The purpose of this study was to explore student athletes' weight-control behaviors. Data consisted of student athletes' responses to a modified version of the Michigan State Weight-Control Survey (Dummer, Rosen, Heusner, Roberts, & Counsilman, 1987). Specifically, the study was designed to explore the following research hypotheses: 1. There is no significant relationship between the weight-control behaviors of athletes competing in sports with weight restrictions (e.g., wrestling) and sports without weight restrictions (e.g., tennis). 2. There is no significant relationship between the weight-control behaviors of athletes competing in sports with subjective judging (e.g., diving) and sports with objective scoring (e.g., swimming). 3. There is no significant relationship between the weight-control behaviors of male athletes and female athletes. The sample was drawn from intact athletic teams at the university under study. All members of the selected teams were invited to participate. The results of this research contributed to both practice and research. Athletic department staff and coaches, student affairs practitioners, and health care practitioners were made more aware of weight-control issues for athletes and might design programs and services to address the issue. The study also lays the groundwork for future research. Scholars may wish to examine other elements of sport (e.g., level of competition, seasonal demands) and their effects on the weight-control behaviors of athletes. The results revealed that there is a significant relationship between weight-control behaviors and the type of weight restrictions (weight restricted versus non-weight restricted) a sport places on athletes (p < .05). There is also a significant relationship between the sex of athletes and the weight-control behavior that they engage in (P < .05). The relationship between the weight-control behaviors and the type of judging (subjective versus objective scoring) involved in the sport was also examined. Though the relationship was not significant at the p = .05 level, it was significant at the p = .1 level. The results of this research addressed an existing gap in the current body of knowledge. There is very little research about weight-control behaviors of athletes in specific groups of sports. Better understanding the demands that different types of sports place on athletes may enable future scholars and practitioners to better serve the population. / Master of Arts

To compare the effect of traditional and ¿baby-led¿ breastfeeding advice on early infant weight gain and exclusive breastfeeding rates. Design: Longitudinal cohort study: part prospective, part retrospective. Setting: One UK general practice. Participants: 63 exclusively breastfed infants in two cohorts: 32 babies born before and 31 babies born after a change in breastfeeding advice. Intervention: A change from baby-led to traditional breastfeeding advice. Main outcome measures: Primary analysis: comparison of the effectiveness of the intervention (ie, weight gain expressed as standard deviation score gain (SDSG) between birth and 6¿8 weeks) and exclusive breastfeeding rates between babies whose mothers received traditional advice and those whose mothers received baby-led advice. Secondary analysis: relevance of feed length (ie, weight gain expressed as SDSG between birth and 6¿8 weeks in babies feeding for 10 min or less from the first breast and those feeding for longer than 10 min). Results: The two groups were equivalent with respect to birth weight, gestational age, and parity. Primary outcome: babies whose mothers received the traditional advice were more likely to be exclusively breast fed up to 12 weeks (log rank ¿2¿=¿9.68, p¿=¿0.002) and gained more weight up to 6¿8 weeks than those given baby-led advice (mean SDSG 0.41 (95% CI 0.13 to 0.69) vs ¿0.23 (95% CI ¿0.72 to 0.27)). Secondary outcome: irrespective of feeding advice given, babies feeding for 10 min or less from the first breast gained more weight by 6¿8 weeks than babies feeding for longer than 10 min (mean SDSG 0.42 (95% CI 0.11 to 0.73) vs ¿0.19 (95% CI ¿0.64 to 0.26)). Conclusions: In this study, traditional breastfeeding advice resulted in increased weight gain and increased exclusive breastfeeding rates compared with baby-led advice. Exclusively breastfed babies who had shorter feeds (10 min or less from the first breast) gained more weight.

Yes / The most commonly reported symptom of hyperthyroidism is weight loss; successful treatment increases weight. Weight gain faced by patients with hyperthyroidism is widely considered a simple reaccumulation of premorbid weight, whereas many patients feel there is a significant weight “overshoot” attributable to the treatment. We aimed to establish if weight gain seen following treatment for hyperthyroidism represents replenishment of premorbid weight or “overshoot” beyond expected regain and, if there is excessive weight gain, whether this is associated with the applied treatment modality. Methods: We calculated the risk of becoming obese (body mass index [BMI] >30 kg/m2) following treatment for hyperthyroidism by comparing BMI of 1373 patients with overt hyperthyroidism seen in a secondary care setting with the age- and sex-matched population (Health Survey for England, 2007–2009). Next, we investigated the effect of treatment with an antithyroid drug (ATD) alone in regard to ATD with radioactive iodine (131I) therapy. We modeled the longitudinal weight data in relation to the treatment pathway to thyroid function and the need for long-term thyroxine replacement. Results: During treatment of hyperthyroidism, men gained 8.0 kg (standard deviation ±7.5) and women 5.5 kg (±6.8). At discharge, there was a significantly increased risk of obesity in male (odds ratio = 1.7 [95% confidence interval 1.3–2.2], p < 0.001) and female (1.3, 1.2–1.5, p < 0.001) patients with hyperthyroidism compared with the population. Treatment with 131I was associated with additional weight gain (0.6 kg, 0.4–0.8, p < 0.001), compared with ATD treatment alone. More weight gain was seen if serum thyrotropin (TSH) was markedly increased (TSH >10 mIU/L; 0.5 kg, 0.3–0.7, p < 0.001) or free thyroxine (fT4) was reduced (fT4 ≤ 10 pmol/L (0.8 ng/dL); 0.3 kg, 0.1–0.4, p < 0.001) during follow-up. Initiation of levothyroxine was associated with further weight gain (0.4 kg, 0.2–0.6, p < 0.001) and the predicted excess weight gain in 131I-induced hypothyroidism was 1.8 kg. Conclusions: Treatment for hyperthyroidism is associated with significant risks of becoming obese. 131I treatment and subsequent development of hypothyroidism were associated with small but significant amounts of excess weight gain compared with ATD alone. We advocate that the discussion over the weight “overshoot” risk forms part of the individualized treatment decision-making process.

Weight gain during pregnancy, relationships among body image, body weight standards, and attitudes toward weight gain were investigated. Weight gain recommendations, based on preconceptional weight status (PCWS) reflected current practices in prenatal care at Sentara Norfolk General Hospital, Norfolk, VA, and provided a basis on which to categorize weight gain as inadequate, appropriate, and excess. Women who experienced excess weight gain (EWG) were compared to those who experienced appropriate weight gain (AWG) or inadequate weight gain (IWG) to identify their characteristics. Of the 138 women studied, 54 experienced EWG. Weight gain recommendations for overweight women were similar to those for normal weight women, 20-25% PCW. Obese women who lost weight or gained less than 15 pounds were identified with the inadequate weight gain group. / Master of Science

No / Antipsychotic drug-induced side effects of weight gain and sexual dysfunction have clinical significance adversely affecting both compliance and morbidity. This study evaluated the effects of haloperidol and the atypical antipsychotic risperidone (0.1¿1.0 mg/kg) on weight gain, food and water intake, the oestrous cycle and uterine weight in female hooded Lister rats. Haloperidol and risperidone treated rats displayed marked weight gain, although only risperidone induced significant increases in food consumption over the 21-day period. Neither haloperidol nor risperidone influenced water consumption. Marked disruption of the oestrous cycle was observed in risperidone- and haloperidol-treated animals (0.5 and 1.0 mg/kg), which was supported by significantly reduced uterine weights. The findings presented here suggest that the weight gain and sexual dysfunction induced by antipsychotics may be modelled in rodents. This model may offer insight into the mechanisms involved in mediation of such side effects.

Submitted by admin tede (tede@pucgoias.edu.br) on 2016-10-17T13:56:16Z No. of bitstreams: 1 ALUÍSIO DE ALENCASTRO FILHO.pdf: 724213 bytes, checksum: 49cb4ab3060a7765b5b9d9b9f8e2705f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-10-17T13:56:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ALUÍSIO DE ALENCASTRO FILHO.pdf: 724213 bytes, checksum: 49cb4ab3060a7765b5b9d9b9f8e2705f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-06-30 / The objective was to address the environmental impacts of livestock farming in the Cerrado biome and discuss aspects of environmental sustainability considering the intensive livestock also evaluate the performance of different genetic groups in confinement. The survey was conducted from a database of a property located in the states of Goiás and Mato Grosso. The database contained the amount of 25 070 cattle, after it was made a more detailed analysis was taken from the animals they would not participate. It used information from 17,704 animals of three genetic groups (Nellore, Aberdeen Angus and Composite) and all noncastrated males. The animals were fed the same diet during the feeding period, the animals were kept 124 days in confinement. The variables that were analyzed were: Initial weight (PI); Final Weight (FP); Days of confinement (DC), weight gain (GP); and daily weight gain (GDD). Analysis of variance was performed under Generalized Linear Model (GLM). The data were analyzed using the Statistical Analysis System - SAS and the means were compared by Tukey test. The effect was significant (p <0.001) for two analyzed characteristics GP and GPD. It was observed that the genetic groups Aberdeen Angus and Compound were more efficient for GPD however had lower averages for GP. The objective was to evaluate the performance of different genetic groups in the cattle feedlot. / O objetivo da pesquisa foi abordar os impactos ambientais causados pela atividade pecuária no Estado de Goiás e discutir aspectos de sustentabilidade ambiental considerando a pecuária intensiva, além disso avaliar o desempenho de diferentes grupos genéticos em confinamento. A pesquisa foi realizada a partir de um banco de dados de uma propriedade localizada nos estados de Goiás e Mato Grosso. O banco de dados continha a quantidade de 25.070 bovinos, depois que foi feito uma análise mais detalhada foi retirado os animais que não iam participar da pesquisa. Utilizou-se informações de 17.704 animais de três grupos genéticos (Nelore, Aberdeen Angus e Composto), sendo todos machos não castrados. Os animais foram alimentados com a mesma dieta durante o período de confinamento, os animais permaneceram 124 dias no confinamento. As variáveis que foram analisadas foram: Peso inicial (PI); Peso Final (PF); Dias de confinamento (DC), Ganho de peso (GP); e, Ganho de peso diário (GDD). A análise de variância foi feita sob Modelo Linear Generalizado (GLM). Os dados foram analisados pelo programa Statistical Analysis System - SAS e as médias foram comparadas pelo teste de Tukey. O efeito foi significativo (p<0,001) para duas características analisadas GP e GPD. Foi observado que os grupos genéticos Aberdeen Angus e Composto foram mais eficientes para GPD porem apresentaram menores médias para GP. O objetivo foi avaliar o desempenho de diferentes grupos genéticos no confinamento de bovinos.

Childhood obesity is a global health concern that puts children at risk for developing serious health complications. With increasing rates worldwide, it is important to determine how to decrease its prevalence and promote prevention in future generations. Emerging evidence indicating that pre-pregnancy weight status and/or gestational weight gain (GWG) may be linked with overweight/obesity in children. Much of this body of research focused on weight status of offspring at birth and at preschool age. The purpose of this study is to: (1) analyze the research findings regarding obesity in children 5 to 18 years and their mother’s pre-pregnancy weight status and/or GWG, and (2) make recommendations for prevention based on a review of current research. A database search of CINAHL, Medline, ERIC and PsycInfo was conducted. A total of 14 articles were identified based on their relevance to key search terms and meeting criteria. This literature review indicated support for associations between an underweight/overweight/obese pre-pregnancy weight status combined with greater than recommended total GWG and higher overweight/obesity in older children and adolescent offspring. Findings also supported the associations between pre-pregnancy weight status with high GWG during early pregnancy and increased offspring overweight/obesity. Pre-pregnancy overweight/obese weight status of mothers was the single factor consistently found to be strongly associated with risk for overweight and obesity in children 5 to 18 years of age. Results of this review support the need for further education, interventions, and policies aimed at healthy nutrition for women during and prior to pregnancy to prevent childhood obesity.

Esse trabalho foi desenvolvido para avaliar a relação entre diferentes medidas de eficiência utilizadas na bovinocultura de corte e as características de desempenho, carcaça e termografia infravermelho (TIV) em bovinos Nelore confinados. Foram utilizados 111 bovinos Nelore, machos não-castrados contemporâneos, com idade aproximada de 16±2 meses, peso corporal médio de 420±55 kg. Os animais foram confinados por 91 dias, sendo 21 dias de adaptação às instalações e à dieta. A dieta foi a mesma para todos os animais e composta por 73% de concentrado e 27% de volumoso. O consumo de matéria seca (CMS) foi avaliado diariamente, enquanto o peso vivo, medidas de ultrassom para avaliação de características de carcaça e imagens de TIV foram realizadas a cada 28 dias até o dia 70. A partir dos dados de CMS foram calculados o consumo alimentar residual (CAR), ganho de peso residual (GPR), consumo e ganho residual (CGR). Após a obtenção dos dados foram realizadas análises de associação (correlação e regressão) visando à identificação de possíveis relações entre as diferentes características com as medidas de eficiência. Não houve correlação entre o GMD com o CAR (r=0,001), e com o CGR (r= 0,114), enquanto o GPR apresentou correlação com o GMD (r= 0,588). O CMS foi correlacionado com o CAR (r= 0,612) e com o CGR (r= -0,532) e não houve correlação com o GPR (r= -0,002). Não houve correlação entre as medidas de eficiência com as características de peso vivo inicial (PVI) e peso vivo final (PV70). Dentre as características de carcaça avaliadas ao abate, apenas o GPR apresentou correlação com a gordura renal pélvica e inguinal (GRPIkg), trato gastrintestinal (TGIkg) e peso de corpo vazio (PCVZkg) na ordem de (r= 0,240), (r= 0,226) e (r= 0,210), respectivamente. Entre as medidas de carcaça avaliadas por ultrassom, apenas a espessura de gordura subcutânea (EGS) final apresentou correlação com o CAR (r= 0,348), GPR (r= -0,188) e CGR (r= -0,340), enquanto a espessura de gordura da picanha (EGP) final apresentou correlação apenas com o CAR (r= 0,233) e CGR (r= -0,200). Houveram correlações entre o ganho de EGS e o CAR (r= 0,371) e CGR (r= 0,345), porém o ganho de EGP se correlacionou apenas com o CAR (r= 0,202). Não foram observadas correlações entre as medidas de eficiência e TIV, porém, esses resultados podem ter sido influenciados pelos fatores ambientais. A AOL não apresentou correlação com nenhuma das medidas de eficiência avaliadas. Dessa forma conclui-se que, o CAR é a medida que mais se aplica n seleção de animais de menor CMS, sem prejuízos as características de desempenho. Adicionalmente, o CAR e CGR selecionam animais mais eficientes em termos de menor consumo, enquanto que o GPR seleciona animais de maior GMD. / The aim of the present study was to evaluate the relationship between different efficiency indexes used in beef cattle and performance, carcass traits and thermography in Nellore cattle at the feedlot system. A total of 111 Nellore male, with around 16±2 months age and 420±55 kg of body weight, were used. The animals were confined for 91 days, with 21 days for adaptation to the facilities and diet. The diet was the same for all animals, and composed by 73% of concentrate and 27% of roughage. Dry matter intake (DMI) was evaluated daily, and performance, ultrasound measurements and infrared thermography images were performed every 28 days until day 70. From the DMI measurements, residual feed intake (RFI), residual weight gain (RWG), residual intake and body weight gain (RIG) were calculated. From the data obtained, association analysis (correlation and regression) were performed to identify the possibilities relationships between the different characteristics with the efficiency measures. The ADG showed no correlation with RFI (r= 0.001) and RIG (r= 0.114); however, the RWG was correlated with ADG (r= 0.588). DMI was correlated with RFI (r= 0.612) and RIG (r= -0.532) and there was no correlation with RWG (r= -0.002) There was no correlation between efficiency measures with initial body weight (IBW) and final body weight (BW70). For carcass traits, evaluated at slaughter, only the RWG showed correlation with pelvic renal and inguinal fat (PRIFkg), gastrintestinal tract (GITkg) and empty body weight (EBWkg) in order of the (r= 0.240), (r= 0.226) and (r= 0.210), respectively. For carcass measurements evaluated by ultrasound, the final backfat thickness (BFT) showed correlation with RFI (r= 0.348), RWG (r= -0.188) and RIG (r= -0.340), while final subcutaneous fat thickness on the Biceps femoris muscle (BFTP8) showed a correlation with RFI (r= 0.233) and RIG (r= -0.220). In addition, BFT gain has been also correlated with RFI (r= 0.371) and RIG (r= 0.345); however, the BFTP8 gain only showed correlation with the RFI (r=0.202). There was no correlation between efficiency measures and the infrared thermography (IRT). The rib eye area (REA) showed no correlation with any the efficiency measures evaluated. In conclusion, the RFI is the measure that most applies in the selection of animals of smaller DMI, without damage to the performance traits. In addition, the RFI and RIG can promoter the selection of more efficient animals by lower consumer, whereas the RWG selected great ADG animals.

Esse trabalho foi desenvolvido para avaliar a relação entre diferentes medidas de eficiência utilizadas na bovinocultura de corte e as características de desempenho, carcaça e termografia infravermelho (TIV) em bovinos Nelore confinados. Foram utilizados 111 bovinos Nelore, machos não-castrados contemporâneos, com idade aproximada de 16±2 meses, peso corporal médio de 420±55 kg. Os animais foram confinados por 91 dias, sendo 21 dias de adaptação às instalações e à dieta. A dieta foi a mesma para todos os animais e composta por 73% de concentrado e 27% de volumoso. O consumo de matéria seca (CMS) foi avaliado diariamente, enquanto o peso vivo, medidas de ultrassom para avaliação de características de carcaça e imagens de TIV foram realizadas a cada 28 dias até o dia 70. A partir dos dados de CMS foram calculados o consumo alimentar residual (CAR), ganho de peso residual (GPR), consumo e ganho residual (CGR). Após a obtenção dos dados foram realizadas análises de associação (correlação e regressão) visando à identificação de possíveis relações entre as diferentes características com as medidas de eficiência. Não houve correlação entre o GMD com o CAR (r=0,001), e com o CGR (r= 0,114), enquanto o GPR apresentou correlação com o GMD (r= 0,588). O CMS foi correlacionado com o CAR (r= 0,612) e com o CGR (r= -0,532) e não houve correlação com o GPR (r= -0,002). Não houve correlação entre as medidas de eficiência com as características de peso vivo inicial (PVI) e peso vivo final (PV70). Dentre as características de carcaça avaliadas ao abate, apenas o GPR apresentou correlação com a gordura renal pélvica e inguinal (GRPIkg), trato gastrintestinal (TGIkg) e peso de corpo vazio (PCVZkg) na ordem de (r= 0,240), (r= 0,226) e (r= 0,210), respectivamente. Entre as medidas de carcaça avaliadas por ultrassom, apenas a espessura de gordura subcutânea (EGS) final apresentou correlação com o CAR (r= 0,348), GPR (r= -0,188) e CGR (r= -0,340), enquanto a espessura de gordura da picanha (EGP) final apresentou correlação apenas com o CAR (r= 0,233) e CGR (r= -0,200). Houveram correlações entre o ganho de EGS e o CAR (r= 0,371) e CGR (r= 0,345), porém o ganho de EGP se correlacionou apenas com o CAR (r= 0,202). Não foram observadas correlações entre as medidas de eficiência e TIV, porém, esses resultados podem ter sido influenciados pelos fatores ambientais. A AOL não apresentou correlação com nenhuma das medidas de eficiência avaliadas. Dessa forma conclui-se que, o CAR é a medida que mais se aplica n seleção de animais de menor CMS, sem prejuízos as características de desempenho. Adicionalmente, o CAR e CGR selecionam animais mais eficientes em termos de menor consumo, enquanto que o GPR seleciona animais de maior GMD. / The aim of the present study was to evaluate the relationship between different efficiency indexes used in beef cattle and performance, carcass traits and thermography in Nellore cattle at the feedlot system. A total of 111 Nellore male, with around 16±2 months age and 420±55 kg of body weight, were used. The animals were confined for 91 days, with 21 days for adaptation to the facilities and diet. The diet was the same for all animals, and composed by 73% of concentrate and 27% of roughage. Dry matter intake (DMI) was evaluated daily, and performance, ultrasound measurements and infrared thermography images were performed every 28 days until day 70. From the DMI measurements, residual feed intake (RFI), residual weight gain (RWG), residual intake and body weight gain (RIG) were calculated. From the data obtained, association analysis (correlation and regression) were performed to identify the possibilities relationships between the different characteristics with the efficiency measures. The ADG showed no correlation with RFI (r= 0.001) and RIG (r= 0.114); however, the RWG was correlated with ADG (r= 0.588). DMI was correlated with RFI (r= 0.612) and RIG (r= -0.532) and there was no correlation with RWG (r= -0.002) There was no correlation between efficiency measures with initial body weight (IBW) and final body weight (BW70). For carcass traits, evaluated at slaughter, only the RWG showed correlation with pelvic renal and inguinal fat (PRIFkg), gastrintestinal tract (GITkg) and empty body weight (EBWkg) in order of the (r= 0.240), (r= 0.226) and (r= 0.210), respectively. For carcass measurements evaluated by ultrasound, the final backfat thickness (BFT) showed correlation with RFI (r= 0.348), RWG (r= -0.188) and RIG (r= -0.340), while final subcutaneous fat thickness on the Biceps femoris muscle (BFTP8) showed a correlation with RFI (r= 0.233) and RIG (r= -0.220). In addition, BFT gain has been also correlated with RFI (r= 0.371) and RIG (r= 0.345); however, the BFTP8 gain only showed correlation with the RFI (r=0.202). There was no correlation between efficiency measures and the infrared thermography (IRT). The rib eye area (REA) showed no correlation with any the efficiency measures evaluated. In conclusion, the RFI is the measure that most applies in the selection of animals of smaller DMI, without damage to the performance traits. In addition, the RFI and RIG can promoter the selection of more efficient animals by lower consumer, whereas the RWG selected great ADG animals.

Obesity is a significant health concern for women of childbearing age. More than 40% of women have a Body Mass Index (BMI) in the overweight or obese ranges at the time they conceive, posing significant health risks for both mother and child. Excessive weight gain during pregnancy is common and associated with numerous deleterious complications. The Institute of Medicine published gestational weight gain (GWG) guidelines based on prepregnancy BMI. However, more than 50% of women gain in excess of these recommendations. Further, many women report receiving minimal guidance from their healthcare providers regarding weight gain, nutrition, and physical activity during pregnancy. There is a clear need to enhance patient-provider communication to develop relevant and targeted interventions to reduce excessive GWG. The current study used a mixed-methods approach to assess perspectives of both pregnant and postpartum women, and obstetric healthcare providers (HCPs’). Interviews with pregnant and postpartum women with overweight or obesity prior to pregnancy indicated deference to providers regarding GWG. However, many women indicated suboptimal receipt of GWG information, disagreement with the GWG guidelines, and disapproval of the restrictive weight ranges for women in higher BMI categories. Additionally, parity emerged as a salient topic for women, especially as related to weight retention between pregnancies. HCPs’ survey data suggest systemic barriers to patient-provider communication (e.g. time, training) could serve as targets for future interventions. In sum, maternal overweight and obesity, excessive GWG, and patient-provider interaction are crucial topics to address to improve maternal and fetal outcomes, and decrease healthcare costs.