Hurricane Katrina made landfall in 2005 damaging 1.2 billion cubic meters of timber including 48 million cubic meters of hardwood. An economically efficient method of artificial oak regeneration is necessary in many areas to restore this high value resource. Bareroot, conventional containerized, and EKOgrown® seedlings of Quercus shumardii and Q. texana were planted on two sites in south Mississippi. Growth and survival were evaluated for two years. Survival was assessed monthly and at the end of each growing season. Height and groundline diameter were assessed initially after planting and the end of each growing season. After two growing seasons, Q. Nuttallii exhibited superior performance generally when compared to Q. Shumardii. Conventional containerized had poor survival and initial growth likely caused by freeze damage in the nursery. EKOgrown® seedlings performed better than other planting stocks, however, high seedling cost makes them less cost-effective than bareroot seedlings which exhibited acceptable performance overall.

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Purple-flowered rhododendron (Rhododendron ponticum L.) and yellow-flowered rhododendron (R. flavum Don.) are two dominant shrub species of the eastern beech (Fagus orientalis L.) understories in the eastern and western Black Sea Region (BSR), respectively. These invasive woody species significantly reduce beech growth and can preclude tree regeneration. The ecological consequence is an aging beech overstory with little or no regeneration to replace the mature trees. Great rhododendron (R. maximum L.) has been increasing in the forests of the Southern Appalachians of the United States, reducing tree regeneration and growth. The BSR and Southern Appalachians bear noteworthy similarities in climate, topography, and the forest flora. Purple-flowered and great rhododendrons also show important similarities in their ecology and the forest vegetation problems they can cause. Current rhododendron-dominated and threatened BSR forests may provide an advanced ecological picture of the forests of the Southern Appalachians in which great rhododendron now thrives. Therefore, new information gained on the ecology and effective and cost-efficient control of purple-flowered rhododendron may significantly improve forest management practices, not only for the current rhododendron-invaded BSR ecosystem, but also for other parts of the world. This dissertation consists of five separate yet related chapters. The first gives relevant literature reviewed for the dissertation. The second chapter focuses on various environmental and disturbance factors that may have shaped the current purple-flowered rhododendron-dominated beech forests of the BSR of Turkey. Chapter 3 assesses the effects of various manual and herbicidal woody control techniques on purple-flowered and yellow-flowered rhododendron in two field experiments in the BSR. The fourth chapter relates a study of uptake and translocation behavior of triclopyr ester and imazapyr in great rhododendron. This information is used to determine the optimum herbicide-surfactant combinations for the greatest active ingredient uptake and root translocation in great rhododendron. The last chapter is a synthesis of the information gained in all of these different experiments. / Ph. D.

Repeated use of acetolactate synthase (ALS)-inhibiting herbicides in recent years has resulted in the selection of 89 weed species resistant to these herbicides. One management strategy that can eliminate or slow the development of resistance is applying mixtures of herbicides with different modes of action. This research involved the characterization of ALS-inhibiting herbicide-resistant smooth pigweed (<i>Amaranthus hybridus</i> L.), as well as investigations on weed management programs in corn (<i>Zea mays</i> L.) utilizing mesotrione, a triketone, in mixtures with other herbicides. ALS-inhibiting herbicide-resistant smooth pigweed biotypes were collected from fields in Virginia, Delaware, Maryland, and Pennsylvania to evaluate response to ALS-inhibiting herbicides and to determine the molecular mechanisms of resistance. Sequencing of the ALS genes from these biotypes revealed two amino acid substitutions known to confer resistance, Ala₁₂₂ to Thr and Ser₆₅₃ to Asn, and one that has not been previously reported in plants, Asp₃₇₆ to Glu. The smooth pigweed biotype with an Asp₃₇₆ substitution displayed resistance to four classes of ALS-inhibiting herbicides that included imidazolinone (IMI), sulfonylurea (SU), pyrimidinylthiobenzoate (PTB), and triazolopyrimidine sulfonanilide (TP) chemistries. Transformation of this smooth pigweed ALS gene into <i>Arabidopsis thaliana</i> confirmed that the Asp₃₇₆ substitution is responsible for the resistance. Other biotypes that had a substitution at Ala₁₂₂ exhibited resistance to an IMI herbicide, little to no resistance to SU herbicides, and increased sensitivity to a PTB and a TP herbicide, whereas, biotypes that had a substitution at Ser₆₅₃ exhibited high-level resistance to an IMI herbicide and lower resistance to PTB and SU herbicides. Experiments were also conducted to investigate the effectiveness of mesotrione in preemergence (PRE) and postemergence (POST) corn weed management programs in Virginia. Mesotrione applied PRE in mixtures with <i>S</i>-metolachlor and atrazine controlled common lambsquarters (<i>Chenopodium album</i> L.), smooth pigweed, common ragweed (<i>Ambrosia artemisiifolia</i> L.), and morningglory (<i>Ipomoea</i> spp.) species when a timely rainfall followed application. POST applications of mesotrione controlled common lambsquarters and smooth pigweed, but common ragweed and morningglory species were not always controlled. Common ragweed and morningglory species were controlled by mesotrione in a mixture with atrazine POST. Large crabgrass [<i>Digitaria sanguinalis</i> (L.) Scop.] and giant foxtail (<i>Setaria faberi</i> Herrm.) control was generally better when the ALS-inhibiting herbicides nicosulfuron plus rimsulfuron or rimsulfuron plus thifensulfuron plus atrazine were applied in a mixture with mesotrione. Mixtures of mesotrione with other POST herbicides in a total POST program produced corn yields comparable to standard PRE followed by POST weed management programs. / Ph. D.

[ES] Las preocupaciones ambientales y de salud han estimulado el interés en estrategias alternativas para el manejo de las malas hierbas. En todo el mundo se están haciendo esfuerzos para reducir la gran dependencia de los herbicidas sintéticos que se utilizan como principal método para el control de las plantas arvenses. Los herbicidas naturales basados en sustancias alelopáticas, como los aceites esenciales (AEs) extraídos de plantas, se han sugerido como una de las posibles alternativas para lograr un manejo sostenible de las arvenses. Por un lado, los AEs han mostrado capacidad para inhibir la germinación y el crecimiento de semillas de malas hierbas, por otro lado, hay una falta de estudios sobre los efectos de tales sustancias sobre los microorganismos del suelo. Por lo tanto, en esta tesis se ha investigado la actividad fitotóxica y herbicida de los AEs extraídos de plantas mediterráneas para determinar su potencial como herbicidas naturales. Se han ensayado los efectos de AEs, así como de otros extractos de plantas como hidrolatos, extractos acuosos y hojas frescas obtenidas de plantas mediterráneas, sobre los microorganismos del suelo. Las especies donadoras de AEs fueron seleccionadas en base a conocimientos previos del grupo de investigación, y de acuerdo con la bibliografía existente sobre la actividad herbicida de metabolitos secundarios de estas especies o de especies que están taxonómicamente estrechamente relacionadas: Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh., Eucalyptus occidentalis Endl., Eucalyptus globulus Labill., Eucalyptus torquata Luehm., Eucalyptus lesoufii Maiden, Thymbra capitata (L.) Cav., Mentha × piperita L. y Santolina chamaecyparissus L. Como malas hierbas objetivo se seleccionaron dos monocotiledóneas, Avena fatua L. y Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) P. Beauv. y dos dicotiledóneas, Portulaca oleracea L. y Amaranthus retroflexus L. La composición de los AEs se analizó mediante Cromatografía de gases (CG) y Cromatografía de gases-Espectrometría de masas (CG-EM). Los ensayos in vitro se realizaron en cámaras de germinación, para evaluar los efectos fitotóxicos de los AEs sobre la germinación y el crecimiento de las plántulas. Los ensayos in vivo se realizaron en condiciones de invernadero, los AEs se aplicaron emulsionados con Fitoil mediante riego. El estudio de los efectos sobre los microorganismos del suelo se realizó en el laboratorio en macetas donde los suelos se trataron con los AEs y extractos de hojas y luego se incubaron a temperatura ambiente (20-23 ° C). Los ensayos in vitro revelaron que todos los AEs mostraron efectividad contra las malas hierbas ensayadas. Entre ellos, T. capitata fue el más eficaz. A las dosis más bajas, bloqueó completamente la germinación de todas las semillas. Los ensayos en invernadero demostraron la actividad herbicida de T. capitata, M. piperita y S. chamaecyparissus, aumentando su fitotoxicidad con la dosis. T. capitata fue el AE más eficaz contra todas las malas hierbas a la dosis máxima y P. oleracea fue la especie más resistente. Los microorganismos del suelo, después de un período transitorio de agitación, generalmente recuperaron su función y biomasa iniciales. Solo el AE de T. capitata a la dosis más alta no permitió que los microorganismos del suelo recuperaran completamente su funcionalidad inicial. La aplicación de extractos de hojas al suelo proporcionó evidencia de que las hojas de eucalipto y sus extractos (AE, hidrolatos y extractos acuosos), afectaron a la comunidad microbiana del suelo de diferente modo, dependiéndose de la especie de Eucalyptus considerada. Hasta el momento, los resultados permiten sugerir la aplicación de los Aes como bioherbicidas en entornos controlados y en condiciones de invernadero. Se debe identificar la dosis óptima de aplicación para controlar las malas hierbas y simultáneamente, no afectar negativamente a los microorganismos del suelo. / [CA] Les preocupacions ambientals i de salut han estimulat l'interès per estratègies alternatives de gestió de les males herbes. A tot el món, s'estan fent esforços per reduir la gran dependència dels herbicides sintètics que s'utilitzen com a principal mètode per al control de les males herbes. Els herbicides naturals basats en substàncies al·lelopàtiques, com els olis essencials (OEs) extrets de plantes, s'han suggerit com una de les alternatives possibles per aconseguir una gestió sostenible de les males herbes. Els OEs han mostrat capacitat per inhibir la germinació i el creixement de llavors de males herbes, però per altra banda, falten estudis sobre els efectes d'aquestes substàncies sobre els microorganismes del sòl. En aquesta tesi es van investigar les activitats fitotòxiques i herbicides dels OE extrets d'herbes mediterrànies per a un ús potencial com a herbicides naturals. A més, es van provar els efectes d'aquests OE i d'altres extractes vegetals, com hidrolats, extractes aquosos i fulles fresques obtingudes d'herbes mediterrànies sobre els microorganismes del sòl. Les espècies donants d'OEs es van seleccionar bassant-se en la experiencia previa del grup d'investigació i en la bibliografía existent sobre les activitats biològiques dels metabòlits secundaris d'aquestes espècies: Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh., Eucalyptus occidentalis Endl., Eucalyptus globulus Labill., Eucalyptus torquata Luehm., Eucalyptus lesoufii Maiden, Thymbra capitata (L.) Cav., Mentha × piperita L. i Santolina chamaecyparissus L. Les males herbes objectiu seleccionades van ser dos monocotiledóneas, Avena fatua L. i Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) P. Beauv. i dos dicotiledóneas, Portulaca oleracea L. i Amaranthus retroflexus L. La composició dels OEs es va analitzar mitjançant Cromatografia de gasos (CG) i Cromatografia de gasos-espectrometria de mases (CG-EM). Els assajos in vitro es van realitzar en cambres de germinació per avaluar els efectes dels OEs sobre la germinació i el creixement de les plàntules. Els assajos in vivo es van realitzar en condicions d'hivernacle, on es van aplicar per reg els OEs emulsionats amb Fitoil a les males herbes. L'estudi dels efectes dels OEs sobre els microorganismes del sòl es van realitzar en un experiment en tiestos en condicions de laboratori, en el qual els sòls van ser tractats amb els OEs i els extractes de fulles i després van ser incubats a temperatura ambient (20-23 ° C). Els resultats dels assaigs in vitro van revelar que tots els OE van mostrar efectivitat contra les males herbes objectiu. Entre tots ells, T. capitata va ser el més eficaç. A dosis més baixes, va bloquejar completament la germinació de tots les llavors. Els assaigs en hivernacle van demostrar l'activitat herbicida de T. capitata, M. piperita i S. chamaecyparissus, augmentant la seva fitotoxicitat amb la dosi. T. capitata va ser l'OE més eficaç contra totes les males herbes a la dosi màxima i P. oleracea va ser la mala herba més resistent. Els microorganismes del sòl, després d'un període de trastorn transitori, en general van recuperar la seva funció inicial i la seva biomassa. Només l'oli de T. capitata, a la dosi més alta no va permetre als microorganismes del sòl recuperar completament la seva funcionalitat inicial. Els resultats de l'aplicació d'extractes de fulles al sòl van demostrar que les fulles d'eucaliptus i els seus extractes (OEs, hidrolats i extractes aquosos), afecten la comunitat microbiana del sòl de diferents maneres, depenien de les espècies d'eucaliptus. Fins ara, els resultats obtinguts fan possible suggerir l'aplicació d'EOs com a bioherbicides en entorns controlats com l'horticultura i en condicions d'hivernacle, però s'ha d'identificar la dosi òptima d'aplicació per controlar les males herbes i simultàniament, no afectar negativament els microorganismes del sòl. / [EN] Environmental and health concerns caused for traditional crop protection systems have stimulated interest in alternative weed management strategies. Worldwide, efforts are being made to reduce the heavy reliance on synthetic herbicides that are used to control weeds. Natural herbicides based on allelopathic substances, such as volatile essential oils (EOs) extracted from plants, has been suggested to be one of the possible alternatives for achieving sustainable weed management. From one hand, EOs have shown ability to inhibit weeds seed germination and growth, on the other hand there is a lack of studies about the effects of such substances on soil microorganisms. Therefore, in this thesis the phytotoxic and herbicidal activities of EOs extracted from Mediterranean plants were investigated for their potential use as natural herbicides. The effects of EOs, as well as, of other plant extracts, such as hydrolates, aqueous extracts and fresh leaves obtained from Mediterranean plants, were tested on soil microorganisms. The donor species of EOs were selected based on previous experience of the research group and according to the current literature about the herbicidal activities of the secondary metabolites of these species or from species that are taxonomically closely related: Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh., Eucalyptus occidentalis Endl., Eucalyptus globulus Labill., Eucalyptus torquata Luehm., Eucalyptus lesoufii Maiden, Thymbra capitata (L.) Cav., Mentha × piperita L. and Santolina chamaecyparissus L. The target weeds were two monocotyledons, Avena fatua L. and Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) P. Beauv, and two dicotyledons, Portulaca oleracea L. and Amaranthus retroflexus L. EOs composition was analyzed by means of Gas Chromatography (GC) and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). The in vitro assays were performed in germination chambers, to assess the effects of EOs on weed seed germination and seedling growth. The in vivo trials were conducted in greenhouse conditions, where EOs emulsified by Fitoil were applied on weed species by watering. The study of EOs effects on soil microorganisms was carried out in a laboratory pot experiment, where soils were treated with EOs and leaf extracts and then incubated at room temperature (20-23°C). Results obtained from the in vitro bioassays revealed that all used EOs displayed of effectiveness against assayed weeds, controlling completely their germination process or reducing it and significantly inhibiting their seedling growth. Among them, T. capitata was the most effective. At lower doses, it blocked completely the seed germination of A. retroflexus, P. olecerea, A. fatua and E. crus-galli. Greenhouse trials demonstrated herbicidal activity of T. capitata, M. piperita and S. chamaecyparissus, increasing their phytotoxicity with the dose. T. capitata was the most effective against all weeds at the maximum dose and P. oleracea was the most resistant weed. Soil microorganisms, after a transient upheaval period, induced by the addition of EOs, generally recovered their initial function and biomass. Only T. capitata EO at the highest dose did not allow soil microorganisms to completely recover their initial functionality. Results of leaf extracts application on soil provided evidence that Eucalyptus leaves and their extracts (EOs, hydrolates and aqueous extracts), affected soil microbial community in different ways, and those effects were dependent on the Eucalyptus species. So far, the results obtained make feasible to suggest EOs application as bio-herbicides in controlled environments, such as horticulture and in greenhouse conditions. However, the optimum dose of application must be determined, to control weeds and simultaneously, not negatively affect soil microorganisms. / Jouini, A. (2020). Herbicidal activity of Mediterranean essential oils and their effects on soil bioindicators [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/159914

<p>Acetolactate synthase (ALS) inhibitors are a widely used class of selective herbicides used to control grass and broadleaf weeds. The repeated use of ALS-inhibiting herbicides has selected for biotypes of weeds resistant to ALS inhibitors, especially in the weeds most problematic to growers in the Midwest. While ALS inhibitor use seems futile, new mechanisms of herbicide action are not predicted to be commercialized in the near future to solve this problem. This leads to the main objective of this research, determining what value ALS inhibitors provide in controlling populations of weeds with resistance to ALS inhibitors. </p> <p>Field experiments with soil-applied (PRE) applications of ALS inhibitors on horseweed (<i>Erigeron canadensis</i>) and tall waterhemp (<i>Amaranthus tuberculatus </i>var. <i>rudis</i>) exhibited higher efficacy than would be expected given the frequency of the ALS resistance trait in the population. Whereas control of these species with POST-applied applications was similar or less than the proportion of the population characterized as susceptible using molecular techniques. Soil-applied applications, therefore, resulted in relatively greater control than POST applications in populations with known ALS-inhibitor-resistance mechanisms.</p> <p>Greenhouse experiments showed that overall resistance ratios were higher for PRE applications of ALS inhibitors in horseweed, tall waterhemp, and Palmer amaranth (<i>Amaranthus palmeri</i>). However, GR₅₀ values decreased for both susceptible and resistant biotypes for the PRE applications compared to POST, suggesting the biologically effective dose of these herbicides is lower in soil residual applications. This research found that PRE applications of ALS inhibitors resulted in some level of control on horseweed and tall waterhemp classified as resistant to ALS inhibitors due to the higher efficacy of PRE herbicide applications.</p> <p>Genetic analysis assessing the amino acid substitutions that confer resistance to ALS inhibitors in tall waterhemp confirmed a difference in selection pressure between PRE and POST applications and between ALS active ingredients in tall waterhemp. Applications of chlorimuron PRE at 11 g ai ha^-1selected for 35% homozygous W574L genotypes and at 44 g ha^-1 selected for 70% homozygous W574L genotypes. An increase of homozygous W574L individuals along with a decrease in heterozygous individuals from 65 (11 g ha^-1) to 29% (44 g ha^-1) suggests that W574L is semi-dominant in tall waterhemp and that high labeled rates of chlorimuron applied PRE can partially overcome the heterozygous W574L-resistance mechanism. In horseweed, no difference in selection pressure was observed between application timing or between chlorimuron or cloransulam. A new mutation conferring ALS-inhibitor resistance in horseweed was discovered, a Pro197Leu amino acid substitution, with resistance ratios of 21X to chlorimuron and 8.6X to cloransulam. These resistance ratios are slightly less than those reported for the Pro197Ala and Pro197Ser amino acid substitutions in conferring ALS-inhibitor resistance in horseweed. </p> <p>Finally, a survey of 42 populations of tall waterhemp in Indiana counties with confirmed ALS-inhibitor resistant populations of tall waterhemp found that all populations contained at least 16% individuals with the W574L amino acid substitution, 35 populations contained at least 1% individuals with the S653N substitution, and 9 populations contained at least 1% individuals with the S653T substitution. Taking into consideration the three mutations tested, 8 of the 42 populations tested contained <50% ALS-inhibitor resistant individuals within the population. Using the same tall waterhemp populations as collected in the survey, Next-Generation Sequencing was used to determine if other amino acid substitutions conferring resistance to ALS inhibitors existed. Results from WideSeq revealed that 10 other amino acid substitutions in the ALS protein may be conferring resistance in tall waterhemp in Indiana: A122T, A122N, A122S, P197T, P197L, P197H, D376E, and G654F. Further research from this survey also suggests that metabolic resistance to ALS inhibitors is likely a contributor to resistance in tall waterhemp in Indiana.</p> <p>This research suggests that ALS-inhibiting herbicides, more specifically chlorimuron, would provide the greatest contribution to management of tall waterhemp. Chlorimuron would perform best when used in soil residual applications and in populations of tall waterhemp containing either individuals susceptible to chlorimuron or individuals heterozygous for ALS inhibitor resistance conferred by the W574L mutation. This research also demonstrates the specificity of the amino acid substitutions in the ALS protein and by weed species to realize the benefit of these herbicides for management of weeds resistant to ALS inhibitors. Molecular characterization of target site resistance to ALS inhibitors has traditionally been considered relatively simple. However, we found 11 new amino acid substitutions that confer resistance to ALS inhibitors in horseweed and tall waterhemp. The complexity of ALS inhibitor resistance calls for the use of methods such as NGS to detect all potential resistance mutations in a timely manner and for the use of tests detecting metabolic resistance. Overall, this research demonstrates that ALS inhibitors still provide some utility for management of weed populations classified as resistant to ALS inhibitors and that the resistance mechanisms in horseweed and tall waterhemp are more numerous than previously reported. </p>

A identificação de plantas invasoras é de extrema importância em diversos procedimentos utilizados na agricultura. Apesar de ser uma tarefa computacionalmente difícil, esta identificação tem se tornado muito importante no contexto da agricultura de precisão. A agricultura de precisão substitui os tratos culturais de grandes áreas da cultura, feitos pela média do nível dos problemas encontrados nessas áreas, por tratamento específicos e pontuais. As pricipais vantagens são o aumento de produtividade, relacionado com a diminuição da variabilidade na produção, a economia de insumos e a preservação do meio ambiente. Este trabalho enfoca o reconhecimento de plantas invasoras em tempo real. Para manter o requisito de tempo real, são utilizadas redes neurais artificiais como meio para o reconhecimento de padrões. Entre as diversas plantas invasoras de ocorrência freqüente no cerrado brasileiro, foi selecionado o picão preto para a avaliação das técnicas adotadas. Uma arquitetura modular de reconhecimento é proposta, com o uso de processamento paralelo, facilitando a inclusão de módulos de reconhecimento de outras plantas invasoras sem a deterioração do desempenho do sistema. Os resultados obtidos são amplamente satisfatórios, demonstrando a possibilidade do desenvolvimento de um sistema embarcado completo de identificação de plantas invasoras em tempo real. Este sistema, apoiado pelo sistema de posicionamento global GPS, pode servir de base para uma série de máquinas agrícolas inteligentes, como pulverizadores de herbicidas e outros defensivos utilizados na agricultura. / Weed identification is an important task in many agricultural procedures. In spite of being a computation intensive task, this identification is very important in the role of precision agriculture. Conventional procedures in agriculture are based on the average level of the problems found in large areas. Precision agriculture introduces new punctual management procedures, dealing with very small areas. The main advantages are: productivity increase, related with the decrease in production unevenness, economy and environment preservation. This work focuses on the real time recognition of weeds. To maintain the real time requirement, neural networks are used to carry out the recognition of image patterns. Among the several weeds frequently found in the Brazilian savannah, the "picão preto" was selected for the evaluation of the adopted techniques. A modular architecture is proposed, using parallel processing, making easier the use of new recognition modules (for other weeds), still preserving the real time capabilities of the system. Results obtained are thoroughly adequate, demonstrating the possibility of the development of embedded systems for the identification of several weeds in real time. These systems, jointly with the global positioning system (GPS), can be used in a family of intelligent equipment, such as spraying machines for herbicides and other agricultural products.

Submitted by Sandra Pereira (srpereira@ufrrj.br) on 2016-10-19T10:42:31Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2016 - Fl?vio Augusto Monteiro dos Santos.pdf: 4111195 bytes, checksum: ddcb80aea1817a4ed3fb05f0655b6ac4 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-10-19T10:42:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2016 - Fl?vio Augusto Monteiro dos Santos.pdf: 4111195 bytes, checksum: ddcb80aea1817a4ed3fb05f0655b6ac4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-18 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior - CAPES / Forest restoration in pastures dominated by Urochloa spp. (brachiaria) has relatively high cost, mainly due to the difficulty of controlling the populations of these species. The objective of this study was to determine the most efficient form of control for the rapid formation of afforestation, with lower maintenance costs. five different strategies were compared to control brachiaria populations in forest restoration area in the city of Bom Jardim, RJ: T1 (weeding in bands along the lines of planting and mowing between the lines); T2 (weeding in ranges in plant rows and glyphosate applications between the lines); T3 (weeding in ranges in plant rows, mowing the supplementary cover lines and fertilization for forest species); T4 (weeding in total area and consortium with herbaceous legume nitrogen fixing) and T5 (weeding in ranges in plant rows, mowing and consortium with eucalyptus between the lines). Evaluated the growth in height, diameter at ground level and length of crown ten native species of the Atlantic, as well as all costs involved in the implementation and maintenance of each treatment up to 30 months after planting. In every age assessment, forest plants showed significantly higher growth in treatments intercropped with legumes and glyphosate application. When compared to the conventional management (T1), the group formed by the ten native species grew in height, diameter at ground level and in the pantry units that received the T4 (Legumes) and T2 (Glyphosate). Both the consortium with legumes (T4) and the application of glyphosate (T2) were effective strategies in training time reductions of deployed settlement, resulting in growth gain of 78% and 58% respectively compared to the conventional management (T1 ). However, the maintenance cost of the treatment consortium with legumes (T4) was almost six times greater than the treatment of glyphosate application (T2), indicating that the latter was also the most efficient strategy for promoting growth of indigenous species at lower cost maintenance. Supplementary fertilization increased maintenance costs and growth gain was not different from the conventional treatment (T1). The cultivation of eucalyptus in the planting lines not harmed the growth of native species up to 30 months after planting. The future use of eucalyptus wood has as predicate revenue generation in the areas intended for forest restoration. Once all forest species assessed, increased in gain when intercropped with legumes, and you can anticipate the formation of the population, this strategy should be enhanced to achieve gains in efficiency. The control strategy by applying glyphosate was the most efficient, so that with only two application of this herbicide was possible to form stands to catalyze forest restoration in state of Rio de Janeiro / A restaura??o florestal em ?reas de pastagens, dominadas por Urochloa spp. (braqui?rias) apresenta custo relativamente elevado, principalmente pela dificuldade de controle das popula??es destas esp?cies. O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar a forma de controle mais eficaz para a r?pida forma??o do povoamento florestal, com menor custo de manuten??o. Foram comparadas cinco diferentes estrat?gias para controle de popula??es de braqui?ria em ?rea de restaura??o florestal no munic?pio de Bom Jardim, RJ: T1 (capina em faixas nas linhas de plantio e ro?adas nas entrelinhas); T2 (capina em faixas nas linhas de plantio e aplica??es do herbicida glyphosate nas entrelinhas); T3 (capina em faixas nas linhas de plantio, ro?ada nas entrelinhas e aduba??es de cobertura complementar para as esp?cies florestais); T4 (capina em ?rea total e cons?rcio com leguminosas herb?ceas fixadoras de nitrog?nio) e T5 (capina em faixas nas linhas de plantio, ro?adas e cons?rcio com eucalipto nas entrelinhas). Avaliou-se o crescimento em altura, di?metro ao n?vel do solo e comprimento de copa de dez esp?cies arb?reas nativas da Mata Atl?ntica, bem como todos os custos envolvidos na aplica??o e manuten??o de cada tratamento at? 30 meses ap?s o plantio. Em todas as ?pocas de avalia??o, as plantas florestais apresentaram crescimento significativamente superior nos tratamentos cons?rcio com leguminosas e de aplica??o de glyphosate. Quando comparadas com o manejo convencional (T1), o grupo formado pelas dez esp?cies florestais nativas cresceram mais em altura, di?metro ao n?vel do solo e de copa nas unidades que receberam o T4 (Leguminosas) e o T2 (Glyphosate). Tanto o cons?rcio com leguminosas (T4) quanto a aplica??o de glyphosate (T2) foram estrat?gias eficazes na redu??o de tempo de forma??o do povoamento implantado, resultando em ganho de crescimento de 78% e 58%, respectivamente, quando comparadas com o manejo convencional (T1). Entretanto, o custo de manuten??o no tratamento cons?rcio com leguminosas (T4) foi quase seis vezes maior que o tratamento de aplica??o de glyphosate (T2), indicando que esta ?ltima foi tamb?m a estrat?gia mais eficiente, uma vez que o r?pido crescimento das esp?cies nativas foi alcan?ado com menor custo de manuten??o. Aduba??es complementares aumentaram os custos de manuten??o e o ganho de crescimento n?o diferiu do tratamento convencional (T1). O cultivo do eucalipto nas entrelinhas de plantio n?o prejudicou o crescimento das esp?cies nativas at? os 30 meses ap?s o plantio. O uso futuro da madeira de eucalipto tem como predicativo a gera??o de receita nas ?reas destinadas ? restaura??o florestal. Uma vez que todas as esp?cies florestais avaliadas, apresentaram ganho em crescimento quando em cons?rcio com leguminosas, sendo poss?vel antecipar a forma??o do povoamento, esta estrat?gia deve ser aprimorada, visando ganhos em efici?ncia. A estrat?gia de controle por aplica??o de glyphosate foi a mais eficiente, de tal forma que com apenas duas aplica??o deste herbicida foi poss?vel formar povoamentos para catalisar a restaura??o florestal no estado do Rio de Janeiro.