interaction des ondes de surface de Rayleigh avec des barrières sismiques verticales (murs souterrains, écrans, tranchées, etc.) ainsi que des champs de pieux dans des modèles de matériaux mécaniques élastiques et plastiques linéaires. Le but de la recherche est d'estimer le degré de protection que les barrières verticales et les champs de pieux fournissent contre les vibrations transférées par les ondes de surface de Rayleigh et générées par diverses sources. L'idée principale de ce type de protection est d'éviter que les ondes sismiques ne transmettent l'énergie des vagues dans la zone protégée, diminuant les amplitudes de déplacements, les vitesses et les accélérations aux points situés derrière la barrière (champ de pieux). Les principaux complexes sans dimension sont formulés. L'attention est portée sur les ondes de Rayleigh car elles peuvent être générées à la fois par des sources de vibrations externes (situées à la surface de la Terre) et internes (situées sous la surface de la Terre) et ses ondes peuvent transmettre une portion significative de l’énergie de source de la vibration.Premièrement, des simulations numériques de l'interaction des ondes de Rayleigh avec les barrières sismiques verticales et les champs de pieux sont effectuées en supposant que le sol et les matériaux de barrière se comportent conformément à la loi de comportement linéaire élastique. Cela concerne les vibrations qui induisent des contraintes de cisaillement dans le sol n'excédant pas 0.00001 lors de leur propagation. Les principaux complexes sans dimension sont formulés sur cette base. Des paramètres géométriques et mécaniques de la barrière (champ de pieux) déterminant l'effet de réduction de vibration sont identifiés. Les résultats obtenus révèlent la validité de cette onde de protection contre les vibrations. En outre, l’approche de l’optimisation de la barrière sismique verticale (qui peut également être étendue au champ de pieux) est adoptée sous forme de différences finies pour des conditions de sol particulières et une fréquence de vibration de conception.Plusieurs modèles de comportement du sol sont analysés et leur validité, ainsi que l'applicabilité à l'approximation du comportement dynamique réel du sol, ainsi que le mécanisme de dissipation d'énergie des vibrations, sont identifiés. Sur la base de cette analyse, modèle de Mohr-Coulomb a été choisie car elle dispose d’une base de données expérimentale étendue pour divers sols et reflète de manière appropriée la réduction du module de cisaillement avec l’augmentation de la contrainte de cisaillement ainsi que les effets de dissipation d’énergie. Par la suite, ce modèle est utilisé dans l'analyse de l'interaction des ondes de Rayleigh avec les barrières verticales et les champs de pieux, en tenant compte du caractère non linéaire de la déformation du sol à différents niveaux de déformation de cisaillement. En conséquence, l'influence du niveau de contrainte de cisaillement sur l'efficacité des moyens de protection contre les vibrations considérés est démontrée et les conditions appropriées pour utiliser ces méthodes sont identifiées dans le cadre de cette recherche. / The present work is focused on numerical simulation (FEM) and analysis of surface Rayleigh wave interaction with vertical seismic barriers (underground walls, screens, trenches, etc.) as well as pile fields within the framework of linear elastic and plastic mechanical material models. The aim of the research is to estimate the degree of protection that vertical barriers and pile fields provide against vibrations transferred by surface Rayleigh waves and generated by various sources. The main idea behind this type of protection is to prevent seismic waves form transmitting wave energy into the protected zone, decreasing the amplitude of displacements, velocities and accelerations at the points behind the barrier (pile field). The attention is paid to Rayleigh waves as they can be generated by both external (located on the Earth's surface) and internal (located beneath the Earth's surface) vibration sources and this type of waves can transfer a significant portion of vibration source energy.First, numerical simulations of Rayleigh wave interaction with vertical seismic barriers and pile fields are performed assuming the soil and barrier materials to behave according to the linearly-elastic constitutive law. This regards the vibrations that induce shear strains in the soil not exceeding 0.00001 during their propagation. Based on this, the principal dimensionless complexes are formulated. Geometrical along with mechanical parameters of the barrier (pile field), that determine vibration reduction effect, are identified. The obtained results reveal the validity of this way of vibration protection. In addition to that, the approach towards vertical seismic barrier optimization (which can also be extended to the pile field) is adopted in finite difference form to use for particular soil conditions and design vibration frequency.Several models of soil behaviour are analysed and their validity as well the applicability to approximate real dynamic soil behaviour along with the mechanism of vibration energy dissipation are identified. Based on this analysis, Mohr-Coulomb constitutive model is selected as it has a broad experimental database for various soils and appropriately reflects shear modulus reduction with an increase in the shear strain as well as energy dissipation effects. Afterwards, this model is used in the analysis of Rayleigh wave interaction with the vertical barriers and pile fields accounting for non-linear character of soil deformation at different shear strain level. As a results, the influence of shear strain level on the effectiveness of the considered ways of vibration protections is shown and the appropriate conditions to use these methods are identified within the scope of this research.

No / New representations and efficient calculation methods are derived for the problem of propagation from an infinite regularly spaced array of coherent line sources above a homogeneous impedance plane, and for the Green's function for sound propagation in the canyon formed by two infinitely high, parallel rigid or sound soft walls and an impedance ground surface. The infinite sum of source contributions is replaced by a finite sum and the remainder is expressed as a Laplace-type integral. A pole subtraction technique is used to remove poles in the integrand which lie near the path of integration, obtaining a smooth integrand, more suitable for numerical integration, and a specific numerical integration method is proposed. Numerical experiments show highly accurate results across the frequency spectrum for a range of ground surface types. It is expected that the methods proposed will prove useful in boundary element modeling of noise propagation in canyon streets and in ducts, and for problems of scattering by periodic surfaces.

Geophysical research has long been interdisciplinary, with many phenomena on the Earth's surface involving multiple, linked processes that are best understood using a combination of techniques. This is particularly true in the case of grain flows on sand dunes, in which the sedimentary stratification with which geologists are concerned arises from the granular processes investigated by physicists and engineers, and the water permeation that interests hydrologists and soil scientists determines the seismic velocities of concern to exploration geophysicists. In this dissertation, I describe four projects conducted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, using a combination of laboratory experimentation, fieldwork, numerical simulation, and mathematical modelling to link avalanching on dunes to its effects on stratification, on the permeation of water, and on seismic surveys. Firstly, I describe experiments on erodible, unbounded, grain piles in a channel, slowly supplied with additional grains, and I demonstrate that the behaviour of the consequent, discrete avalanches alternates between two regimes, typified by their size statistics. Reconciling the `self-organised criticality' that several authors have predicted for such a system with the hysteretic behaviour that others have observed, the system exhibits quasi-periodic, system-spanning avalanches in one regime, while in the other avalanches pass at irregular intervals and have a power-law size distribution. Secondly, I link this power-law size distribution to the strata emplaced by avalanches on bounded grain piles. A low inflow rate of grains into an experimental channel develops a pile, composed of strata in which blue-dyed, coarser grains overlie finer grains. Associating stopped avalanche fronts with the `trapped kinks' described by previous authors, I show that, in sufficiently large grain piles, mean stratum width increases linearly with distance downslope. This implies the possibility of interpreting paleodune height from the strata of aeolian sandstones, and makes predictions for the structure of avalanche-associated strata within active dunes. Thirdly, I discuss investigations of these strata within active, Qatari barchan dunes, using dye-infiltration to image strata in the field and extracting samples across individual strata with sub-centimetre resolution. Downslope increases in mean stratum width are evident, while measurements of particle size distributions demonstrate preferential permeation of water along substrata composed of finer particles, explaining the strata-associated, localised regions of high water content discovered by other work on the same dunes. Finally, I consider the effect of these within-dune variations in water content on seismic surveys for oil and gas. Having used high performance computing to simulate elastic wave propagation in the vicinity of an isolated, barchan sand dune, I demonstrate that such a dune acts as a resonator, absorbing energy from Rayleigh waves and reemitting it over an extensive period of time. I derive and validate a mathematical framework that uses bulk properties of the dune to predict quantitative properties of the emitted waves, and I demonstrate the importance of internal variations in seismic velocity, resulting from variations in water content.

Le "Trou Noir Acoustique" (TNA) constitue un moyen passif de réduction des vibrations des structures sans pour autant augmenter leur masse. Il s’agit d’un amincissement local de la structure, revêtu d’un matériau viscoélastique. L’effet TNA résulte alors de l’augmentation locale de l’amplitude vibratoire,qui sollicite fortement le revêtement, donnant lieu à un amortissement important. Une analyse détaillée des mécanismes de dissipation du TNA est réalisée :la diffusion des ondes de flexion par un TNA est étudiée lorsque ce dernier est inséré dans une plaque infinie. On montre que le revêtement induit un amortissement local important, permettant d’augmenter significativement l’amortissement global. Le TNA étant surtout efficace en hautes fréquences (HF),il est périodisé sur une plaque pour tirer parti des bandes interdites en basses fréquences (BF). Deux réseaux (carré et triangulaire) sont étudiés numériquement par la méthode PWE et expérimentalement par mesure de mobilités vibratoires. Les résultats montrent que la plaque est à la fois amortie en BH par effet de réseau et en HF par l’effet TNA. / The "Acoustic Black Hole" (ABH) is a passive device of reducing vibrations of structures without increasing their mass. It consists in a local thinning of the structure, coated with a thin layer of viscoelastic material. The ABH effect results from the local increase in vibratory magnitude, which strongly solicits the coating, giving rise to local significant damping. A detailed analysis of the mechanisms of dissipation of the ABH is carried out : the scattering of bending waves by an ABH is studied when the latter is inserted in an infinite thin plate. It is shown that the coating induces a significant local damping, allowing to significantly increase the global damping. The ABH is especially effective at high frequencies(HF), it is periodized on a plate to take advantage of the band gaps effect at low frequencies (LF). Two lattices (square and triangular) are studied numerically by the PWE method and experimentally by measuring vibratory mobilities. The results show that the plate is damped at the same time in LF by the lattice effect and in HF by the ABH effect.