Os potenciais evocados somato-sensitivos são úteis para detectar e localizar lesões nas vias sensoriais. Sua obtenção exige a média síncrona de mais de mil respostas individuais. A redução do número de estímulos elétricos para obter o potencial evocado resulta na diminuição do tempo do exame e do desconforto do paciente. O objetivo desta dissertação foi o de estudar o potencial de contribuição de duas técnicas de tempo-freqüência (ondaletas e filtros associados a trechos temporais específicos) à estimação de potenciais evocados somato-sensitivos, quando se utilizam apenas 100 respostas individuais. Quanto aos filtros, sugere-se o uso de dois passa-baixas. O primeiro, com freqüência de corte em 900Hz, deve ser utilizado no trecho inicial de 3ms a 35ms e o segundo, com freqüência de corte em 200Hz, no trecho final de 25ms a 60ms. Em relação aos parâmetros da técnica baseada em ondaletas, recomenda-se a utilização da ondaleta-mãe biortogonal 5.5, pois ela fornece erros menores e apresenta curvas visualmente boas. Além disso, ela apresenta a vantagem de ter fase linear, que é mais adequada ao processamento de potenciais evocados. Os 20% maiores coeficientes das escalas D3, D4 e D5 e os 50% maiores coeficientes da escala D6 que se encontram em trechos temporais específicos, além de todos os coeficientes de aproximação da escala 6, reconstroem adequadamente o potencial evocado. A análise estatística dos erros quadráticos normalizados indicou que a estimação por ondaletas é a melhor dentre as técnicas testadas. Também se verificou que ambas as técnicas resultaram na redução do erro quadrático normalizado, quando comparadas à média síncrona de 100 respostas individuais. Conclui-se que tanto as ondaletas quanto os filtros contribuem de forma positiva à obtenção de melhores estimativas do potencial evocado, mesmo quando um número reduzido de respostas individuais é utilizado. / Somatosensory evoked potentials are useful to detect and locate lesions in sensory pathways. In order to obtain somatosensory evoked potentials, more than one thousand single sweeps must be synchronously averaged. The smaller the number of electrical stimuli used for evoked potentials, the lower is the examination length and the patient discomfort. The objective of this thesis is to study the contribution potential of two time-frequency techniques (wavelets and filters associated to specific time intervals) to the estimation of somatosensory evoked potentials, when only one hundred individual responses are used. For the filtering technique, it is suggested that two low-pass filters be used. The first filter has a 900Hz cutoff frequency and must be used in the 3ms-35ms time interval. The second one has a 200Hz cutoff frequency and should be applied to the 25ms-60ms section. Regarding wavelet parameters, it is recommended that a biorthogonal 5.5 mother wavelet be used, because it provides smaller errors and the results are visually good. Besides it, this mother wavelet has linear phase, which is useful to the evoked potential processing. The 20% greatest coefficients in D3, D4, D5 scales, and the 50% greatest D6 coefficients are candidates to the reconstruction. Those that fall in specific time intervals are used together with all the A6 coefficients. They reconstruct evoked potentials in a satisfactory manner. The statistical analysis of the normalized squared errors indicates that the wavelet estimation is the best technique among the tested ones. This work also shows that both techniques resulted in the reduction of the normalized squared errors, when compared to the synchronous averaging of 100 individual responses. As a conclusion, both wavelets and filters contribute in a positive manner to improve evoked potential estimation, even when a reduced number of individual responses is used.

La tesis doctoral presenta un nuevo método de detección y análisis de eventos en la tensión de suministro de energía eléctrica que utiliza simultáneamente el análisis wavelet y un filtro de Kalman extendido actuando en paralelo sobre las muestras de la tensión. El análisis wavelet proporciona la mejor precisión en la determinación de las características temporales del evento y el filtro de Kalman extendido permite, por un lado confirmar la existencia del evento, descartando aquellas detecciones erróneas que puede producir el análisis wavelet debido a su muy alta sensibilidad, así como determinar con la mayor exactitud la magnitud y fase de la tensión durante el evento.El método desarrollado se ha implementado un tiempo real sobre un sistema DSP, de forma que se adquieren las muestras de la tensión y se analizan sus valores dentro del intervalo de muestreo, para poder detectar y analizar eventos en el menor tiempo posible y poder desarrollar estrategias de protección de los distintos equipos conectados a la red de distribución / The thesis presents a new method for detection and analysis of voltage events in power systems using wavelet analysis and an extended Kalman filter acting in parallel on the voltage samples. The wavelet analysis provides the best estimation of the time-related parameters of the voltage event and the extended Kalman filter enables, on the one hand the confirmation of the beginning and the end of the voltage event, avoiding the erroneous detections that can be produced due to the very high sensitivity of the wavelet analysis, and on the other hand, the estimation of the magnitude and phase angle of voltage supply during the event. The method proposed has been implemented in a DSP-based system, where the voltage samples are analyzed within the sampling period for real-time detection of voltage events.

El análisis de Fourier es el método fundamental para la medida de armónicos e interarmónicos en señales eléctricas y es el principio de análisis que establece la International Electrotechnical Commission para los instrumentos de medida. Con el objetivo de superar las limitaciones que lo hacen poco efectivo en determinadas condiciones se han propuesto otras técnicas de análisis como las wavelets. En esta tesis doctoral se explora esta alternativa en el campo de la calidad del suministro de energía eléctrica.Como aportación principal se presenta un nuevo método de medida de armónicos e interarmónicos basado en la Transformada Wavelet Packet compatible con el estándar de medida IEC 61000-4-7 de 2002. El método propuesto utiliza un árbol de descomposición wavelet, que en sus distintos niveles suministra la medida de armónicos e interarmónicos de la señal, así como su contenido subarmónico e información de sus variaciones en el dominio temporal.Se exponen las características principales del método en cuanto a la elección de la función wavelet madre, el banco de filtros que implementa el árbol de descomposición wavelet y el postprocesado que posibilita la compatibilidad con el estándar de medida. Se analizan las prestaciones del método en la medida de armónicos e interarmónicos, tanto en condiciones estacionarias como en el caso de pérdida de sincronía por variación de la frecuencia fundamental o variación de la ventana de muestreo de la señal, presencia de componentes no síncronas con la frecuencia de la red o presencia de componentes de amplitud variable. Por último, se expone la información que aporta el método para la estimación temporal de las componentes frecuenciales medidas.El método desarrollado junto con el método de IEC, se ha implementado sobre un equipo electrónico para adquisición y procesado de señal utilizando técnicas de instrumentación virtual. Se expone la estructura y características del hardware utilizado y del software desarrollado así como los resultados obtenidos en la medida del espectro frecuencial de señales de diferente naturaleza.Por último se resumen las conclusiones obtenidas y se proponen futuras líneas de investigación motivadas por la realización de esta tesis doctoral. / Fourier analysis is the fundamental method for the measurement of harmonics and interharmonics in electrical power systems and is the method proposed by the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) for standard measurement instruments. With the objective of overcoming the limitations in certain conditions, other techniques of analysis such as wavelets have been proposed. This doctoral thesis investigates alternatives in the field of the quality of the provision of electrical energy. The main contribution of this thesis is the proposal of a new method of measurement of harmonics and interharmonics based on the Wavelet Packet Transform compatible with the standard IEC 61000-4-7 of 2002. The method proposed simultaneously uses different levels of the same wavelet decomposition tree for the measurement of harmonic, interharmonic and subharmonic components in the input signal as well as their time evolution.The basic characteristics of the method in terms of the choice of the mother wavelet function, the bank of filters that implements the wavelet decomposition tree and the postprocessing to make the method compatible with the measurement standard are explained. The benefits of the method in the measurement of harmonics and interharmonics are analyzed, both in stationary conditions and in the case of loss of synchrony due to variation of the base frequency or variation of the sampling window of the signal, presence of nonsynchronous components with the frequency of the network or presence of components of variable amplitude. Finally, the information that the method provides about the temporal estimation of the measured frequencial components is described.The method developed and the IEC method have been implemented on a virtual instrument. The hardware used and the software developed are explained studying the performance of the instrument under different measurement conditions.Finally the conclusions obtained are summarized and future lines of investigation motivated by this doctoral thesis are proposed.

Τα τελευταία χρόνια τόσο σε διεθνές όσο και σε εθνικό επίπεδο έχει δοθεί βαρύτητα στην ανίχνευση της εμβρυϊκής υποξίας κατά τη διάρκεια της κύησης και του τοκετού, καθώς είναι σαφής η άμεση συσχέτισή της με βραχυπρόθεσμες και απώτερες επιπλοκές του νεογνού. Η επιτυχής έκβαση ενός τοκετού εξαρτάται κυρίως από τον έγκαιρο εντοπισμό της δημιουργίας της εμβρυϊκής υποξίας και η ανάγκη για την υλοποίηση υπολογιστικών συστημάτων για την έγκαιρη διάγνωσή της είναι συνεχής και αυξανόμενη. Στα πλαίσια της διδακτορικής διατριβής σχεδιάστηκε και αναπτύχθηκε ένα πρωτότυπο σύστημα διάγνωσης της πρόωρης οξέωσης του εμβρύου κατά τη διάρκεια του τοκετού, το οποίο βασίστηκε στην επεξεργασία του εμβρυϊκού καρδιακού ρυθμού και στην ανάλυση της εμβρυϊκής παλμικής οξυμετρίας. Στόχος του συγκεκριμένου συστήματος είναι να αποτελέσει ένα βοηθητικό σύστημα διάγνωσης της εμβρυϊκής υποξίας και να συμβάλει στη λήψη αποφάσεων σχετικά με το χρόνο αποπεράτωσης του τοκετού, με σκοπό την πρόληψη άμεσων και απώτερων σοβαρών νεογνικών επιπλοκών. Ειδικότερα, η υλοποίηση του προτεινόμενου συστήματος βασίστηκε στην εφαρμογή του συνεχούς μετασχηματισμού κυματιδίων και της προσαρμοστικής προσέγγισης με τη χρήση του αλγορίθμου matching pursuit για την ανάδειξη της «κρυμμένης» πληροφορίας που μεταφέρει ο εμβρυϊκός καρδιακός ρυθμός στις πολύ χαμηλές συχνότητες. Συνδυάζοντας τα αποτελέσματα των παραπάνω τεχνικών επεξεργασίας, και ιδιαίτερα του αλγορίθμου matching pursuit, με τον προσδιορισμό του συνολικού χρόνου χαμηλού κορεσμού του αρτηριακού εμβρυϊκού αίματος, υλοποιήθηκε, με τη χρήση ενός διαμεριστικού αλγορίθμου, το προτεινόμενο σύστημα. Η ανάπτυξη αυτού του συστήματος αποτελεί μια καινοτόμα και πολλά υποσχόμενη προσέγγιση στην προσπάθεια της διάγνωσης της εμβρυϊκής υποξίας δεδομένου ότι παρουσιάζει υψηλή ειδικότητα και θετική προγνωστική αξία συμβάλοντας στην επίλυση του σοβαρότερου μειονεκτήματος της κλασσικής καρδιοτοκογραφίας που είναι η χαμηλή τιμή των αντίστοιχων προγνωστικών δεικτών. / In the last few years the research community has given great attention to the detection of antepartum and intrapartum fetal hypoxia, given its direct impact on both short- and long-term neonatal morbidity and mortality. The successful completion of labor depends mainly on the prompt identification of fetal hypoxia. The development of computational systems for the early diagnosis of restricted fetal oxygen supply is therefore of critical importance. This thesis involves the design and development of an innovative system for the early detection of acidosis, which was based on the fetal heart rate processing and fetal pulse oximetry analysis. The aim of the system is to comprise a computer-aided diagnostic system of fetal hypoxia and to contribute to the decision making regarding the labor completion time, in order to prevent short- and long-term neonatal complications. Specifically, the development of the system was based on the implementation of continuous wavelet transform and adaptive approximation using the matching pursuit algorithm, in order to reveal the “hidden” information conveyed in the very low frequency range of the fetal heart rate. The system involves the combination of the results of the above-mentioned processing techniques, and especially of the matching pursuit algorithm, along with the calculation of the duration of fetal arterial low oxygen saturation, applying a commonly used clustering algorithm. The proposed system is an innovative and promising approach towards the early diagnosis of fetal hypoxia, given its high specificity and positive predictive value, thus effectively addressing the major drawback of clinical cardiotocography.

The ability of humans to perceive significant pattern and structure of an image is something which humans take for granted. We can recognize objects and patterns independent of changes in image contrast and illumination. In the past decades, it has been widely recognized in both biology and computer vision that phase contains critical information in characterizing the structures in images. Despite the importance of local phase information and its significant success in many computer vision and image processing applications, the coherence behavior of local phases at scale-space is not well understood. This thesis concentrates on developing an invariant image representation method based on local phase information. In particular, considerable effort is devoted to study the coherence relationship between local phases at different scales in the vicinity of image features and to develop robust methods to measure the strength of this relationship. A computational framework that computes local phase coherence (LPC) intensity with arbitrary selections in the number of coefficients, scales, as well as the scale ratios between them has been developed. Particularly, we formulate local phase prediction as an optimization problem, where the objective function computes the closeness between true local phase and the predicted phase by LPC. The proposed framework not only facilitates flexible and reliable computation of LPC, but also broadens the potentials of LPC in many applications. We demonstrate the potentials of LPC in a number of image processing applications. Firstly, we have developed a novel sharpness assessment algorithm, identified as LPC-Sharpness Index (LPC-SI), without referencing the original image. LPC-SI is tested using four subject-rated publicly-available image databases, which demonstrates competitive performance when compared with state-of-the-art algorithms. Secondly, a new fusion quality assessment algorithm has been developed to objectively assess the performance of existing fusion algorithms. Validations over our subject-rated multi-exposure multi-focus image database show good correlations between subjective ranking score and the proposed image fusion quality index. Thirdly, the invariant properties of LPC measure have been employed to solve image registration problem where inconsistency in intensity or contrast patterns are the major challenges. LPC map has been utilized to estimate image plane transformation by maximizing weighted mutual information objective function over a range of possible transformations. Finally, the disruption of phase coherence due to blurring process is employed in a multi-focus image fusion algorithm. The algorithm utilizes two activity measures, LPC as sharpness activity measure along with local energy as contrast activity measure. We show that combining these two activity measures result in notable performance improvement in achieving both maximal contrast and maximal sharpness simultaneously at each spatial location.

The ability of humans to perceive significant pattern and structure of an image is something which humans take for granted. We can recognize objects and patterns independent of changes in image contrast and illumination. In the past decades, it has been widely recognized in both biology and computer vision that phase contains critical information in characterizing the structures in images. Despite the importance of local phase information and its significant success in many computer vision and image processing applications, the coherence behavior of local phases at scale-space is not well understood. This thesis concentrates on developing an invariant image representation method based on local phase information. In particular, considerable effort is devoted to study the coherence relationship between local phases at different scales in the vicinity of image features and to develop robust methods to measure the strength of this relationship. A computational framework that computes local phase coherence (LPC) intensity with arbitrary selections in the number of coefficients, scales, as well as the scale ratios between them has been developed. Particularly, we formulate local phase prediction as an optimization problem, where the objective function computes the closeness between true local phase and the predicted phase by LPC. The proposed framework not only facilitates flexible and reliable computation of LPC, but also broadens the potentials of LPC in many applications. We demonstrate the potentials of LPC in a number of image processing applications. Firstly, we have developed a novel sharpness assessment algorithm, identified as LPC-Sharpness Index (LPC-SI), without referencing the original image. LPC-SI is tested using four subject-rated publicly-available image databases, which demonstrates competitive performance when compared with state-of-the-art algorithms. Secondly, a new fusion quality assessment algorithm has been developed to objectively assess the performance of existing fusion algorithms. Validations over our subject-rated multi-exposure multi-focus image database show good correlations between subjective ranking score and the proposed image fusion quality index. Thirdly, the invariant properties of LPC measure have been employed to solve image registration problem where inconsistency in intensity or contrast patterns are the major challenges. LPC map has been utilized to estimate image plane transformation by maximizing weighted mutual information objective function over a range of possible transformations. Finally, the disruption of phase coherence due to blurring process is employed in a multi-focus image fusion algorithm. The algorithm utilizes two activity measures, LPC as sharpness activity measure along with local energy as contrast activity measure. We show that combining these two activity measures result in notable performance improvement in achieving both maximal contrast and maximal sharpness simultaneously at each spatial location.

Turbulent flow inside a street canyon was investigated in an open circuit wind tunnel and in a blow-down wind channel. Two geometries were used for comparison purposes: buildings with pitched roofs and with flat roofs. Both generate the flow of a different category, so the induced ventilation regimes are fundamentally different. Quadrant, Fourier and Wavelet analysis, Proper Orthogonal Decomposition (POD) and vortex detection methods are used to identify coherent structures in the flow and establish their impact on the ventilation of pollution. Two types of the organised motions are detected: the compact areas of sweep and ejection with the scale comparable to the size of building and the small vortices generated in the shear layer behind the building roof. POD identifies the most dominant modes with high coherency in the flow and evaluates the relative contributions of each mode to the overall kinetic energy of turbulence. Rigorous analysis of the correctness of the physical interpretation for such a decomposition is carried out. Wavelet analysis is applied to the time-series of the POD expansion coefficients in order to reveal control mechanism of the dynamics of the modes. Vorticity, calculated from the original velocity data, is decomposed by POD as well. Finally, the correlation between the vorticity...

Ce travail consiste à caractériser la variabilité temporelle et spatiale des séries chronologiques de paramètres hydroclimatiques (pluies, débits) au niveau de trois grand bassins au Maroc ; (bassins de la Moulouya, du Sebou et du Tensift) et à chercher les liens entre cette variabilité hydrologique et les fluctuations climatiques matérialisées par différents indices climatiques, NAO, SOI, WMOI. L’approche d’étude est basée le traitement statistique des séries temporelles, liée aux dimensions temps et espace.Les grands bassins versants d'échelle continentale comme le Tensift, le Sebou et la Moulouya en climat méditerranéen sous influence océanique, intègrent sur des grandes surfaces la réponse hydrologique aux changements climatiques et environnementaux (fluctuations du climat, précipitations, débits) à de larges échelles spatiales et temporelles, mais également les modifications du milieu physique d’origine anthropique (changements d’occupation des sols, aménagements…), ce qui rend parfois difficile l’identification des liens entre la variabilité hydrologique et la variabilité climatique. Les principaux objectifs de ce travail sont de déterminer et de quantifier les relations entre la variabilité hydroclimatique et les fluctuations du climat à l’échelle de chaque bassin étudié et de ses principaux sous-bassins, via l'utilisation de méthodes d’analyses spectrales adaptées à l’étude des processus non stationnaires (analyse en ondelettes continues, analyse de la cohérence par ondelettes). Plusieurs modes de variabilités sont identifiés à partir de l’analyse par station (pluies et débits), du cycle annuel au mode 16-22 ans, cette analyse sera complétée par une analyse par maille, dont les données sont issues d’un fichier (SIEREM) couvrant la période 1940-1999, où on identifie des fréquences de 1an au 8-16 ans, distinguées sur des périodes différentes au niveau de chaque bassin, permettant ainsi une décomposition de la variabilité spatiale des signaux mis en évidence. Trois principales discontinuités sont identifiées en 1970, 1980 et 2000. La contribution des indices climatiques est assez importante elle est entre 55% et 80%. / This work is to characterize the temporal and spatial variability of hydroclimatic time series (rainfall, flow) at three large basins in Morocco; (basins of the Sebou and Moulouya Tensift) and look links between the hydrologic variability and climate fluctuation materialized by various climate indices, NAO, SOI, WMOI. The approach to study is based on statistical analysis of time series, related to time and space dimensions.The great watershed of continental scale as Tensift, Sebou and Moulouya in Mediterranean climate under oceanic influence, integrate over large areas the hydrological response to climate and environmental changes (climate fluctuations, precipitation, flows) not only to large spatial and temporal scales, but also to changes in the physical environment anthropogenic (land use changes, developments ...), which sometimes makes difficult to identify the links between hydrological variability and climate variability. The main objective of this work is to determine and quantify the relationships between hydrological variability and climate fluctuations (regionalised precipitation, climate change indexes) across each studied basin and its main sub-basins, via using spectral analysis methods adapted to the study of non-stationary processes (continuous wavelet analysis, coherence analysis wavelet). Many modes of variability are identified from the station analysis (rainfall and flow rates), the annual cycle to 16-22 years, this analysis will be complemented by a grid analysis, the data come from a (SIEREM) file covering the period from 1940 to 1999, which will allow a better understanding of the spatial variability of signals set highlighted. Which is identified frequencies the 1 year 8-16 years, distinguished different time periods at each basin, three main discontinuities identified in 1970, 1980 and 2000. The contribution of climatic indices is important enough it is between 55% and 80%.

O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar os padrões de distribuição de energia e as propriedades espectrais dos principais músculos de membro inferior de diabéticos neuropatas durante a marcha, utilizando a análise de wavelet. Foram coletados dados de EMG de superfície (bipolar) dos músculos tibial anterior, vasto lateral e gastrocnêmio medial no ciclo da marcha em 21 pacientes diabéticos diagnosticados com neuropatia periférica, e 21 indivíduos não- diabéticos. A energia do sinal e freqüência foram comparados entre os grupos no ciclo da marcha e em cada faixa de freqüência (7-542Hz), utilizando testes t. A Análise de Componentes Principais foi utilizada para avaliar as diferenças entre os padrões eletromiográficos de diabéticos e não-diabéticos. Os indivíduos diabéticos exibiram menores energias nas menores frequências para todos os músculos, e energias mais altas nas maiores frequências nos músculos extensores do membro inferior. Os pacientes também apresentaram menor energia de gastrocnêmio medial e uma maior energia de vasto lateral comparado aos não diabéticos, e este último achado sugere uma estratégia para compensar o déficit dos extensores de tornozelo para impulsionar o corpo na marcha. Os resultados mostram, de maneira geral, uma mudança na estratégia neuromuscular dos pacientes diabéticos, sugerindo que os principais músculos extensores do membro inferior adaptam a sua resposta a fim de produzir a energia necessária para realizar essa tarefa, a do andar / The aim of this study was to investigate lower limb muscle\'s energy patterns and spectral properties of diabetic neuropathic individuals during gait cycle using wavelet approach. Bipolar surface EMG of tibialis anterior, vastus lateralis and gastrocnemius medialis were acquired in the whole gait cycle in 21 diabetic patients already diagnosed with peripheral neuropathy, and 21 non-diabetic individuals. The signal´s energy and frequency were compared between groups in the whole gait cycle and in each frequency band (7-542Hz) using t tests. Principal component analysis was used to assess differences between diabetic and non-diabetic EMG patterns. The diabetic individuals displayed lower energies in lower frequency bands for all muscles and higher energies in higher frequency bands in the extensors\' muscles. They also showed lower energy of gastrocnemius and a higher energy of vastus, and this last finding suggests a strategy to compensate the ankle extensor deficit to propel the body forward. The overall results suggest a change in the neuromuscular strategy of diabetic patients, suggesting that the main extensor muscles of the lower limb adapt their response to produce the energy necessary to accomplish the walking task

No description available.