Desde os anos 1980, o governo brasileiro vem realizando ações no sentido de promover a eficiência energética, seguindo a tendência mundial de se poupar energia, enfatizada após os dois choques do petróleo. No âmbito do segmento de energia elétrica, as ações de conservação de energia levaram à criação do PROCEL, em 1985. Nessa mesma linha, nos anos 1990, foi criado o Programa de Eficiência Energética (PEE/ANEEL). Desde então, este Programa tem sido a principal fonte de investimentos em projetos de eficiência energética no Brasil. Observa-se, entretanto, que nesta segunda década do novo milênio, o Brasil ainda apresenta níveis muito baixos de redução no consumo de energia elétrica, face aos potenciais por ele exibidos. Neste contexto, esta tese tem o objetivo de propor uma sistemática alternativa ao PEE/ANEEL, de forma a incentivar uma redução mais intensa de consumo de energia elétrica, visando a aproveitar melhor os potenciais existentes e também a reduzir barreiras à implantação de medidas e/ou projetos nessa linha. Para atingir tal objetivo, este trabalho propõe a implantação no país de um sistema denominado White Certificate. Este tipo de sistema se baseia na criação de um mercado para a energia economizada e, sendo assim, pode gerar aumento na atratividade financeira de projetos de eficiência energética. Para tanto, o trabalho partiu da análise de projetos de eficiência energética existentes e potenciais para simular e mensurar o potencial de incremento na atratividade financeira desses projetos, caso existisse a possibilidade de se comercializar a energia economizada. Os resultados indicam que a sistemática proposta mostrou-se um instrumento de incentivo eficaz, capaz de gerar um incremento significativo na atratividade financeira desses projetos, contribuindo para que mais agentes se interessem em promover e perseguir a eficiência energética no país. / Since the 1980s, the Brazilian government has undertaken actions to promote energy efficiency, following the global trend of concern over the issue after the two oil shocks. Within the electricity sector, electricity conservation actions lead to the creation of PROCEL in 1985. In the same vein, in the 1990s, the Energy Efficiency Program (PEE/ ANEEL) was created. Since then, this Program has been the main source of energy efficiency funds in Brazil. It is noted, however, that in this second decade of the new millennium, Brazil still presents quite low levels of reduction in power consumption compared to the potential that the country shows. In this context, this thesis aims to propose an alternative mechanism to the established PEE/ANEEL in order to encourage a more intense reduction of energy consumption. The proposed mechanism also aims at making better use of the existing potential for energy efficiency and at reducing the barriers to the implementation of measures and / or projects in this line. To achieve this goal, this work proposes the implementation in the country of a mechanism called White Certificates in which it is created a market for energy savings, in order to increase the financial attractiveness of energy efficiency projects. The research departures from the analysis of energy efficiency projects existing and potential ones and simulates the potential increase in financial attractiveness of these projects, if there were the possibility of trading the energy saved. The results indicate that the proposed mechanism can generate a significant increase in financial gains of these projects, attracting more agents interested in pursuing and investing in energy efficiency projects in the country.

Šis darbas nagrinėja naujas, lanksčias energijos efektyvumą skatinančias priemones, kurios paremtos rinką imituojančiais mechanizmais. Baltieji sertifikatai yra visiškai naujas mechanizmas, gyvuojantis tik nedaugelyje šalių. Energijos efektyvumo skatinimas yra tiesiogiai susijęs su ekologija, aplinkosauga, todėl priemonių skatinančių taupyti ir efektyviai naudoti energiją labai trūksta ir jų įvedimas į rinką yra labai aktualus. / This job deals with modeling the effects of introducing a market-based tool for improving end-users’ efficiency in an energy market which is already regulated through a cap-and-trade system for green house gas emissions and a quota system meant to improve competitiveness of energy produced using renewable resources. Our results show that the regulation of energy demand achieves its underlying objects of energy savings and energy efficiency solely at the expense of other goals such as the environmental efficiency of energy production. In our model, the implementation of a market for White Certificates (WCTS) causes energy producers’ investment in abatement to decrease along with the price for Brown Certificates and the amount of renewable energy demanded. Once we turn to the currently more empirically relevant case of integrating endusers only partially into WCTS, the unregulated group compensates in parts for the decrease in demand of the regulated group, due to an indirect price effect. As both supply and demand side of the market are regulated, this special set of regulations applied can, therefore, be compared to the grip of printers embracing the entire market, leaving some of it virtually scarred. Consequently, we intended to search for alternative policy measures, which are able to achieve an increase in endusers’ energy efficiency without the negative side-effects witnessed in case of a WCTS. In our model a subsidized reduction in the price for households’ investment... [to full text]

Desde os anos 1980, o governo brasileiro vem realizando ações no sentido de promover a eficiência energética, seguindo a tendência mundial de se poupar energia, enfatizada após os dois choques do petróleo. No âmbito do segmento de energia elétrica, as ações de conservação de energia levaram à criação do PROCEL, em 1985. Nessa mesma linha, nos anos 1990, foi criado o Programa de Eficiência Energética (PEE/ANEEL). Desde então, este Programa tem sido a principal fonte de investimentos em projetos de eficiência energética no Brasil. Observa-se, entretanto, que nesta segunda década do novo milênio, o Brasil ainda apresenta níveis muito baixos de redução no consumo de energia elétrica, face aos potenciais por ele exibidos. Neste contexto, esta tese tem o objetivo de propor uma sistemática alternativa ao PEE/ANEEL, de forma a incentivar uma redução mais intensa de consumo de energia elétrica, visando a aproveitar melhor os potenciais existentes e também a reduzir barreiras à implantação de medidas e/ou projetos nessa linha. Para atingir tal objetivo, este trabalho propõe a implantação no país de um sistema denominado White Certificate. Este tipo de sistema se baseia na criação de um mercado para a energia economizada e, sendo assim, pode gerar aumento na atratividade financeira de projetos de eficiência energética. Para tanto, o trabalho partiu da análise de projetos de eficiência energética existentes e potenciais para simular e mensurar o potencial de incremento na atratividade financeira desses projetos, caso existisse a possibilidade de se comercializar a energia economizada. Os resultados indicam que a sistemática proposta mostrou-se um instrumento de incentivo eficaz, capaz de gerar um incremento significativo na atratividade financeira desses projetos, contribuindo para que mais agentes se interessem em promover e perseguir a eficiência energética no país. / Since the 1980s, the Brazilian government has undertaken actions to promote energy efficiency, following the global trend of concern over the issue after the two oil shocks. Within the electricity sector, electricity conservation actions lead to the creation of PROCEL in 1985. In the same vein, in the 1990s, the Energy Efficiency Program (PEE/ ANEEL) was created. Since then, this Program has been the main source of energy efficiency funds in Brazil. It is noted, however, that in this second decade of the new millennium, Brazil still presents quite low levels of reduction in power consumption compared to the potential that the country shows. In this context, this thesis aims to propose an alternative mechanism to the established PEE/ANEEL in order to encourage a more intense reduction of energy consumption. The proposed mechanism also aims at making better use of the existing potential for energy efficiency and at reducing the barriers to the implementation of measures and / or projects in this line. To achieve this goal, this work proposes the implementation in the country of a mechanism called White Certificates in which it is created a market for energy savings, in order to increase the financial attractiveness of energy efficiency projects. The research departures from the analysis of energy efficiency projects existing and potential ones and simulates the potential increase in financial attractiveness of these projects, if there were the possibility of trading the energy saved. The results indicate that the proposed mechanism can generate a significant increase in financial gains of these projects, attracting more agents interested in pursuing and investing in energy efficiency projects in the country.

Klimato kaita ir jos švelninimo instrumentų įgyvendinimas yra prioritetinis visų pasaulio šalių tikslas. Šiuo metu yra taikoma daug įvairių klimato kaitos švelninimo instrumentų, skirtų atsinaujinančių energijos išteklių ir energijos efektyvumo didinimui, energijos tiekimo patikimumui ir kt., kuriuos plačiai nagrinėja daugelis pasaulio mokslininkų. Magistro baigiamojo darbo tikslas buvo apžvelgti Lietuvoje šiuo metu taikomus ekonominius klimato kaitos švelninimo instrumentus bei juos kokybiškai ir kiekybiškai įvertinti. Iškeltam tikslui pasiekti suformuluoti uždaviniai: apžvelgti moksline literatūroje nagrinėjamus pagrindinius klimato kaitos švelninimo instrumentų taikymo teorinius aspektus; išnagrinėti pagrindinius klimato kaitos švelninimo instrumentus, taikomus Lietuvoje; įvertinti klimato kaitos ekonominius instrumentus įtakojančiais šiltnamio efektą sukeliančių dujos sumažėjimą bei atsinaujinančiųjų energijos išteklių plėtrą Lietuvoje; sudarytu vertinimo modeliu atlikti klimato kaitos švelninimo instrumentų ekonominį vertinimą; remiantis atliktu vertinimu, pateikti išvadas. Darbo struktūrą nulėmė užsibrėžti darbo tikslai bei numatyti uždaviniai, kurių sprendimas pateikiamas trijose darbo dalyse. Pirmoje dalyje apžvelgti moklinėje literatūroje nagrinėjami pagrindiniai klimato kaitos švelninimo instrumentų taikymo teoriniai apsektai, tokie kaip klimato indikatoriai bei būklė pasaulyje ir Lietuvoje, Lietuvos darnios plėtros prioritetiniai rodikliai ir apžvelgtos ekonominius... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Climate change and implementation of its reducing instruments is underlying goal of all countries. At present there are plenty of climate change instruments being applied which are used for increasing shifting energy resources and effectiveness of energy, reliability of energy supplying etc. that are widely discussed by many scientists all over the world. The goal of Master's thesis was a review of economical instruments for reducing climate change used in Lithuania and their quantitative and qualitative evaluation. To reach the goal following tasks were set: to survey the nonfiction theoretical aspects of using main instruments for reducing climate change; analyse the main instruments for reducing climate change that are used in Lithuania; evaluate the economical instruments for reducing climate change that affect the reduction of gas causing the greenhouse effect and development of shifting energy resources in Lithuania; to make the economical evaluation of instruments for reducing climate change with the help of created evaluating model; to make conclusion refering to the evaluation. Thesis consist of three parts that were determined by stated goals and tasks. In first part are analysed the nonfiction theoretical aspects of using main instruments for reducing climate change, such as climate indicators and state in Lithuania and all over the world, underlying rates of Lithuanian regular development. Also the directives introducing economical instruments of regulating... [to full text]

This thesis is an investigation of whether an energy efficiency obligation scheme would be cost-effective for the Swedish industrial sector. The basic guidelines of the scheme were constructed based on the characteristics proposed in the Energy Efficiency Directive and the previously implemented schemes in other EU Member States. In order to measure the cost effectiveness of the scheme for the industries, a Cost Benefit Analysis was performed. The results of the study show that the participation of the industries in an energy efficiency obligation scheme seems to be cost effective, and the Benefit to Cost Ratios of the analysis where ranging in numbers higher than one, showing that the benefits outweigh the costs. The scheme is in general more cost effective when scenarios assuming high policy intensity for the whole economy of the country are used as input for the calculation of the BCRs, which are also affected positively when higher fuel prices scenarios are adopted. The obligation should be placed upon the distributors, since the prices of energy distribution are administratively regulated. There is opportunity of financial benefits for the Swedish industries from agreements of energy savings delivery to the distributors in order for them to fulfill their obligation. These benefits will support the cost recovery of the investments for the energy savings measures. The possibility of certificate trading in the context of the scheme is another option that can create opportunities for financial gains and stimulate further the energy market. Basing the costs inputs from other EU Member States offers an insight on how these costs could be formed in the case of Sweden, but they cannot be taken as a complete calculation of the scheme’s financial effects. As a result, this study does not offer a final conclusion on the cost-effectiveness of the scheme; it rather serves as a means of support of the final conclusion regarding the cost-effectiveness of energy efficiency obligation schemes for the Swedish industries.