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Master's thesis. / Format: PDF. Bibl.

O setor siderúrgico é um grande consumidor de energia e envolve grandes volumes de insumos, emissões de poluentes e resíduos sólidos. As usinas siderúrgicas semi-integradas são recicladoras de aço, tendo a sucata como sua principal matéria-prima. Os trituradores de sucata são utilizados para minimizar as impurezas e ajustar as dimensões da sucata. Esta etapa de separação gera um grande volume de resíduos que não são aproveitados no processo siderúrgico. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi caracterizar as frações do resíduo de um triturador de sucata de uma indústria siderúrgica da região do Vale dos Sinos-RS, para fins de um posterior reaproveitamento. Através de estudos de otimização do equipamento foi possível separar o material em quatro frações <20 mm (funil), >20 e <30 mm (EC1), >30 e <100 mm (EC2) e >100 mm (TC9). Estas frações foram analisadas em relação à composição das amostras, distribuição granulométrica, análise térmica, análise imediata, análise elementar, análise do poder calorífico superior, microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV) e a concentração de metais. Pode se concluir que a fração fina (<20 mm), possui potencial para incorporação em blocos cerâmicos estruturais. A fração entre 20 mm e 30 mm apresentam características compatíveis para o uso na indústria cimenteira. As amostras de maior granulometria, fração entre 30 e 100 mm e > 100 mm, apresentam potencial de uso para o reaproveitamento energético. Apontou-se oportunidade na recuperação de ferrosos e não ferrosos em todas as frações estudadas. Para o reaproveitamento do resíduo do shredder é necessário a separação deste em granulometrias diferentes. / The steel sector is a major consumer of energy and involves large volumes of inputs, pollutant emissions and solid waste. The semi-integrated steel mills are steel recyclers, with scrap as their main raw material. Scrap grinders are used to minimize impurities and adjust scrap dimensions. This separation stage generates a large volume of waste that is not used in the steelmaking process. Therefore, the objective of this work was to characterize the fractions of the waste from a scrap crusher from a steel industry in the Vale dos Sinos-RS region, for purposes of subsequent reuse. By means of equipment optimization studies it was possible to separate the material into four fractions <20 mm (funnel),> 20 and <30 mm (EC1),> 30 and <100 mm (EC2) and> 100 mm (TC9). These fractions were analyzed in relation to the composition of the samples, particle size distribution, thermal analysis, immediate analysis, elemental analysis, higher calorific value analysis, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and metal concentration. It can be concluded that the fine fraction (<20 mm) has potential for incorporation of the raw material for the production of structural ceramic blocks. The smaller fractions (<20 mm and <30 mm) have compatible characteristics for use in the cement industry. Samples with higher grain size (> 30 mm and> 100 mm) show potential for use in energy recovery. It was pointed out an opportunity in the recovery of ferrous and non-ferrous in all fractions studied. For the reuse of the shredder residue it is necessary to separate it in different granulometry.

O setor siderúrgico é um grande consumidor de energia e envolve grandes volumes de insumos, emissões de poluentes e resíduos sólidos. As usinas siderúrgicas semi-integradas são recicladoras de aço, tendo a sucata como sua principal matéria-prima. Os trituradores de sucata são utilizados para minimizar as impurezas e ajustar as dimensões da sucata. Esta etapa de separação gera um grande volume de resíduos que não são aproveitados no processo siderúrgico. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi caracterizar as frações do resíduo de um triturador de sucata de uma indústria siderúrgica da região do Vale dos Sinos-RS, para fins de um posterior reaproveitamento. Através de estudos de otimização do equipamento foi possível separar o material em quatro frações <20 mm (funil), >20 e <30 mm (EC1), >30 e <100 mm (EC2) e >100 mm (TC9). Estas frações foram analisadas em relação à composição das amostras, distribuição granulométrica, análise térmica, análise imediata, análise elementar, análise do poder calorífico superior, microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV) e a concentração de metais. Pode se concluir que a fração fina (<20 mm), possui potencial para incorporação em blocos cerâmicos estruturais. A fração entre 20 mm e 30 mm apresentam características compatíveis para o uso na indústria cimenteira. As amostras de maior granulometria, fração entre 30 e 100 mm e > 100 mm, apresentam potencial de uso para o reaproveitamento energético. Apontou-se oportunidade na recuperação de ferrosos e não ferrosos em todas as frações estudadas. Para o reaproveitamento do resíduo do shredder é necessário a separação deste em granulometrias diferentes. / The steel sector is a major consumer of energy and involves large volumes of inputs, pollutant emissions and solid waste. The semi-integrated steel mills are steel recyclers, with scrap as their main raw material. Scrap grinders are used to minimize impurities and adjust scrap dimensions. This separation stage generates a large volume of waste that is not used in the steelmaking process. Therefore, the objective of this work was to characterize the fractions of the waste from a scrap crusher from a steel industry in the Vale dos Sinos-RS region, for purposes of subsequent reuse. By means of equipment optimization studies it was possible to separate the material into four fractions <20 mm (funnel),> 20 and <30 mm (EC1),> 30 and <100 mm (EC2) and> 100 mm (TC9). These fractions were analyzed in relation to the composition of the samples, particle size distribution, thermal analysis, immediate analysis, elemental analysis, higher calorific value analysis, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and metal concentration. It can be concluded that the fine fraction (<20 mm) has potential for incorporation of the raw material for the production of structural ceramic blocks. The smaller fractions (<20 mm and <30 mm) have compatible characteristics for use in the cement industry. Samples with higher grain size (> 30 mm and> 100 mm) show potential for use in energy recovery. It was pointed out an opportunity in the recovery of ferrous and non-ferrous in all fractions studied. For the reuse of the shredder residue it is necessary to separate it in different granulometry.

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2017-04-03T19:54:33Z No. of bitstreams: 1 viniciusdeazevedocoutofirme.pdf: 1460667 bytes, checksum: 67997771a02f81530da5999caf147cec (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2017-04-04T11:49:07Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 viniciusdeazevedocoutofirme.pdf: 1460667 bytes, checksum: 67997771a02f81530da5999caf147cec (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-04-04T11:49:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 viniciusdeazevedocoutofirme.pdf: 1460667 bytes, checksum: 67997771a02f81530da5999caf147cec (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-02-18 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Este trabalho objetivou analisar o impacto da medida antidumping, iniciada em outubro de 1998, contra as exportações do setor siderúrgico provenientes do Brasil que tinham como destino os EUA. Especificamente, objetivou-se verificar os efeitos decorrentes desta barreira comercial sobre a produção e emprego dos setores do Estado de Minas Gerais e do restante do Brasil. Para tanto, inicialmente estimou-se uma função de exportação a fim de capturar os possíveis impactos restritivos da medida antidumping às exportações produtos de aço laminados a quente, compreendidas no período entre janeiro de 1995 a dezembro de 2002, provenientes de Minas Gerais. Posteriormente, o resultado deste modelo foi incorporado ao vetor de exportações do setor siderúrgico de Minas Gerais e inserido em matrizes de insumo-produto inter-regionais, para os anos de 1999 a 2002. As matrizes utilizadas continham as relações comerciais entre 13 setores de Minas Gerais e outros 13 do restante do Brasil e destas duas regiões com o exterior. Logo, esta análise possibilitou a mensuração dos impactos de tal medida sobre os diversos setores da economia de Minas Gerais e do restante do Brasil. Como resultado, pode-se concluir que a medida antidumping afetou de maneira significativa as exportações da siderurgia de Minas Gerais, sendo que seu impacto mais contundente ocorreu logo após a implementação de um direito antidumping provisório. Observou-se uma redução média de 11.48 % ao ano das exportações mineiras no período de tempo analisado. No entanto, o impacto na produção e emprego dos setores de Minas Gerais e do restante do Brasil foi relativamente pequeno, devido à baixa representatividade dos produtos de aço laminados a quente, no total exportado pela siderurgia de Minas Gerais. Entretanto, o estudo gerou indícios de que as exportações da siderurgia de Minas Gerais afetam com maior intensidade setores como: a própria siderurgia, de Minas Gerais e do restante do Brasil, no que diz respeito à produção. Com relação ao emprego os setores nas duas regiões que seriam mais impactados são a agropecuária; comércio e serviços e transporte. / This work pointed to analyse the impact of the antidumping measure, started in October of 1998, against the exportation of the Iron and Steel sector from Brazil towards the United States. Specifically, pointed itself to verify the effects that came from this commercial barrier on the production and employment of the sectors of Minas Gerais state and the rest of Brazil. For that, at the beginning, an exportation function was estimated trying to captive the possible restrictive impacts of the antidumping measure to exportation of Laminated Steel by heat, within the period between January of 1995 and december o 2002, from Minas Gerais State. Subsequantially, the result of the model was incorporated to the vector of Iron and Steel Industry exportation from Minas Gerais, and inserted into matrixes of inter-regional input-output, for the years between 199 and 2002. The Matrixes used, had commercial relationships with 13 sectors of Minas Gerais and other 13 sectors throughout Brazil and from these two regions with abroad. Therefore, this analysis, made possible the mensuration of the impacts of such measure on the various sectors of Minas Gerais' economy and the rest of Brazil's. As a result, it can be concluded that the antidumping measure affected the exportation of the Iron and Steel Industry of Minas Gerais, in a significant way, having its most cutting impact occurring right after the implementation of a provisory antidumping right. It was noticed an average reduction of 11.48% a year of the Minas Gerais' exportation on the period analysed. Yet, the impact on the production and employment of Minas Gerais' and the rest of Brazil was relatively small, due to the low representativity of the Laminated Steel by heat products on the total exported by the Iron and Steel Industry in Minas Gerais. In the meaning time, the study came up with clues that the Minas Gerais' Iron and Steel Industry exportation affect with more intensity sectors such as: the Iron and Steel Industry itself, not only from Minas Gerais but from the entire country, when it comes to production. About the employment, on both areas the most impacted sectors would be the farming (stockbreeding), Commerce, services and transportation.

O setor siderúrgico é um grande consumidor de energia e envolve grandes volumes de insumos, emissões de poluentes e resíduos sólidos. As usinas siderúrgicas semi-integradas são recicladoras de aço, tendo a sucata como sua principal matéria-prima. Os trituradores de sucata são utilizados para minimizar as impurezas e ajustar as dimensões da sucata. Esta etapa de separação gera um grande volume de resíduos que não são aproveitados no processo siderúrgico. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi caracterizar as frações do resíduo de um triturador de sucata de uma indústria siderúrgica da região do Vale dos Sinos-RS, para fins de um posterior reaproveitamento. Através de estudos de otimização do equipamento foi possível separar o material em quatro frações <20 mm (funil), >20 e <30 mm (EC1), >30 e <100 mm (EC2) e >100 mm (TC9). Estas frações foram analisadas em relação à composição das amostras, distribuição granulométrica, análise térmica, análise imediata, análise elementar, análise do poder calorífico superior, microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV) e a concentração de metais. Pode se concluir que a fração fina (<20 mm), possui potencial para incorporação em blocos cerâmicos estruturais. A fração entre 20 mm e 30 mm apresentam características compatíveis para o uso na indústria cimenteira. As amostras de maior granulometria, fração entre 30 e 100 mm e > 100 mm, apresentam potencial de uso para o reaproveitamento energético. Apontou-se oportunidade na recuperação de ferrosos e não ferrosos em todas as frações estudadas. Para o reaproveitamento do resíduo do shredder é necessário a separação deste em granulometrias diferentes. / The steel sector is a major consumer of energy and involves large volumes of inputs, pollutant emissions and solid waste. The semi-integrated steel mills are steel recyclers, with scrap as their main raw material. Scrap grinders are used to minimize impurities and adjust scrap dimensions. This separation stage generates a large volume of waste that is not used in the steelmaking process. Therefore, the objective of this work was to characterize the fractions of the waste from a scrap crusher from a steel industry in the Vale dos Sinos-RS region, for purposes of subsequent reuse. By means of equipment optimization studies it was possible to separate the material into four fractions <20 mm (funnel),> 20 and <30 mm (EC1),> 30 and <100 mm (EC2) and> 100 mm (TC9). These fractions were analyzed in relation to the composition of the samples, particle size distribution, thermal analysis, immediate analysis, elemental analysis, higher calorific value analysis, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and metal concentration. It can be concluded that the fine fraction (<20 mm) has potential for incorporation of the raw material for the production of structural ceramic blocks. The smaller fractions (<20 mm and <30 mm) have compatible characteristics for use in the cement industry. Samples with higher grain size (> 30 mm and> 100 mm) show potential for use in energy recovery. It was pointed out an opportunity in the recovery of ferrous and non-ferrous in all fractions studied. For the reuse of the shredder residue it is necessary to separate it in different granulometry.

Syfte: Studien syftar till att öka förståelsen för relevansen av digital marknadsföring på sociala medier för B2B-företag inom järn- och stålindustrin och öka kunskapen om betydelsen av hållbarhet i marknadsföringssyfte på sociala medier för dessa företag. Metod: Studien har utgått från en kvalitativ forskningsansats där empiriinsamlingen består av data insamlat från 11 semistrukturella intervjuer. En kvalitativ riktad innehållsanalys togs i anspråk för att vidareutveckla och bekräfta redan befintliga teorier funna inom den teoretiska referensramen. Medan en hermeneutisk ansats användes för att analysera obekräftade teorier och befintliga teoretiska gap funna inom den teoretiska referensramen. Resultat och slutsats: Resultatet av studien indikerar att marknadsföringsrelevansen på sociala medier skiljer sig mellan börsnoterade och icke-börsnoterade företag, mellan olika positioner i företaget och företagets närhet till slutprodukt. Relevansen av marknadsföring på sociala medier skilde sig inte i rekryteringssyfte ur HR- chefens perspektiv, oavsett om företaget var börsnoterat eller icke-börsnoterat. Hållbarhet har en stor betydelse i marknadsföringssyfte på sociala medier och ger företagen konkurrensfördelar. Studiens bidrag: Chefer i olika järn- och stålindustriföretag och andra tunga tillverkningsindustrier kan ta hänsyn till studiens resultat för att öka sin förståelse för relevansen av digitalmarknadsföring på sociala medier samt betydelsen av hållbarhet i marknadsföringssyfte på sociala medier. Detta för att utveckla sin kommande eller befintliga digitala marknadsföring på sociala medier. Förslag till vidare forskning: Vidare forskning föreslås inkludera fler antal intervjurespondenter och företag i studien för att undersöka resultatet i större utsträckning. / Aim: The study aims to increase the understanding of the relevance of digital marketing on social media for B2B- companies in the iron- and steel industry and increase the knowledge of the importance of sustainability in the marketing purpose on social media for these companies. Method: The study used a qualitative research approach, where the collection of empirical data consisted of data collected from 11 semi-structural interviews. A qualitative targeted content analysis method was used to further develop and confirm existing theories found within the theoretical frame of reference. While a hermeneutic approach method was used to analyse unconfirmed theories and existing theoretical gaps found within the theoretical frame of reference. Result and conclusions: The result of the study indicates that the relevance of marketing on social media differs between listed and non-listed companies, between different positions in the company, and by the company's proximity to the end product. The relevance of marketing on social media did not differ in recruitment purposes from the HR manager's perspective, whether the company was listed or non-listed. Sustainability is of great importance for marketing purposes on social media and gives companies a competitive advantage. Contributions: Managers in various iron and steel industry companies and other heavy manufacturing industries can take the findings into account to increase their understanding of the relevance of digital marketing on social media and the importance of sustainability in the marketing purpose on social media for B2B-companies. For developing their upcoming or existing digital marketing on social media. Suggestion for further research: Further research is recommended to include more interview respondents and companies in the survey to examine the results to a greater extent.

鋼鐵産業是象徵國家經濟情況的重要基礎産業，也是代表社會發展程度、經濟實力的重要標誌。因此鋼鐵產業常被認為是具有代表國力強弱的指標性意義，不論是先進國家或發展中國家，皆長期的、積極的振興鋼鐵產業。 現今臺灣的鋼鐵業者在面對上、下游皆瘦而中游獨大的特殊產業環境之下，許多企業為了達到產業規模經濟與拓展銷售市場，紛紛前往海外另闢戰場。傳統的國際化理論認為國際化過程的演變是大型企業為了因應產品生命週期的演進而選擇在海外市場發揮其資源優勢的行為，然而從網絡連結觀點我們可以把國際化看成是企業試圖和國外網絡連結建立關係的作為。通常非大型企業並不具備獨自建立國外相關網絡的資源深度，然而透過網絡關係的合作卻可以快速取得當地市場知識並藉由現有通路進入國際市場。這對於具有高進入障礙、高度資本密集、高度技術密集且企業難以獨自擁有足夠生產資源等特性的鋼鐵產業而言，網絡關係連結相當重要。 在這個全球化的時代，大多數企業遲早都會在國際上競爭。因此，專注於國內市場交易的在地企業會被迫具有國際競爭力並參與國際商業活動。所有管理國內企業或跨國集團的經理人都必須意識到這個潮流的影響力。全球化經濟現在已經充斥在世界的各個角落，而且國際化現在所影響的不僅是大型企業集團連許多的非大型企業也是。本次研究針對鋼鐵產業使用多點個案研究法，調查網絡連結對企業國際化進程的影響。來自六家鋼鐵業者的研究證據顯示可以印證在企業的國際化過程中，網絡連結會觸發並驅動企業的國際化、影響企業的海外市場選擇決策與進入模式決策、幫助企業獲得起始信用、接近新網絡關係與現成通路、也協助降低成本與風險，並且影響企業的國際化步調。 / The iron-and-steel industry is an important basic industry to symbolize national economics, and a main indicator which represents social development level and economics power. Because the iron-and-steel industry is usually considered as an index of national strength, no wander many developed and developing nations all have prospering iron-and-steel industries. Now iron-and-steel firms in Taiwan are facing a unique industrial environment, and many are expanding new overseas markets to exploit economies of scale. Traditional internationalization theory posited that the internationalization process is a behavior of giant enterprises to adapt to the product life cycle evolvement and exploit the resource advantage abroad. However, we can view internationalization as a behavior of SMEs to establish relationships with foreign networks from the network perspective. Usually small firms can’t afford enough resources to build up international networks by themselves, but by only cooperating through network connections they can obtain foreign market knowledge soon and penetrate international markets via existing channels. The iron-and-steel industry has high entry barriers, high capital requirement and technology intensity, for SMEs difficult to have all kinds of production resources, the network relationship connections are quite crucial to succeed in international markets. In this era of globalization, most firms will sooner or later have to compete in the international market. Therefore, local firms that focus their business on the domestic market are forced to be internationally competitive and to participate in international business. All managers must be aware of this trend when managing a domestic firm or a multinational conglomerate. The global economy now has reached every corner of the world, and internationalization now involves not just the giant corporations but also many SME enterprises. This research use case research method to examine the influence of network connections on the internationalization process of SME iron-and-steel firms in Taiwan. The evidence from the cases of six iron-and-steel firms shows that the firms’ internationalization process was triggered and motivated by network connections which also affected their foreign market-selection decisions and mode-of-entry decisions, helped them obtain initial credibility and access to other relationships and established channels, helped in lowering cost and risk, and influenced their internationalization pace.

The dissertation is a biography of the industrialist and statesman Christian Lundeberg, a leading and stongly pronounced conservative actor in Swedish political life during the decades around1900, but nowadays almost forgotten. The purpose is to identify the main forces – convictions as well as external factors – behind his actions. He was very influential within  a range of important sectors, i.a. compulsory national service, repeated interventions to keep the iron ore of Norrland under Swedish ownership,  establishment of a regular conservative party and the decision on the vote to right (for men) in 1907. His most well-known action was as Swedish Prime Minister and head architect behind the peaceful dissolution in 1905 of the union with Norway. However for a long time biographies have not been regarded as ”real” scientific work within the concerned academic Swedish circles. For this reason the introductory chapter analyses these discussions  and  concludes that time now is ready for the genre to come in from the cold , enumerating six criteria regarded to be of paramount importance. These are being observed in the consecutive parts of the study. The following chapter studies the concept of paternalism as defined within Swedish professional circles, forming a background to the remaining parts of the dissertation. In their turn these present thorough reviews both of Lundeberg’s activities as a paternalistic foundry proprietor in the local family owned community of Forsbacka and of his contributions on the central political level. The final chapter summarizes the driving forces behind Lundeberg’s activities in stating that he was not an ultraconservative person, a priori opposing all progress.  Instead as the years passed he developed a clear readiness for compromise solutions. Three key concepts are said to be central to the understanding of his person: “Fatherland”, ”Responsibility” and “Duty”.  Throughout all his life he adhered to many of the paternalistic principles and values he learnt at an early age in Forsbacka. His present anonymity is explained  by the fact that he in a retrospective very often is considered as being defeated in a number of political convictions now regarded as important.

The iron and steel industry has become increasingly globalised. Market conditions are also changing and de-carbonisation of production is challenging. The objective of this thesis is to assess how energy efficiency and greenhouse gas emissions reductions can be promoted and effectively monitored in the steel industry. The thesis contributes with analyses based on the Malmquist Productivity Index for a top-down analysis of the energy efficiency of EU Member States’ iron and steel production, and Partial Least Squares regression for bottom-up assessments of different monitoring tools. The thesis also contributes with a scrap availability assessment module to enhance the energy system model ETSAP-TIAM. The first phase of the research showed that future production needs to shift towards innovative low-CO2 technologies even when all available recycled material is fully used. Techniques using carbon capture and storage (CCS) as well as hydrogen-based technologies can be expected to become economically viable under tightened climate policies. The second phase of the research showed that current indicators are insufficient. System boundaries of energy use and emissions data do not align with production statistics. Indicators based on energy use or emissions in relation to production in physical terms may be useful to track specific processes. However, current indicators fail to reflect the companies’ product mix. Enhanced energy and climate indicators that adjust for the product mix provide better estimates while failing to reflect the increasing globalisation. Effective monitoring of industrial transformation will be increasingly important as pressure from climate policy via global CO2-pricing is unlikely in the short term. Current or enhanced indicators do not fully capture industrial transformation and are not recommended. Future research should focus on defining indicators to estimate energy use and emissions along industrial value chains in climate policy contexts. / Järn- och stålindustrin har blivit alltmer globaliserad. Marknadsvillkoren förändras samtidigt som utfasningen av fossila bränslen är utmanande. Målet med den här avhandlingen är att bedöma hur energieffektivitet och växthusgasutsläppsminskningar kan främjas och effektivt utvärderas inom stålindustrin. Avhandlingen bidrar med analyser baserade Malmquists produktivitetsindex för att analysera energieffektivitet av EU:s medlemsstaters järn- och stålproduktion, och partiell minsta- kvadrat-regression för att bedöma olika utvärderingsmått. Avhandlingen bidrar även med en modul som bedömer skrottillgång för att förbättra energisystemmodellen ETSAP-TIAM. I en första fas visade forskningen att framtida produktion behöver ställas om mot innovativa teknologier med låga CO2-utsläpp även när allt tillgängligt återvunnet material används fullt ut. Tekniker som använder koldioxidinfångning och -lagring (CCS) samt vätebaserade teknologier kan förväntas bli ekonomiskt försvarbara under åtstramade klimatpolitiska styrmedel. I en andra fas visade forskningen att nuvarande indikatorer är otillräckliga. Systemgränser för energianvändnings- och växthusgasutsläppsdata stämmer inte överens med produktionsstatistik. Indikatorer utifrån energianvändning eller utsläpp i relation till fysisk produktion kan vara användbara för att följa upp specifika processer. Nuvarande indikatorer lyckas dock inte spegla företagens produktmix. Förbättrade energi- och klimatindikatorer som justerar för produktmixen ger bättre uppskattningar, men speglar inte branschens ökande globalisering. Effektiv utvärdering av industriell transformation blir alltmer viktig då påtryckning från klimatpolitiska styrmedel via global CO2-prissättning är kortsiktigt osannolik. Nuvarande eller förbättrade indikatorer fångar inte industriell transformation fullt ut och rekommenderas inte. Framtida forskning bör fokusera på att definiera indikatorer som uppskattar energianvändning och växthusgasutsläpp längs industriella värdekedjor. / <p>QC 20170428</p>