En France les filtres plantés à écoulement vertical sont utilisés pour le traitement des surverses de déversoir d’orage (CSO en anglais). Ils sont efficaces pour le traitement des polluants ainsi que pour assurer un rôle de tampon hydraulique permettant de protéger les milieux hydriques superficiels. Ils ont la particularité de recevoir des effluents bruts dont la fréquence, l’intensité, la durée et les concentrations sont stochastiques. En conséquence de quoi l’optimisation du dimensionnement est particulièrement délicate. Dans ce travail, le dimensionnement est abordé suivant deux approches. D’une part en définissant les processus clefs pour une optimisation du dimensionnement et, d’autre part, en construisant un modèle dynamique simplifié (Orage)permettant de prendre en compte, sur le long terme, le caractère stochastique des évènements et les contraintes locales. Le cœur du modèle a été calibré et validé sur une large gamme d’évènements mesurées sur un site en taille réelle (site de Marcy l’Etoile). La qualité de la calibration a été validé aussi bien visuellement que statistiquement et la robustesse du modèle étudiée par une analyse de sensibilité (méthode de Morris). L’optimisation automatique du dimensionnement a nécessité la réalisation d’une boucle itérative également paramétrée et testée dans le cadre du site de Marcy l’Etoile et pour des cas théoriques. Les dimensionnements proposés ont été estimés réalistes. La définition des processus clefs du système de traitement, et le développement du modèle simplifié, a également été possible grâce à la simulation d’expérimentations sur colonnes par un modèle mécaniste (HYDRUS / CW2D). La paramétrisation des processus du modèle simplifié a été réalisée sur la base d’expérimentations détaillées sur le site de Marcy l’Etoile. Le site a été suivi pendant trois ans aussi bien par des prélèvements automatiques, des traçages, que des mesures en lignes (hydraulique, azote, teneur en eau). Parmi les processus calibrés, nous retiendrons i) l’importance du niveau de saturation de la base du filtre au début d’un évènement vis-à-vis des court circuits hydrauliques, ii) la définition des capacités d’adsorption de l’azote ammoniacale de différents matériaux (pouzzolane, mélange de sable et de zéolite) et iii), la définition des cinétiques de nitrification suivant la température et quantité d’azote ammoniacal adsorbé. Si les performances de l’ouvrage sont hautes pour les paramètres majeurs (MES, DCO, N-NH4), l’impact du dimensionnement, de la gestion et des facteurs environnementaux sur les performances et l’accumulation de boue a été étudié. De plus, quelques suivis ont été réalisés sur les métaux et les HAP. Ces mesures ont permis non seulement de calibrer le logiciel Orage mais aussi de proposer des modifications pour l’amélioration du dimensionnement. / Constructed wetlands for combined sewer overflow treatment (CSO CWs) are vertical flow filters in France. They effectively remove pollutants and mitigate hydraulic peaks, which protects natural waters. They receive unsettled flows with stochastic return periods, volumes and concentrations, making design optimization difficult. In the presented work, design is targeted from two sides. First, the scientific basis is laid down for the design-support software Orage. The tool is model-based and as such, it considers the stochasticity of CSOs site-specifically. Its core model has been calibrated and then verified by a range of tests. Simulations fit to measured data from a full-scale CSO site (Marcy l’Etoile). The goodness of fit is evaluated visually and statistically. Model robustness has been confirmed by a sensitivity analysis (Morris method). After this, the iterative shell has been parameterized and tested (the software element doing automatic optimization). The design proposals of the tool have been found realistic. The other approach to target optimization has been a detailed field research at Marcy l’Etoile. The site at Marcy l’Etoile has been monitored for three years, using automatic samplers and online probes. The filling of the porous media at event start proves and explains shortcutting behaviour. Adsorption capacities have been quantified for pozzolana and a sand and zeolite mixture. A temperature-dependent equation is calibrated to calculate nitrification rate. System efficiency is high for target pollutants (TSS, COD, NH4-N). Design, operational and environmental factors have been analysed to seek potential effects on removal performances and sludge accumulation. Additionally, PAHs and metals are indicated for a few selected events. The field results were essential to calibrate Orage and to see options for design improvements. The understanding of CSO CWs and the development of Orage was promoted also by simulating lab-scale columns using the process-based model package HYDRUS / CW2D.

Thesis advisor: Joni L. Kinsey. Thesis advisor: Joni Kinsey. Includes bibliographic references (p. 287-299).

The thesis is divided into theoretical and practical part. The theoretical part includes issues associated with runoff and discharge, methods for discharge measurement and measurements of uncertainties. The practical part of the thesis describes a specific process flow measurement in Kopaninský and Jenínský stream. There is a familiarization with the water flow velocity measurement and comparison methods of volume measurement discharge with continuous measurement. The results of the practical part served to refine the rainfall-runoff processes in research catchment areas. Refined values of the flow rate were used as input data for the calculation of the runoff coefficient and for quantifying the losses of nutrients from the catchment areas. Calculation of the runoff coefficient and nutrient losses were compared for the original and the revised equation discharge curve. Volume measurement discharge has shown that the different conditions above measurement weir during continuous monitoring lead to the uncertainties of measurement. That´s why one has to approach to each flowmeasurement individually and consider the situation in a particular installation.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-07T14:49:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 2293046 bytes, checksum: ff3dda85fa1f8e9ea84ead5a767d3d5f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-02-25 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The present research aimed to try to understand the relationships between the students of a public school of Taperoá - municipality inserted in the Caatinga biome with their environment, and contribute to an awareness of these social actors regarding environmental issues through educational activities related to this biome as well as Taperoá river and Manoel Marciolino weir (weir Taperoá II), the main aquatic bodies of this municipality. The study was conducted in four high school classes accounting 105 students.The first step consisted in the application of questionnaires for the direction, teachers and students, in order to diagnose structural and functional aspects of the school, as well as to investigate the conceptions of teachers and students with regard to environmental issues. The results of the application of these questionnaires reveal a well-structured school, the lack of interest of the teachers in working with environmental issues in the classroom and the ignorance of the students about global and local environmental issues. Then, eight ludic-educational activities were carried out monthly (from August/2009 to June/ 2010) with the students, having as its main themes the Caatinga and the aquatics bodies of the municipality of Taperoá. These activities culminated in a scientific and cultural exhibition where the students developed several projects on the themes worked during the study which were presented to the school, representatives of the public authorities and community in general. From these activities, it was possible to identify changes in conceptions and behavior in relation to the conservation of the Caatinga, the Taperoá river and the Manoel Marciolino weir, awakening the local community on the importance of diversity and richness of this biome, as well as the feeling conservation of water bodies. Finally, we analyzed the content regarding environmental themes, the Caatinga and the semi-arid region of Brazil of the textbooks adopted by the school. We analyzed 24 books distributed in 10 different disciplines. The results of the analysis reveaded that, in general, the books are inefficient when it comes to contents of the Environment and Environmental Education and that they should bring a more serious discussions about the issues relating to the Caatinga biome and the semi-arid region, confirming our idea that the textbook should not be the only resource used by the teacher in the classroom. / O presente trabalho de pesquisa teve como objetivo procurar entender as relações de educandos de uma escola pública de Taperoá - município inserido no bioma Caatinga - com o ambiente e contribuir para uma sensibilização destes atores sociais quanto às problemáticas ambientais através de ações educativas relacionadas a este bioma, bem como ao rio Taperoá e ao açude Manoel Marciolino (açude Taperoá II), principais corpos aquáticos do referido município. O trabalho foi desenvolvido em quatro turmas do ensino médio, contabilizando 105 educandos. A primeira etapa consistiu na aplicação de questionários para a direção, corpo docente e corpo discente, visando diagnosticar aspectos estruturais e funcionais da escola objeto de estudo, bem como investigar as concepções de professores e alunos no que se refere às questões e problemáticas ambientais. Os resultados da aplicação destes questionários revelam uma escola bem estruturada, a falta de interesse dos docentes em trabalhar as questões ambientais em sala de aula e o desconhecimento dos educandos sobre as temáticas ambientais globais e locais. A seguir, realizaram-se oito atividades lúdico-pedagógicas mensais (agosto/2009 a junho/2010) com os educandos, tendo como tema principal o bioma Caatinga e os corpos hídricos do município de Taperoá. Estas atividades culminaram em uma exposição científico-cultural, onde os educandos elaboraram diversos projetos sobre as temáticas trabalhadas que foram apresentados à comunidade escolar, representantes do poder público e a comunidade em geral. A partir destas atividades, foi possível constatar mudanças de concepções e de comportamento em relação à conservação do bioma Caatinga, do rio Taperoá e do açude Manoel Marciolino, despertando assim a comunidade local sobre a importância e a riqueza de diversidade deste bioma, bem como o sentimento de conservação destes corpos hídricos. Por fim, analisamos os conteúdos referentes às temáticas ambientais, ao bioma Caatinga e a região semiárida brasileira dos livros didáticos adotados pela escola objeto de estudo. Foram analisadas 24 obras distribuídas em 10 disciplinas diferentes. Os resultados da análise revelaram, de um modo geral, que as obras são ineficientes no tocante aos conteúdos de Educação Ambiental e Meio Ambiente e que as mesmas deveriam trazer uma discussão mais profunda sobre as questões relacionadas ao bioma Caatinga e ao semiárido brasileiro, ratificando nossa ideia de que o livro didático não deve ser o único recurso utilizado pelo professor na sala de aula.

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de NÃvel Superior / Natural and synthetic estrogens are naturally excreted by humans and some vertebrates. These emerging contaminants classified as endocrine disruptors (EDs) present, even in small quantities, in water and sediment are able to affect the endocrine system and the stages of growth and reproduction of aquatic organisms and humans. In this context, this study aimed to perform a physical-chemical and microbiological characterization of reservoir water from Santo AnastÃcio, located in CearÃ, Brazil, and the develop and validate an analytical method using High-performance liquid chromatography with detector diode array (HPLC-DAD) for the determination of caffeine (CAF) and estrone hormones, 17β-estradiol, estriol (natural) and 17α-ethinylestradiol (synthetic) for water and sediment phase of reservoir water studied. The physicochemical parameters evaluated were phosphorus, chlorophyll A, pheophytin, nitrogen, chloride, sulfide, hardness, calcium, magnesium, pH, alkalinity, turbidity and total and dissolved solids. Microbiological characterization evaluated the presence of total and fecal coliforms. For the determination of EDs by HPLC-DAD was used to extract solid phase techniques (SPE) for water sample and QuEChERS for the sediment sample. The results of physicochemical analyzes indicated above the allowed values by CONAMA 357/05 for class 2, only to phosphorus and sulfide. Microbiological characterization indicated the presence of coliforms far above the values stipulated by CONAMA. In determining the DEs concentrations from 0.54 to 0.93 μg L-1 were detected caffeine in water, and 0.76 to 4.94 mg kg-1 17β estradiol and estriol in the sediment. Therefore, the water reservoir is unsuitable for direct consumption and recreation within the law. The validated analytical method was efficient for the determination of analytes can be used for routine analysis since there is no legislation to caffeine and EDs. / EstrÃgenos naturais e sintÃticos sÃo naturalmente excretados por seres humanos e alguns vertebrados. Estes contaminantes emergentes classificados como desreguladores endÃcrinos (DEs) presentes, mesmo em pequenas quantidades, na Ãgua e no sedimento sÃo capazes de afetar o sistema endÃcrino e as fases de crescimento e reproduÃÃo de organismos aquÃticos e humanos. Nesse contexto, este trabalho teve como objetivos efetuar uma caracterizaÃÃo fÃsico-quÃmica e microbiolÃgica da Ãgua do aÃude Santo AnastÃcio, localizado no CearÃ, Brazil, alÃm de desenvolver e validar um mÃtodo analÃtico empregando a cromatografia lÃquida de alta eficiÃncia com detector de arranjos de diodos (HPLC-DAD) para determinaÃÃo da cafeÃna e dos hormÃnios estrona, 17β-estradiol, estriol (naturais) e 17α-etinilestradiol (sintÃtico) na Ãgua e no sedimento do aÃude mencionado. Os parÃmetros fÃsico-quÃmicos avaliados foram fÃsforo, clorofila A, feofitina, nitrogÃnio, cloreto, sulfeto, dureza, cÃlcio, magnÃsio, pH, alcalinidade, turbidez e sÃlidos totais e dissolvidos. A caracterizaÃÃo microbiolÃgica avaliou a presenÃa de coliformes totais e termotolerantes. Para a determinaÃÃo dos DEs por HPLC-DAD utilizou-se as tÃcnicas de extraÃÃo em fase sÃlida (SPE) para a amostra de Ãgua e QuEChERS para a amostra de sedimento. Os resultados das anÃlises fÃsico-quÃmicas indicaram valores acima do permitido pelo CONAMA 357/05, para classe 2, apenas para fÃsforo e sulfeto. A caracterizaÃÃo microbiolÃgica indicou a presenÃa de coliformes muito acima dos valores estipulados pelo CONAMA. Na determinaÃÃo dos DEs foram detectados as concentraÃÃes de 0,54 a 0,93 μg L-1 de cafeÃna na Ãgua, e, 0,76 a 4,94 mg kg-1 do 17β estradiol e estriol no sedimento. Diante disso, a Ãgua do aÃude encontra-se inadequada para consumo direto e recreaÃÃo dentro da legislaÃÃo vigente. O mÃtodo analÃtico validado mostrou-se eficiente para determinaÃÃo dos analitos podendo ser utilizado para anÃlises de rotina uma vez que nÃo existe legislaÃÃo para a cafeÃna e os DEs.

Thesis deals with the efficiency of inland waterways in the Czech Republic and its measure which would lead to its greater use. For this precaution is considered a project the Weir in Děčín and without this, the project can not proceed in the construction of other projects in the Czech inland waterways. The first part is devoted to the description of inland waterways as part of the trans-European networks. Furthermore there are institutions in charge of the developement and operation of waterways. Legislation defining the rules to ensure continuity of water transport is also important in the developement and operation. The second part deals with positive relationship between freight water transport and economy of the Czech Republic. I describe in the last chapter of the thesis project the Weir in Děčín and the subsequent project of navigability of the Elbe River to Pardubice and construction of the Danube-Oder-Elbe.

No description available.

This thesis deals with the determination of the load torque during flood conditions on the hydrostatic sectoral weir in Roudnice nad Labem. Problems are solved due to a glitch in the lowering sector. The aim of this study is to determine the resulting torque, of three selected states, which occurred at the water works. The issue was solved as a plane 2D problem using AutoCAD, in which were read the relevant data. It was also used ANSYS software, which modeled the flow of water over the weir to detect pressures acting on overflow face. All calculations are then counted in Microsoft Excel. Force balance is performed on the one-meter design.

The diploma thesis deals with the propagation of a weir (channel) width on the weir capacity. The influence rate is analyzed by laboratory measurements on models with a weir (channel) width of 0,02 m to a width of 0,50 m. Different heads are analyzed and different discharges that calculate the discharge coefficient. The results are compared with previous works, especially with the work of Kindsvater and Carter (1957) and of Schoder and Turner (1929), where the same procedures are used to calculate discharge coefficients. The thesis contains a theoretical introduction to the problem of thin-plate weirs and the problem of the formation of the boundary layer in the flow of liquid, following with the analytical part. In the analytical part, the results of measurements, their comparison, and evaluation are published. The work is completed with evaluation and recommendations.

This diploma thesis deals with submergence of low rectangular sharp-edged broad-crested weirs. From measurement of water levels in front of and behind of weir at different discharges and different weir heights, were determined values of submergence coefficient depending on relative height of submergence. From these values were determined the equation of submergence coefficient. Measured values were compared which results measurements, which are given in professional literature.