Les turbocompresseurs sont utilisés pour améliorer les performances du moteur thermique par suralimentation. Cette méthode efficace présente cependant des inconvénients majeurs pour des points de fonctionnement à faible débit. En effet, lorsque le débit en entrée du turbocompresseur devient trop faible, un phénomène de pompage apparaît, réduisant la plage d'utilisation du moteur, pouvant endommager le turbocompresseur et le moteur par un fonctionnement instable.Dans cette thèse une configuration expérimentale avec un dispositif à géométrie variable placé en amont du compresseur a été étudiée. Ce système, appelé « dispositif de prérotation » permet de modifier les conditions aérodynamiques en amont du compresseur et en particulier dans les zones de fonctionnement proches du pompage.Cette étude comporte deux grands volets : une partie expérimentale réalisée sur un banc d’essais typique de turbocompresseurs d’automobile équipé d'une vanne de prérotation et une étude numérique permettant d’évaluer les capacités de l’utilisation d’un code du commerce à restituer les modifications des performances expérimentales observées sur l’ensemble. / Automotive turbochargers are used to increase engine performances. This efficient method, however, has major disadvantages for low flow operating points. Indeed, when the input flow of the turbocharger becomes too low, a surge phenomenon appears, reducing the range of use of the engine, which can damage the turbocharger and the engine by unstable operation.In this thesis an experimental configuration with a variable geometry device placed upstream of the compressor has been studied. This system, called "pre-whirl device" makes it possible to modify the aerodynamic conditions upstream of the compressor and in particular in the operating zones close to surge.This study has two main components: an experimental part carried out on a typical test bench of automobile turbochargers equipped with a pre-whirl valve and a numerical study making it possible to evaluate the capacities of the use of a code of the trade to render the modifications of the experimental performances observed on the whole. / Os turbocompressores são utilizados para melhorar o desempenho dos motores térmicos por sobrealimentação. Este método é eficiente, no entanto, tem grandes desvantagens quando o turbocompressor opera em baixa vazão mássica. Quando a vazão de massa na entrada do turbocompressor fica muito baixa, um fenômeno de sobrecarga (surge) aparece, reduzindo a faixa de uso do motor, o que pode danificar o turbocompressor e o motor por meio de operação instável.Nesta tese, uma configuração experimental com um dispositivo de geometria variável colocado na entrada do compressor foi estudada. Este sistema, chamado “dispositivo de pré-rotação” permite modificar as condições aerodinâmicas a montante do compressor e em particular nas zonas de funcionamento próximas da sobrecarga.Este estudo tem dois componentes principais: uma parte experimental realizada em uma bancada de testes típica de turbocompressores automotivos equipada com uma válvula de pré-rotação e um estudo numérico que permite avaliar as capacidades do uso de um código de comércio para realizar as modificações dos desempenhos experimentais observados no todo.

Rotordynamics is an important area in mechanical engineering. Many machines contain rotating parts. It is well known that rotating components can develop large amplitude lateral vibrations near certain speeds called critical speeds. This large amplitude vibration is called rotor whirl. This thesis is about rotor whirl. Conventional treatments in rotordynamics use what are called gyroscopic terms and treat the rotor as a one-dimensional structure (Euler-Bernoulli or Timoshenko) with or without rigid masses added to them. Gyroscopic terms are macroscopic inertial terms that arise due to tilting of spinning cross-sections. This approach, while applicable to a large class of industrially important rotors, is not applicable to a general rotor geometry. In this thesis we develop a genuine continuum level three dimensional formulation for rotordynamics that can be used for many arbitrarily shaped rotors. The key insight that guides our formulation is that gyroscopic terms are macroscopic manifestations of the prestress induced due to spin of the rotor. Using this insight, we develop two modal projection techniques for calculating the critical speed of arbitrarily shaped rotors. These techniques along with our prestress based formulation are the primary contributions of the thesis. In addition, we also present two different nonlinear finite element based implementations of our formulation. One is a laborious load-stepping based calculation performed using ANSYS (a commercially available finite element package). The other uses our nonlinear finite element code. The latter two techniques are primarily developed to provide us with an accurate answer for comparison with the results obtained using the modal projection methods. Having developed our formulation and the subsequent modal projection approximations, we proceed to validation. First, we analytically study several examples whose solutions can be easily obtained using routine methods. Second, we consider the problem of a rotating cylinder under axial loads. We use a semi-analytical approach for this problem and offer some insights into the role played by the chosen kinematics for our virtual work calculations. The excellent match with known results obtained using Timoshenko theory validates the accuracy of our formulation. Third, we consider several rotors of arbitrary shape in numerical examples and show that our modal projection methods accurately estimate the critical speeds of these rotors. After validation, we consider efficiency. For axisymmetric rotor geometries, we implement our formulation using harmonic elements. This reduces the dimension of our problem from three to two and considerable savings in time are obtained. Finally, we apply our formulation to describe asynchronous whirl and internal viscous damping phenomena in rotors.

Le palier hydrodynamique est une solution de guidage en rotation particulièrement appréciée pour ses caractéristiques d’amortissement à hautes vitesses de rotation. Cependant les performances des machines tournantes lubrifiées par un film fluide sont impactées par des effets non linéaires difficiles à analyser. La prédiction du comportement du système par la simulation nécessite une modélisation avancée de l’écoulement de lubrifiant dans le palier hydrodynamique. Enfin, l’état de surface semble avoir un impact important sur l’écoulement du fluide lubrifiant, lui-même agissant sur les caractéristiques statiques et dynamiques des parties tournantes. Cette étude vise à améliorer les modèles numériques liés à l’impact de l’état de surface des paliers hydrodynamiques sur la dynamique de ligne d’arbre. La méthode d’homogénéisation multi-échelles a été utilisée à cet effet dans un algorithme multi-physiques pour décrire l’interaction entre la structure flexible en rotation et les films fluides des supports de lubrification. Différents modèles ont été utilisés pour prendre en compte la présence de zone de rupture de film lubrifiant. Des méthodologies non-linéaires fréquentielles ont été mises en place afin de permettre l’étude paramétrique des solutions périodiques d’un tel système et de leur stabilité. Afin de confronter ce modèle complexe à la réalité, un banc d’essai miniature a également été conçu. Différents échantillons présentant des états de surface modifiés par ablation à l’aide de LASER femto-seconde ont été testés. L’étude expérimentale a permis de vérifier certaines tendances prévues par la simulation. Des améliorations des performances des paliers hydrodynamiques par rapport aux vibrations auto-entretenues du système ont été démontrées pour certaines textures. En revanche toutes les améliorations ne sont pas prédites par les algorithmes d’homogénéisation multi-échelles. La présence de recirculation dans les aspérités du motif a été mise en évidence à partir de la résolution locale des équations de Navier-Stokes. Ce résultat participe à la remise en question des hypothèses classiques utilisées en texturation, et peut justifier les améliorations obtenues expérimentalement avec les paliers texturés. / The hydrodynamic bearing provides good damping properties in rotating machineries. However, the performances of rotor-bearings systems are highly impacted by nonlinear effects that are difficult to analyze. The rotordynamics prediction requires advanced models for the flow in the bearings. The surface of the bearings seems to have a strong impact on the lubricant flow, acting on the static and dynamic properties of the rotating parts. This study aims to enhance the simulation of the bearings’ surface state effect on the motion of the rotating shaft. The flexible shaft interacts with textured hydrodynamic bearings. Multi-scales homogenization is used in a multi-physics algorithm in order to describe the fluid-structure interaction. Different models are used to account for the cavitation phenomenon in the bearings. Nonlinear harmonic methods allow efficient parametric studies of periodic solutions as well as their stability. Moreover, a test rig has been designed to compare predictions to real measurements. Several textured shaft samples modified with femto-seconds LASER surface texturing are tested. In most cases the experimental study showed similar results than the simulation. Enhancements of the vibration behaviors of the rotor-bearing system have been revealed for certain texturing patterns. The self-excited vibration, also known as "oil whirl" phenomenon, is stabilized on a wide rotating frequency range. However, the simulation tool does not predict well the enhancements that are observed. Vortices in surface texturing patterns have been revealed numerically with Navier-Stokes equation resolution. These results are opposed to the classical lubrication hypothesis. It is also a possible explanation of the enhancements that are experimentally measured with textured bearings.

Presented diploma thesis deals with experimental study of fluid induced instabilities which occur in rotating machinery with journal bearings. The first part describes the oil whirl and oil whip instabilities. It also gives an example of optical methods used for observation of journal bearings. Next part is dedicated to modifications of an existing test rig that were necessary for carrying out experiments. Finally, there are presented results of experiments that define the effect of initial conditions on appearance of instabilities.

My thesis is engaged in description of ineligibility original version of the elbow draft tube new constructed small hydro power plant Doudlevce. Other main purpose was construction of better hydraulic thus more efficient this draft tube. First chapter meets project small hydro power plant Doudlevce and it specifies this interesting contstruction of the power plant (for example position of the turbine in vacuum fontain) and many others information about it. Second chapter and its particular parts there deal with functions of this draft tube, for example out-flow of water from turbine and a principle of water-energy utilization placing behind turbine runner. There is also described energy profit and how to get it throught draft tube. There is an analysis of important quantities, which are used during the scoring of flow in the draft tube in third chapter. This part of my thesis is aimed to meeting their principles. There is one of the main purposes of this thesis, where is a description of ineligibility original version of the elbow draft tube in fourth chapter. It results sizable from Kaplan´s attemps and analysis of flowing based on computations in computer programme CFD Fluent. Fifth chapter is about general principles, which should be looked out during the construction of the draft tube. There is also project of new hydraulic better draft tube and its another parts. Last chapter compares original version with new better project based on computations in computer programme CFD Fluent. Comparison is made of specific criterion flowing of water, where are described quantites in third chapter, and efficiency of this draft tube.

<p>The objectives of this investigation were to experimentally and numerically assess the performance of a ball bearing supported turbocharger (TC). Turbochargers are mechanical devices used to improve the efficiency of modern engines. Using ball bearings improves the TC efficiency, and represents one of many evolving high-speed applications for ball bearings.</p> <p>The experimental objectives of this investigation were to design and develop a turbocharger test rig (TTR) to measure the shaft whirl of the rotating assembly and the axial and frictional loads experienced by the bearing cartridge. The TTR contains a ball bearing TC which was instrumented and operated under a variety of test conditions including rotational speeds up to 55,000 rpm. In order to measure the axial loads on the compressor and turbine sides, customized sensors were designed, fabricated and integrated into the TC housing. The anti-rotation (AR) pin, which normally prevents the bearing cartridge from rotating, was replaced with a custom-made sensor to measure frictional losses in the bearing cartridge.  These sensors were designed to minimally affect the operation of the TC. Proximity probes were initially installed on the compressor side and later on the turbine side to monitor shaft whirl using targets attached to the ends of the impellers. An assembly to record axial shaft motion with a proximity probe was also developed. Axial load and motion results indicated that the compressor side bears most of the axial load. As the backpressure or the speed of the TC increased the axial load also increased. Frictional measurements from the AR pin sensor demonstrated low power losses in the ball bearing cartridge. For certain shaft speed ranges, the data from the sensors illustrated periodic trends in response to subsynchronous whirl of the shaft.</p> <p>The numerical modeling objectives of this investigation were to characterize the dynamics of the ball bearing supported TC. In this TC, the compressor, turbine and shaft are supported by a bearing cartridge composed of back-to-back angular contact ball bearings. The cartridge is supported by squeeze film dampers (SFDs) and is prevented from rotation by the AR pin. To achieve the objectives, first an equivalent bearing model was developed to investigate the bearing dynamics and whirl of the TC rotating assembly. The TC bearing cartridge was modeled with a single deep groove ball bearing (DGBB) using the discrete element method. The SFD which supports the bearing was modeled with a bilinear spring and damper. A DGBB was used because it can support axial load in both directions. This model was then extended to include a flexible shaft represented by tetrahedral finite elements and supported by an ACBB cartridge. After this model was used to reproduce the whirl from the test rig, the bearing internal geometry and SFD properties were adjusted to determine their effect on shaft whirl. Wear and damage criteria were also developed to evaluate the simulation results. The best simulation result was obtained with a small clearance in the bearing and with a stiffer SFD. The clearance was necessary as the shaft and bearing deform at high speeds, preloading the bearing.</p> <p>The best simulation result was found to have reduced sliding and limited variation in contact force, which should lead to reduced friction and improved overall life. This study demonstrates the importance of taking the bearing system into account while designing a TC or other high speed mechanical system, as the bearing and SFD properties can have a significant impact on the system performance.</p>

No description available.

Le but de cette thèse est d'analyser plusieurs phénomènes de bord ouest de la Mer d'Arabie : (i) le cycle de vie d'un tourbillon de mésoéchelle persistant, le Great Whirl; (ii) la dynamique d'un écoulement d'eau dense (outflow) formée dans une mer adjacente, l'outflow du Golfe Persique; et (iii) une remontée d'eau profonde (upwelling) saisonnière dans la zone côtière d'Oman. Le point commun entre ces phénomènes est leur localisation sur un bord ouest océanique. Ils sont donc influencés par des forçages locaux (notamment les vents de mousson) et les forçages à distance (ondes de Rossby et tourbillons dérivant vers l'ouest). En particulier, ces derniers vont jouer un rôle particulier car la Mer d'Arabie est située à basses latitudes, ce qui implique une propagation rapide des ondes longues et tourbillons. De plus, des ondes sont continuellement excitées par le régime saisonnier des moussons. Nous avons mis au point des expériences numériques de différentes complexités en utilisant un modèle aux équations primitives. Ces expériences permettent soit de simuler de manière réaliste la dynamique complexe de la Mer d'Arabie, soit d'isoler un processus en particulier. Les résultats principaux peuvent se résumer comme suit : (i) le cycle de vie du Great Whirl est significativement impacté par les ondes de Rossby annuelles. Le rotationnel de la tension de vent joue un rôle important dans le maintien, le renforcement et la barotropisation du tourbillon. (ii) La dispersion de l'Eau du Golfe Persique (Persian Gulf Water, PGW) est déterminée par le mélange induit par les tourbillons de mésoéchelle. Précisément, ces tourbillons entrent dans le Golfe d'Oman (où se déverse la PGW), et interagissent avec la topographie. Ces interactions frictionnelles produisent des bandes de vorticité très intenses dans la couche limite de fond. Celles-ci sont arrachées et forment des tourbillons de sous-mésoéchelle. Ces tourbillons capturent de la PGW initialement située sur la pente continentale et la redistribuent dans le golfe d'Oman. Ce mécanisme donne finalement lieu à du mélange, permettant d'expliquer le gradient de salinité climatologique observé en profondeur. (iii) La dynamique de l'upwelling saisonnier au large d'Oman contraste fortement avec la dynamique des upwelling de bord est (Eastern Boundary Upwelling Systems, EBUS). En effet, les ondes de Rossby se propagent vers le large dans les EBUS et vers la côte dans l'upwelling de bord ouest d'Oman. Ces ondes modulent la réponse en température de l'upwelling forcé par le vent.Dans l'ensemble, ces résultats sont relativement spécifiques à la Mer d'Arabie. La faible extension zonale et la basse latitude de la Mer d'Arabie, ainsi que le régime de mousson des vents saisonniers en font une région particulière. La propagation rapide des ondes et tourbillons et leurs interactions avec le bord ouest façonnent les régimes de turbulence de la Mer d'Arabie. / This PhD aims to investigate some western boundary processes in the Arabian Sea : (i) the life cycle of the socalled Great Whirl, a persistent mesoscale eddy; (ii) the dynamics of the Persian Gulf outflow, a marginal sea dense outflow; and (iii) the seasonal Oman upwelling, a coastal upwelling forced by summermonsoonal winds. The cornerstone of all these phenomena is their locationat a western boundary, which makes then being influenced by both localforcing (e.g., monsoonal winds) and remote forcing (Rossby waves and wesward drifting eddies). Specifically, the later are expected to impact the western boundary dynamics since the low latitude of the Arabian Sea implies a fast westward propagation of long Rossby waves and eddies. Moreover, waves are continously excited by the reversing monsoonal winds. Based on a primitive equation model, we designed numerical experiments of different complexity that allowed to either realistically simulate the dynamics in the Arabian Sea or to isolate some processes.Major findings can be summarized as follows : (i) The Great Whirl life cycle is found to be significantly paced by annual Rossby waves, although the strong monsoonal wind stress curl is of major importance to sustain the structure. (ii) The Persian Gulf Water (PGW) spreading in the Gulf of Oman and the northern Arabian Sea can be explained by the stirring done by eddies entering the Gulf. These remotely formed surface intensifed mesoscale eddies propagate into the Gulf and interact with the topography. Frictional interactions produce intense vorticity strips at the boundary that detach and roll up in the interior, forming submesoscale coherent vortices (SCV). These SCV trap PGW initially located on the slope and redistribute it in the interior. This mechanism of transport ultimately produces mixing that explains the large-scale gradient of salinity in the gulf. (iii) We find that the dynamics of the seasonal upwelling of Oman contrasts with the more deeply studied Eastern Boundary Upwelling Systems (EBUS). In particular, Rossby waves, propagating offshore in EBUS vs. onshore in this western boudary upwelling, are found to modulate the wind driven upwelling and its sea surface temperature response.Overall, these results appear to be rather specific to the Arabian Sea. The short zonal extent and the low-latitude of the Arabian Sea, as well as the seasonally reversing wind forcing are the distinguishing features of this region. Fast waves and drifting eddies and their interactions with the western boundary significantly shape the turbulent regimes of the western Arabian Sea.

This dissertation thesis consists rotordynamics of modern turbocharger. First part begins with prediction of critical speed, prediction of onset instability of oil whirl and oil whip by XLTRC2 and comparison with measured data (Cascade diagram, shaft motion, FFT analysis). List of measurement method for the detection of the natural frequency of turbocharger (EMA). Create software for long term monitoring and recording and output data size reduction. Detection of critical speed by defined measurement methodology without using software simulation with measured data from the Cascade diagram, move the rotor shaft motion in the bearing, FFT analysis and results from measurements of natural frequencies. Comparison of predicted data (critical speed, prediction of onset instability) program XLTRC2 with the values measured by this approach measurement (waterfall diagram, shaft motion, FFT analysis)