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Deadly Cultures: Biological Weapons Since 1945.Wheelis, M., Rozsa, L., Dando, Malcolm January 2006 (has links)
No / The threat of biological weapons has never attracted as much public attention as in the past five years. Current concerns largely relate to the threat of weapons acquisition and use by rogue states or by terrorists. But the threat has deeper roots--it has been evident for fifty years that biological agents could be used to cause mass casualties and large-scale economic damage. Yet there has been little historical analysis of such weapons over the past half-century.
Deadly Cultures sets out to fill this gap by analyzing the historical developments since 1945 and addressing three central issues: Why have states continued or begun programs for acquiring biological weapons? Why have states terminated biological weapons programs? How have states demonstrated that they have truly terminated their biological weapons programs?
We now live in a world in which the basic knowledge needed to develop biological weapons is more widely available than ever before. Deadly Cultures provides the lessons from history that we urgently need in order to strengthen the long-standing prohibition of biological weapons.
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Artilleribataljonen och vapenanskaffning : taktiskt eller organisatoriskt rationellt? / Artillery battalion and weapons acquisition : tactic or bureaucratic rational?Samuelsson, Emil January 2010 (has links)
<p>Försvarsmakten har förändrats från ett invasionsförsvar till ett insatsförsvar. Det har inneburit nedläggningar och omstruktureringar av organisationer. Artilleriet är en av de vapenslag som har gått från flertal regementen till idag ett regemente. Artilleribataljonen som är artilleriets insatsförband har kännetecknas som ett förband med lång räckvidd och kraftig verkan. Med pjäser som har kaliber 15,5cm understödjer de manöverförbanden. Idag har artilleribataljonen 8cm granatkastare som sekundär beväpning, ett vapen som har dålig räckvidd jämfört med 15,5cm pjäser, ett vapen som inte kan bekämpa pansar mål eller precisionsbekämpa. Detta arbete är en studie om varför artilleribataljonen anskaffat 8cm granatkastare. Är det av taktiskt rationella anledningar eller är det organisatoriskt rationella anledningar? Arbetet utgår från två hypoteser som förklarar varför artilleribataljonen anskaffat 8cm granatkastare. Studien visar på att artilleribataljonen utökar sina uppgifter genom att anskaffa 8cm grankastare. Det gör att artilleribataljonen har teoretiska möjligheter att konkurrera om platser vid eventuella missioner eller en platsvid Nordic battlegroup. Studien analyserar även artilleribataljonens uppgifter, dessa uppgifter skall organisationen klara av. Enligt resultatet har artilleribataljonen inte de förutsättningarna att lösa alla uppgifter utan 8cm granatkastare. Därför är det taktiskt rationellt att anskaffa 8cm granatkastare som sekundär beväpning.</p> / <p>The Swedish armed force has changed from defending the country from invasions to a military force that can be used as a military intervention at different places around the world. This change has meant that some organizations has been discontinued and reorganized. The artillery is one of the branches of the fighting services who have gone from several regiments to only one. The artillery battalion is recognized as a unit that has a long range and powerful impact. With 15,5 guns they support the maneuver units. Today the artillery battalion have 8cm mortars as secondary armament, a weapon that has bad range compared to 15,5 guns and a weapon that can’t penetrate armored targets and has bad accuracy. This essay is a study about why the artillery battalion has acquired 8 cm mortars. Is it because of tactical rational reasons or is it because of organizational rational reasons? The essay takes stand from two hypotheses that explain why the artillery battalion has acquired 8 cm mortars. The study indicates that the artillery battalion increases their assignments by acquiring 8 cm mortars. This enables the battalion theoretical possibilities to compete for places in missions or places in the Nordic battlegroup. The study also analyses the artillery battalion’s tasks, tasks that the organization should manage. The artillery battalion has, according to the result, not the resources to solve all the assignments without the 8 cm mortars. Therefore it is tactical rationally to acquire 8 cm mortars assecondary armament.</p>
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Artilleribataljonen och vapenanskaffning : taktiskt eller organisatoriskt rationellt? / Artillery battalion and weapons acquisition : tactic or bureaucratic rational?Samuelsson, Emil January 2010 (has links)
Försvarsmakten har förändrats från ett invasionsförsvar till ett insatsförsvar. Det har inneburit nedläggningar och omstruktureringar av organisationer. Artilleriet är en av de vapenslag som har gått från flertal regementen till idag ett regemente. Artilleribataljonen som är artilleriets insatsförband har kännetecknas som ett förband med lång räckvidd och kraftig verkan. Med pjäser som har kaliber 15,5cm understödjer de manöverförbanden. Idag har artilleribataljonen 8cm granatkastare som sekundär beväpning, ett vapen som har dålig räckvidd jämfört med 15,5cm pjäser, ett vapen som inte kan bekämpa pansar mål eller precisionsbekämpa. Detta arbete är en studie om varför artilleribataljonen anskaffat 8cm granatkastare. Är det av taktiskt rationella anledningar eller är det organisatoriskt rationella anledningar? Arbetet utgår från två hypoteser som förklarar varför artilleribataljonen anskaffat 8cm granatkastare. Studien visar på att artilleribataljonen utökar sina uppgifter genom att anskaffa 8cm grankastare. Det gör att artilleribataljonen har teoretiska möjligheter att konkurrera om platser vid eventuella missioner eller en platsvid Nordic battlegroup. Studien analyserar även artilleribataljonens uppgifter, dessa uppgifter skall organisationen klara av. Enligt resultatet har artilleribataljonen inte de förutsättningarna att lösa alla uppgifter utan 8cm granatkastare. Därför är det taktiskt rationellt att anskaffa 8cm granatkastare som sekundär beväpning. / The Swedish armed force has changed from defending the country from invasions to a military force that can be used as a military intervention at different places around the world. This change has meant that some organizations has been discontinued and reorganized. The artillery is one of the branches of the fighting services who have gone from several regiments to only one. The artillery battalion is recognized as a unit that has a long range and powerful impact. With 15,5 guns they support the maneuver units. Today the artillery battalion have 8cm mortars as secondary armament, a weapon that has bad range compared to 15,5 guns and a weapon that can’t penetrate armored targets and has bad accuracy. This essay is a study about why the artillery battalion has acquired 8 cm mortars. Is it because of tactical rational reasons or is it because of organizational rational reasons? The essay takes stand from two hypotheses that explain why the artillery battalion has acquired 8 cm mortars. The study indicates that the artillery battalion increases their assignments by acquiring 8 cm mortars. This enables the battalion theoretical possibilities to compete for places in missions or places in the Nordic battlegroup. The study also analyses the artillery battalion’s tasks, tasks that the organization should manage. The artillery battalion has, according to the result, not the resources to solve all the assignments without the 8 cm mortars. Therefore it is tactical rationally to acquire 8 cm mortars assecondary armament.
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Rôles et fonctions du droit de l'Union européenne dans l'intégration des politiques d'acquisition d'armement / Roles and functions of EU in integration of armament acquisition policiesSimon, Edouard 13 July 2017 (has links)
Les budgets d'équipement de défense en Europe connaissent depuis la fin de la guerre froide une baisse structurelle et régulière. Ce phénomène est aujourd'hui amplifié par la crise de la dette qui touche l'Europe. Une telle diminution porte un risque de perte de capacités (technologiques, industrielles, ... ) et, in fine, de déclassement stratégique pour les Etats européens et l'UE en tant que puissance potentielle ou en devenir. Face à cette menace, deux solutions complémentaires ont été identifiées de longue date l'ouverture des marchés publics à la concurrence européenne et la consolidation de la commande publique à un niveau européen définir. Longtemps ignoré pour organiser un marché européen des équipements de défense, le cadre politico-institutionnel de l'UE e désormais mis à contribution. En particulier, on observe depuis une dizaine d'année un recours au ordre juridique de celle-ci –cadre qui en fait sn spécificité en tant qu'organisation supranationale. Cette utilisation suit une voie classique (recours à la méthode communautaire dans le cadre de l'intégration des marchés publics d'armement dans le champ du marché intérieur) mais est également une voie plus originale avec l'apparition de mécanismes de récompense promouvoir la coopération dans l'acquisition et le développement d'armement. Grâce au concept de fonctions (répressive et promotionnelle) du droit, développés par le théoricien du droit italien Norberto Bobbie cette thèse propose un cadre théorique permettent d'étudier de manière unifiée et cohérente le recours nu droit dans sa conception traditionnelle (répression des comportements non-conformes) et dans ses développements les plus récents (promotion des comportements socialement désirables). / European defence equipment budgets have been decreasing steadily since the end of the Cold War and have been amplified by the recent public debt crisis. These budgetary cuts may (end to non-reversible tosses of capabilities (technological, industrial, etc.) an eventually render the EU and its Member States strategically irrelevant. Two main solutions were identified long ago: opening defence procurements to European competition and consolidating the armament demand to n supranational level (which remains to be defined). The EU institutions and legal framework, which have been considered as irrelevant in that respect for a long lime, are now being used. In particular, the recourse to the EU legal framework proved to be useful and follows two paths: a classical one, which entails the recourse to the community method and the integration of defend procurements within the internal market; and a more innovative one, based on the promotion of cooperation in developing an acquiring armaments. This thesis builds on Norberto Bobbie's concepts of repressive and promotional functions of law. Thus, it proposes a theoretical framework consistent enough to cover EU law in its traditional function (punishing non-compliant behaviours) and in its more react forms (rewarding behaviours that arc socially desirable). lt concludes that the recourse to EU law in the field of armament acquisition policies enlarges the classical understanding of European integration.
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