Few studies have measured the changes of postpartum weight retention (PWR), and none of them have assessed the effect of pregnancy on waist circumference (WC) in Taiwanese women. The primary aims of this longitudinal study were to explore the changes in body weight and WC during the first six months postpartum and to identify the explanatory factors of PWR and of WC. A theoretical framework that incorporated Bandura's social learning theory and the results of a literature review was used to guide this study. Structured questionnaires were used for data collection. Postpartum body weight and WC were measured. Data were collected from May 2011 to January 2013 and analyzed using the SPSS 19.0 and Mplus 6.12. A sample of 200 healthy postpartum women was recruited from three clinics in Tainan City, Taiwan. The mean age of the women was 31.19 years, and the majority of them were married (98.0%), primiparas (56%), had a bachelor's degree (52.5%), and planned to have this pregnancy (62.5%). The mean prepregnancy body weight was 55.84 kg, and the mean GWG was 13.76 kg. About one third of the sample gained weight exceeding the GWG recommendations of the IOM. The mean PWR decreased over time from 9.13 kg at hospitalization to 2.73 kg at 6 months postpartum. Approximately 24% of the participants still retained 5 kg or more at 6 months postpartum, and about 44% of the women had at least one kind of weight-related risk--substantial PWR, overweight, or central obesity. Age, prepregnancy BMI, parity, GWG, and place for doing the month significantly affected PWR. The final latent growth curve (LGC) model of PWR explained 91.5% and 33.9% of the variance in initial status and overall change rate in PWR. Age, prepregnancy BMI, parity, GWG, and cesarean delivery significantly affected WC, which explained 84.1% and 38.1% of the variance in initial status and change rate in WC. GWG was the most influential factor in the change rate of PWR and WC. Establishing tailored recommendations for GWG for Taiwanese women is warranted. / text

Introdução: O Brasil apresenta elevadas taxas de sobrepeso e obesidade na população adulta (IMC 25), com prevalência mais elevada entre as mulheres. A gestação e o período pós-parto são dois momentos críticos da mulher, que aumentam a exposição a fatores que podem levar à obesidade. Estudos investigam possíveis fatores associados ao desenvolvimento de sobrepeso/obesidade em mulheres, dentre eles, nível socioeconômico, paridade, ganho de peso na gestação, lactação, atividade física e fatores ligados ao estilo de vida no pós-parto. Objetivo geral: Identificar os fatores determinantes do peso um ano pós-parto. Metodologia: Foi estudada uma coorte de 81 mulheres, clientes do serviço de assistência pré-natal de cinco Unidades Básicas de Saúde da Sub-Prefeitura do Butantã do Município de São Paulo. Os dados da gestação foram obtidos a partir de entrevistas nos dias de consulta de pré-natal. No período pós-parto, em visitas domiciliares realizadas aos 15 dias, 6 e 12 meses após o parto por entrevistadoras treinadas, utilizando questionários padronizados, englobando questões sobre nível sócio-econômico, paridade, amamentação, padrão de alimentação e atividade física. As variáveis sobre alimentação foram analisadas de acordo com índices criados para cada alimento e agrupadas em alimentos saudáveis e não saudáveis. A atividade física foi analisada de acordo com os equivalentes metabólicos relativos e com tempo despendido nas atividades agrupadas segundo a dimensão (ocupacional, doméstica, locomoção e lazer) e atividade física total. Os dados foram analisados mediante análise de regressão linear múltipla mista. As variáveis que apresentaram p < 0,20 na análise simples foram incluídas na análise múltipla mista. Especificou-se nível de significância 5 por cento. Resultados: Para cada ano de escolaridade, o peso é 1,34 kg menor (p=0,000). As mulheres com sobrepeso e obesidade no início da gestação apresentam 15,9 kg a mais (p =0,000) em relação às mulheres com baixo peso e eutróficas. Para cada aumento de atividade ocupacional, maior o peso em 20 gramas (p = 0,006). Conclusão: Com o passar do tempo após o parto, às mulheres perdem peso. Quanto maior a escolaridade das mulheres, menor o peso no período pós-parto. O ganho de peso na gestação é uma variável passível de modificação pela mulher e que pode ser controlada por políticas públicas a fim de prevenir o sobrepeso, a obesidade e suas conseqüências / Introduction: Brazil has high rates of overweight and obesity in adults (BMI 25), with higher prevalence among women. The pregnancy and the postpartum period are two critical moments of women, which increase exposure to factors that can lead to obesity. Studies investigate possible factors associated with development of overweight / obesity in women, including, socioeconomic status, parity, weight gain during pregnancy, lactation, physical activity and factors related to lifestyle in the postpartum period. Overall objective: To identify determinants of weight one year postpartum. Methods: Had been studied a cohort of 81 women, services customers prenatal from five Basic Health Units of the town hall of Butantan in São Paulo. The data of gestation had been obtained from interviews in the same days of outpatient prenatal care. In the postpartum period, in home visits at the 15 days, 6 and 12 months after delivery by interviewers, using standardized questionnaires comprising questions on socio-economic status, parity, breastfeeding, eating patterns and physical activity. The variables on diet had been analyzed according to indexes created for each food and grouped into healthy foods and unhealthy. Physical activity had been assessed according to the relative metabolic equivalents and time spent in activities grouped by size (occupational, domestic, transportation and leisure) and total physical activity. The data had been analyzed using multiple linear regression analysis mixed. Variables with p <0.20 in simple analysis had been included in the mixed multiple. It was specified significance level 5 per cent. Results: For each grade, the weight is 1.34 kg less (P = 0.000). Women with overweight and obesity in early pregnancy has 15.9 kg more (p = 0.000) compared to women with low weight and normal growth. For each increase of occupational activity, the greater the weight of 20 grams (p = 0.006). Conclusion: Over time after the childbirth, women lose weight. The higher the educational level of women, lower the weight in the postpartum period. Weight gain in pregnancy is a variable capable of modification by the woman and that can be controlled by public policies to prevent overweight, obesity and its consequences

The purpose of this research was to discern associations of nutrition knowledge, attitudes, and diet with postpartum weight retention 1 year following childbirth. Subjects for this research were low-income, Hispanic, non-Hispanic black, and non-Hispanic white women recruited in a hospital 0 -- 1 day postpartum. In study 1, a nutrition attitudes scale was developed and validated in 134 low-income women at 1.5 months post-delivery. The final scale was administered to a second group of 206 women at 1.5, 6 and 12 months postpartum. Attitudes at each time were compared to demographics and weight status. Obese women at 1 year had higher barriers to healthful eating subscale averages than normal and overweight subjects at 1.5 and 6 months, and overweight participants at 12 months. Obese individuals also had greater emotional eating subscale scores than both normal and overweight subjects at 12 months. In study 2, a test of general nutrition knowledge was developed and validated in a sample of 151 women at 1 day post-delivery. The validated instrument was then administered to a test sample of 140 women at 0 and 12 months postpartum. Body weights were measured at 1.5, 6, and 12 months and height 1.5 months. Women with < 5% weight retention at 1 year had greater knowledge at 0 (53% vs.49%, p<0.05) and 12 months (55% vs. 51%, p <0.05) than those with >̲5%. Women who lactated >̲ 6 months had more knowledge than those who lactated < 6 months. In study 3, 182 women visited the research site at 1.5, 3, 6, and 12 months postpartum where dietary data were collected via one 24-hour recall and 2 days of diet records. Weight status was measured during each clinic visit; height was measured at 1.5 months. At 1 year postpartum, obese women had a greater percentage of energy from carbohydrates than their normal weight counterparts (52.5 % vs. 49.6%, p<0.05). Less than half of the population met the recommendations for folate, calcium, magnesium, and vitamins B6, D, E and C at all time points, regardless of ethnicity, BMI and lactation status. / text

The purpose of this research was to develop and va lidate a Risk Scale for Postpartum Weight Retention in low-income tri-ethnic women. In Study I, the scale was created in 187 subjects given six questionnaires and monitored for weight from 0 - 6 months postpartum. There were a total of 263 items derived from the questionnaires and 39 were related to weight change at 6 months postpartum (r = -0.20 to 0.61, p < 0.005). Expert review and exploratory multivariate analyses were used to reduce the questionnaire to six items that included weights, fat habits, weight control practices and self-esteem. Weight change was calculated as weight in kilograms retained from prepregnancy to 6 months postpartum. An initial method of evaluation, multiple regression, accounted for 45.8% of the variance in weight change (p < 0.001). A simpler method for clinicians, a ROC curve, discriminated between women who retained < 10 kg prepregnancy weight vs >̲ 10 kg. Area under the curve was 0.87; sensitivity was 76% and specificity, 80%. In Study II, validity was determined in a sample of 75 women who visited health clinics at 1.5 and 6 months postpartum. The risk scale and a demographic questionnaire were administered at 1.5 months postpartum; weight and waist circumference were measured at 1.5 and 6 months after delivering a child. When cross-validated in this sample, multiple regression explained 35.7% of the variance in weight. The ROC curve classified 81% of subjects into correct weight categories, with sensitivity of 65% and specificity, 89%, (p < 0.001). To enhance the predictive ability and reliability of the risk scale, weight at 1.5 months was replaced by waist circumference at 1.5 months postpartum. In the revised scale, multiple regression explained 41.5% of the variance in weight retention (p < 0.001). The updated ROC curve had an area under the curve of 0.83; with a sensitivity and specificity of 65 and 92%, respectively (p < 0.01). These results indicate that the risk scale is a valid measure of postpartum weight retention, using either complex multiple regression or simpler ROC methods. Additionally, waist circumference greatly increases its predictive power in Study II. / text

Introdução: Estudos evidenciam que a gestação e o período pós-parto são dois momentos críticos que aumentam a exposição a fatores que podem levar ao acúmulo de peso e obesidade futura. Objetivo: O objetivo deste estudo é identificar os fatores associados com a retenção de peso no período pós-parto. Metodologia: Coorte com 145 mulheres, pacientes da maternidade de um Hospital privado do interior do Rio Grande do Sul. Foram incluídas no estudo pacientes com idade entre 19 e 45 anos, com idade gestacional de 38 a 42 semanas de gestação. A análise estatística envolveu o cálculo de média e desvio padrão para as variáveis quantitativas e as variáveis categóricas foram descritas através de freqüências absolutas e relativas. O nível de significância estatística considerado foi de 5% (p ≤ 0,05). Resultados: Identificou-se associação com a retenção de peso no pós-parto, o maior ganho ponderal total e a menor atividade física durante a gestação. Para os demais parâmetros estudados no seguimento dos seis meses, houve associação significativa: a paridade, o intervalo inter-gestacional, o consumo de calorias, o Índice de Massa Corporal (IMC) pré-gestacional, o ganho ponderal relacionado ao IMC pré-gestacional, o grau de depressão, o aleitamento materno, o nível de escolaridade e a situação marital. Conclusões: O presente estudo mostrou menor retenção de peso no período pós-parto associado à maior escolaridade das mulheres e às mulheres casadas. Também foram fatores determinantes para menor retenção de peso: IMC pré-gestacional normal ou abaixo do normal, pratica de atividade física e ganho de peso adequado durante a gestação, menor paridade, amamentação exclusiva por um período maior, consumo de calorias adequado ou abaixo do adequado e ausência de depressão. / Introduction: Studies show that the pregnancy and postpartum period are two critical moments which increase the exposure to factors which may lead to weight retention and future obesity. Objective: This work aims at identifying the associated factors with the weight retention after pregnancy. Methods: Cohort of 145 women, patients at a private maternity hospital in a town of the state of Rio Grande do Sul (Brazil). This study included patients aged between 19 and 45 years, gestational age from 38 to 42 weeks. Statistical analysis involved calculation of average and standard deviation for quantitative variables and the categorical variables were described through absolute and relative frequencies. The level of significant statistic considered was 5% (p ≤ 0.05). Results: There was a positive and significant association between the total weight gain and a negative association with physical exercise during pregnancy, with total weight loss. For other associated parameters, the ratio was reversed. The higher the parity, the inter-pregnancy interval, the calorie intake, the pre-pregnancy BMI, the weight gain related to pre-pregnancy BMI, the depression level and the lack of exclusive breastfeeding, the lower the weight loss. Concerning nominal variables, the total weight loss was significantly associated with level of education and marital status. Conclusion: The present study showed lower weight retention in the postpartum period associated with higher level of education and with married women. These were also determining factors to reduced weight retention: normal or below normal pre-pregnancy BMI, physical activity and adequate weight gain during pregnancy, lower parity, exclusive breastfeeding for a longer period, appropriate consumption of calories – or below –, and lack of depression.

Introdução: Estudos evidenciam que a gestação e o período pós-parto são dois momentos críticos que aumentam a exposição a fatores que podem levar ao acúmulo de peso e obesidade futura. Objetivo: O objetivo deste estudo é identificar os fatores associados com a retenção de peso no período pós-parto. Metodologia: Coorte com 145 mulheres, pacientes da maternidade de um Hospital privado do interior do Rio Grande do Sul. Foram incluídas no estudo pacientes com idade entre 19 e 45 anos, com idade gestacional de 38 a 42 semanas de gestação. A análise estatística envolveu o cálculo de média e desvio padrão para as variáveis quantitativas e as variáveis categóricas foram descritas através de freqüências absolutas e relativas. O nível de significância estatística considerado foi de 5% (p ≤ 0,05). Resultados: Identificou-se associação com a retenção de peso no pós-parto, o maior ganho ponderal total e a menor atividade física durante a gestação. Para os demais parâmetros estudados no seguimento dos seis meses, houve associação significativa: a paridade, o intervalo inter-gestacional, o consumo de calorias, o Índice de Massa Corporal (IMC) pré-gestacional, o ganho ponderal relacionado ao IMC pré-gestacional, o grau de depressão, o aleitamento materno, o nível de escolaridade e a situação marital. Conclusões: O presente estudo mostrou menor retenção de peso no período pós-parto associado à maior escolaridade das mulheres e às mulheres casadas. Também foram fatores determinantes para menor retenção de peso: IMC pré-gestacional normal ou abaixo do normal, pratica de atividade física e ganho de peso adequado durante a gestação, menor paridade, amamentação exclusiva por um período maior, consumo de calorias adequado ou abaixo do adequado e ausência de depressão. / Introduction: Studies show that the pregnancy and postpartum period are two critical moments which increase the exposure to factors which may lead to weight retention and future obesity. Objective: This work aims at identifying the associated factors with the weight retention after pregnancy. Methods: Cohort of 145 women, patients at a private maternity hospital in a town of the state of Rio Grande do Sul (Brazil). This study included patients aged between 19 and 45 years, gestational age from 38 to 42 weeks. Statistical analysis involved calculation of average and standard deviation for quantitative variables and the categorical variables were described through absolute and relative frequencies. The level of significant statistic considered was 5% (p ≤ 0.05). Results: There was a positive and significant association between the total weight gain and a negative association with physical exercise during pregnancy, with total weight loss. For other associated parameters, the ratio was reversed. The higher the parity, the inter-pregnancy interval, the calorie intake, the pre-pregnancy BMI, the weight gain related to pre-pregnancy BMI, the depression level and the lack of exclusive breastfeeding, the lower the weight loss. Concerning nominal variables, the total weight loss was significantly associated with level of education and marital status. Conclusion: The present study showed lower weight retention in the postpartum period associated with higher level of education and with married women. These were also determining factors to reduced weight retention: normal or below normal pre-pregnancy BMI, physical activity and adequate weight gain during pregnancy, lower parity, exclusive breastfeeding for a longer period, appropriate consumption of calories – or below –, and lack of depression.

Introdução: Estudos evidenciam que a gestação e o período pós-parto são dois momentos críticos que aumentam a exposição a fatores que podem levar ao acúmulo de peso e obesidade futura. Objetivo: O objetivo deste estudo é identificar os fatores associados com a retenção de peso no período pós-parto. Metodologia: Coorte com 145 mulheres, pacientes da maternidade de um Hospital privado do interior do Rio Grande do Sul. Foram incluídas no estudo pacientes com idade entre 19 e 45 anos, com idade gestacional de 38 a 42 semanas de gestação. A análise estatística envolveu o cálculo de média e desvio padrão para as variáveis quantitativas e as variáveis categóricas foram descritas através de freqüências absolutas e relativas. O nível de significância estatística considerado foi de 5% (p ≤ 0,05). Resultados: Identificou-se associação com a retenção de peso no pós-parto, o maior ganho ponderal total e a menor atividade física durante a gestação. Para os demais parâmetros estudados no seguimento dos seis meses, houve associação significativa: a paridade, o intervalo inter-gestacional, o consumo de calorias, o Índice de Massa Corporal (IMC) pré-gestacional, o ganho ponderal relacionado ao IMC pré-gestacional, o grau de depressão, o aleitamento materno, o nível de escolaridade e a situação marital. Conclusões: O presente estudo mostrou menor retenção de peso no período pós-parto associado à maior escolaridade das mulheres e às mulheres casadas. Também foram fatores determinantes para menor retenção de peso: IMC pré-gestacional normal ou abaixo do normal, pratica de atividade física e ganho de peso adequado durante a gestação, menor paridade, amamentação exclusiva por um período maior, consumo de calorias adequado ou abaixo do adequado e ausência de depressão. / Introduction: Studies show that the pregnancy and postpartum period are two critical moments which increase the exposure to factors which may lead to weight retention and future obesity. Objective: This work aims at identifying the associated factors with the weight retention after pregnancy. Methods: Cohort of 145 women, patients at a private maternity hospital in a town of the state of Rio Grande do Sul (Brazil). This study included patients aged between 19 and 45 years, gestational age from 38 to 42 weeks. Statistical analysis involved calculation of average and standard deviation for quantitative variables and the categorical variables were described through absolute and relative frequencies. The level of significant statistic considered was 5% (p ≤ 0.05). Results: There was a positive and significant association between the total weight gain and a negative association with physical exercise during pregnancy, with total weight loss. For other associated parameters, the ratio was reversed. The higher the parity, the inter-pregnancy interval, the calorie intake, the pre-pregnancy BMI, the weight gain related to pre-pregnancy BMI, the depression level and the lack of exclusive breastfeeding, the lower the weight loss. Concerning nominal variables, the total weight loss was significantly associated with level of education and marital status. Conclusion: The present study showed lower weight retention in the postpartum period associated with higher level of education and with married women. These were also determining factors to reduced weight retention: normal or below normal pre-pregnancy BMI, physical activity and adequate weight gain during pregnancy, lower parity, exclusive breastfeeding for a longer period, appropriate consumption of calories – or below –, and lack of depression.

Introdução: O Brasil apresenta elevadas taxas de sobrepeso e obesidade na população adulta (IMC 25), com prevalência mais elevada entre as mulheres. A gestação e o período pós-parto são dois momentos críticos da mulher, que aumentam a exposição a fatores que podem levar à obesidade. Estudos investigam possíveis fatores associados ao desenvolvimento de sobrepeso/obesidade em mulheres, dentre eles, nível socioeconômico, paridade, ganho de peso na gestação, lactação, atividade física e fatores ligados ao estilo de vida no pós-parto. Objetivo geral: Identificar os fatores determinantes do peso um ano pós-parto. Metodologia: Foi estudada uma coorte de 81 mulheres, clientes do serviço de assistência pré-natal de cinco Unidades Básicas de Saúde da Sub-Prefeitura do Butantã do Município de São Paulo. Os dados da gestação foram obtidos a partir de entrevistas nos dias de consulta de pré-natal. No período pós-parto, em visitas domiciliares realizadas aos 15 dias, 6 e 12 meses após o parto por entrevistadoras treinadas, utilizando questionários padronizados, englobando questões sobre nível sócio-econômico, paridade, amamentação, padrão de alimentação e atividade física. As variáveis sobre alimentação foram analisadas de acordo com índices criados para cada alimento e agrupadas em alimentos saudáveis e não saudáveis. A atividade física foi analisada de acordo com os equivalentes metabólicos relativos e com tempo despendido nas atividades agrupadas segundo a dimensão (ocupacional, doméstica, locomoção e lazer) e atividade física total. Os dados foram analisados mediante análise de regressão linear múltipla mista. As variáveis que apresentaram p < 0,20 na análise simples foram incluídas na análise múltipla mista. Especificou-se nível de significância 5 por cento. Resultados: Para cada ano de escolaridade, o peso é 1,34 kg menor (p=0,000). As mulheres com sobrepeso e obesidade no início da gestação apresentam 15,9 kg a mais (p =0,000) em relação às mulheres com baixo peso e eutróficas. Para cada aumento de atividade ocupacional, maior o peso em 20 gramas (p = 0,006). Conclusão: Com o passar do tempo após o parto, às mulheres perdem peso. Quanto maior a escolaridade das mulheres, menor o peso no período pós-parto. O ganho de peso na gestação é uma variável passível de modificação pela mulher e que pode ser controlada por políticas públicas a fim de prevenir o sobrepeso, a obesidade e suas conseqüências / Introduction: Brazil has high rates of overweight and obesity in adults (BMI 25), with higher prevalence among women. The pregnancy and the postpartum period are two critical moments of women, which increase exposure to factors that can lead to obesity. Studies investigate possible factors associated with development of overweight / obesity in women, including, socioeconomic status, parity, weight gain during pregnancy, lactation, physical activity and factors related to lifestyle in the postpartum period. Overall objective: To identify determinants of weight one year postpartum. Methods: Had been studied a cohort of 81 women, services customers prenatal from five Basic Health Units of the town hall of Butantan in São Paulo. The data of gestation had been obtained from interviews in the same days of outpatient prenatal care. In the postpartum period, in home visits at the 15 days, 6 and 12 months after delivery by interviewers, using standardized questionnaires comprising questions on socio-economic status, parity, breastfeeding, eating patterns and physical activity. The variables on diet had been analyzed according to indexes created for each food and grouped into healthy foods and unhealthy. Physical activity had been assessed according to the relative metabolic equivalents and time spent in activities grouped by size (occupational, domestic, transportation and leisure) and total physical activity. The data had been analyzed using multiple linear regression analysis mixed. Variables with p <0.20 in simple analysis had been included in the mixed multiple. It was specified significance level 5 per cent. Results: For each grade, the weight is 1.34 kg less (P = 0.000). Women with overweight and obesity in early pregnancy has 15.9 kg more (p = 0.000) compared to women with low weight and normal growth. For each increase of occupational activity, the greater the weight of 20 grams (p = 0.006). Conclusion: Over time after the childbirth, women lose weight. The higher the educational level of women, lower the weight in the postpartum period. Weight gain in pregnancy is a variable capable of modification by the woman and that can be controlled by public policies to prevent overweight, obesity and its consequences

The postpartum period represents a high-risk period for body weight retention and obesity. Several studies have investigated the role of aerobic exercise on postpartum weight retention and other body composition outcomes; however, there has been little attention given to resistance training in postpartum women. Thus, the purpose of this four-month randomized study was to determine the effectiveness of resistance training on strength, body composition, return to pre-pregnancy weight, and bone mineral density (BMD) in postpartum women. Sixty postpartum women were randomly assigned to either a resistance training group or a comparison group. The resistance training group participated in a progressive resistance training program twice weekly for four months. The comparison group participated in a flexibility program twice weekly for four months. Strength changes were assessed for the upper body (bench press), lower body (leg press), and the core (abdominal curl-ups). Body composition, including BMD, was measured by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry. Over the four-month study, the resistance training group demonstrated a 36.7% increase in bench press, a 31.1% increase in leg press, and a 222.6% increase in abdominal curl-ups (p < 0.05). The flexibility group improved by 7.7% for bench press, 6.6% for leg press, and by 43.0% for abdominal curl-ups (p < 0.05). Group*period interactions were significant for the leg press, bench press, and abdominal curl-ups (p < 0.05). Both groups decreased in body weight, body fat percentage, and fat tissue (p < 0.05). Neither group significantly changed in lean tissue, whole body BMD, and hip BMD (p > 0.05). Group*period interactions were not significant for any body composition outcome (p > 0.05). These results suggest that a twice weekly resistance training program is superior to flexibility training to increase strength; however, resistance training may not be enough to influence body composition to a greater extent than flexibility training in postpartum women. More research is warranted.

No description available.