Master of Agribusiness / Department of Agricultural Economics / Andrew P. Barkley / The objectives of this thesis is to use regression models and market trends to determine whether the changing product mix of Ardent Mills has an impact on volume, sales dollars, and margin dollars. The results will be used to build a market analysis of Ardent Mills’ product mix strategy. Flour milling is a highly competitive industry. Ardent Mills is constantly looking to increase profits and become more valuable to its customers. Specialty products have created a new opportunity, but the opportunity costs must also be considered. Determining what new products to develop, where to manufacture them, and whether to create new capacity or convert existing capacity are difficult decisions that must be made. The data used in this thesis were collected from Ardent Mills’ sales records from June 1, 2014 through December 31, 2016. Type of product, sales volume, sales dollars, and margin dollars were collected for each month to be analyzed. The study determined that increasing the volume of whole wheat flour sales decreases white flour volume, total flour volume, white flour sales dollars, and total flour sales dollars. Increasing the volume of UltraGrain increases white flour sales dollars and total flour sales dollars. Increasing the volume of wheat-based specialty products increases the volume of white flour and the volume of total flour. As the demand for UltraGrain and wheat-based specialty products increases, the demand for white flour increases as well. Decreasing wheat prices have allowed for additional margin to be captured.

This study aimed to quantify resistant starch (RS) beta-glucans (BG) and fructo-oligosaccharides (FOS) in Indian and Canadian wheat varieties and in chapaties made from these; and to assess the effects of soy flour on the levels of these components and its effects on the sensory and functional properties of the wheat-soy chapaties. Seven wheat varieties (Indian / Canadian) were milled into flour; supplemented with 0 % (control), 10 %, 20 % or 30 % defatted soy flour and made into chapaties. Flours and chapaties (freeze-dried, pulverized) were assayed for BG, FOS, RS and simple sugars (glucose / sucrose). Sensory evaluation was carried out by (9 point) hedonic rating of chapaties by 20 untrained Indian panelists. Flour water-holding capacity and water absorption indices (WAI) were determined. RS content of flours ranged from 7.1 g/100 g to 12.6 g/100g, but decreased when made into chapaties, (< 1 g/100 g), and decreased further with soy flour addition. BG content in flours ranged from 0.8 g/100 g to 1.4 g/100 g, while FOS content ranged from 1.3 g/100 g to 2.3 g/100 g. Minimal changes were observed in BG and FOS content when made into chapaties. Simple sugars were minimal in flours and chapaties. WAI of wheat flour was increased with addition of soy bean flour. Addition of up to 30 % soybean flour elevated the sensory acceptability of chapaties. While there is a decrease in RS with chapati making, the levels of BG and FOS are largely unchanged with processing. / Master of Science

Orientador: Yoon Kil Chang / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-17T11:54:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Almeida_EvelineLopes_D.pdf: 15986514 bytes, checksum: 094dacc9b30033f34ea8b0f9287a156e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: Existe evidência da relação entre o consumo de cereais integrais e a prevenção do desenvolvimento de várias doenças como alguns tipos de câncer, doenças cardiovasculares, diabete e obesidade. O mercado de pães pré-assados congelados está em ascensão, fazendo deste produto um excelente alimento para veiculação do cereal integral. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a qualidade de pão francês pré-assado congelado elaborado com farinha do trigo integral através do estudo do efeito do tempo de fermentação, do efeito da adição de enzimas, da influência do período de estocagem congelada e das transformações da massa nas etapas de pré-assamento e reassamento. Na primeira parte várias formulações foram avaliadas em dois tempos de fermentação diferentes. Na segunda parte um delineamento composto central rotacional (DCCR) foi realizado com as enzimas glicolipase, hemicelulase e hexose-oxidase como as variáveis independentes. Na terceira parte, os pães pré-assados congelados foram estocados por 0, 1, 7, 15, 30 e 65 dias congelados para avaliação destes períodos. Características como volume específico, textura (firmeza e elasticidade), salto de forno, formato, abertura e pestana foram avaliados nestas três partes. Na terceira parte, a transição térmica do amido, fração de água congelada e avaliação sensorial também foram realizadas. Na quarta parte, características como perfil de temperatura do processo, umidade, cor, comportamento viscoamilográfico, transição térmica do amido, difratometria dos raios-x, microscopia óptica de luz polarizada e microscopia eletrônica de varredura foram avaliadas no final das etapas de pré-assamento e reassamento em três porções dos pães (miolo interno, miolo externo e crosta). Os resultados mostraram que é possível produzir pão francês préassado congelado elaborado com farinha do trigo integral, sendo fonte de fibras pela legislação brasileira (mínimo de 3 g de fibra alimentar / 100 g de produto pronto para consumo), que possua atributos de qualidade aceitáveis ao consumidor que relatou alta intenção de compra do produto. Para alcançar tal objetivo, o tempo de fermentação deve ser otimizado de acordo com a formulação para que não ocorra colapso da estrutura. As enzimas glicolipase, hemicelulase e hexose oxidase devem ser utilizadas nas faixas de 30-75 ppm, 91- 359 ppm e 30-120 ppm (base farinha), respectivamente, conjuntamente com uma formulação base. O pão pode ser mantido por 65 dias sob estocagem congelada sem que o consumidor perceba alterações nos atributos do pão (aparência, volume, formato, cor, avaliação global) e da fatia (cor, aroma, sabor, textura, avaliação global). A umidade e a cor apresentadas pelos pães após as etapas de pré-assamento e reassamento mostraram que eles apresentavam boas características para a sua comercialização / Abstract: There is evidence of the relationship between the consumption of whole grains and the prevention of illnesses such as cancer, cardiovascular disease, diabetes and obesity. The market of frozen part-baked breads is in ascension, making of this product an excellent food for the propagation of whole grains. The aim of this work was to evaluate the quality of frozen part-baked French bread made with whole wheat flour through the study of (01) effect of proofing time; (02) effect of the addition of enzymes; (03) influence of time of frozen storage and (04) changes of dough during the steps of partbaking and rebaking. In the first part, several formulations were evaluated at two different proofing times. In the second part, a central composite rotational design (CCRD) was used, with the percentages of glycolipase, xylanase and hexose oxidase being the independent variables. In the third part, frozen part-baked breads were frozen stored for 0, 1, 7, 15, 30 and 65 days for the evaluation of these periods. Characteristics such as specific volume, crumb texture (firmness and springiness), oven spring, shape, measurement of the opening and cut of surface were evaluated in these three parts. In the third part, the thermal transition of starch, the unfreezable water fraction and sensory tests were also carried out. In the fourth part, characteristics such as temperature profile, moisture, color, pasting properties, thermal transitions of starch, x-ray crystallography, Fourier infra-red spectroscopy, polarized light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy were evaluated at the end of the part-baking and rebaking steps in three portions of the breads (inner crumb, outer crumb and crust). The results showed that it is possible to elaborate frozen part-baked French bread made with whole wheat flour, source of fiber by the Brazilian legislation (at least 3 g dietary fiber / 100 g final product), that has acceptable quality attributes to the consumer who related high purchase intention of the product. To reach such objective, the proofing time should be optimized in accordance with the formulation to avoid the collapse of the structure. The enzymes glycolipase, xylanase and hexose oxidase should be employed within the ranges of 30-75 ppm, 91-359 ppm and 30- 120 ppm (flour basis), respectively, together with a basic formulation. The bread can be kept for 65 days under frozen storage without the consumer noting changes in bread attributes (appearance, volume, shape, color, global evaluation) and slice attributtes (color, flavor, taste, texture, global evaluation). The moisture and the color presented by breads after the stages of part-baking and rebaking showed that they showed good characteristics for its commercialization / Doutorado / Engenharia de Alimentos / Doutor em Tecnologia de Alimentos

Orientador: Yoon Kil Chang / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-12T17:17:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Costa_PaulaFernandaPintoda_M.pdf: 1614314 bytes, checksum: ca5c2d3f9f5705e6eb10f0be8842c7f9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Resumo: Existe uma demanda crescente por produtos funcionais contendo fibras, principalmente por produtos de panificação utilizando farinha de trigo integral, devido aos benefícios à saúde, como a diminuição do risco de alguns tipos de câncer, doenças cardiovasculares, diverticulites e problemas relacionados à obesidade. No entanto, a farinha de trigo integral possui vida de prateleira reduzida por apresentar alta atividade enzimática e presença de bolores e leveduras que dificultam seu armazenamento e conservação. Estudos demonstraram que a vida de prateleira da farinha de trigo integral pode ser prolongada através de métodos de estabilização, como a utilização de radiação gama ou radiação infravermelha em condições adequadas. Este trabalho objetivou estudar o efeito de métodos de estabilização da farinha de trigo integral utilizando radiação gama e radiação infravermelha na vida de prateleira e nas características tecnológicas da farinha integral e na elaboração de pão de forma. Foram realizados experimentos para estabelecer as melhores doses de radiação gama (0,5; 1,5; 2,5; 3,5 e 4,5 kGy), aplicada na farinha de trigo integral e nos grãos de trigo. As condições ideais de temperatura e tempo de exposição do farelo à radiação infravermelha, foram determinadas através do Delineamento Composto Central Rotacional (DCCR 22), variando a temperatura de 66 (-1,41) a 94ºC (+1,41), e o tempo de 8 (-1,41) a 22 minutos (+1,41). Os ensaios da radiação infravermelha foram realizados em estufa equipada com resistências infravermelhas de cerâmica, de comprimento de onda de 2,7 µm. Foram realizadas análises após a aplicação das doses de radiação gama (na farinha e no grão) e radiação infravermelha (no farelo), sendo avaliadas as características físico-químicas (composição centesimal e cor) e reológicas (viscosidade da pasta, farinografia, extensografia, teores e índices de glúten e Falling Number) das farinhas irradiadas e controle. As farinhas integrais e os grãos irradiados com radiação gama e a farinha de trigo integral reconstituída com o farelo submetido a radiação infravermelha (20 min a 90ºC) foram armazenados durante quatro meses e a cada mês foram realizadas análises para acompanhamento da estabilidade (acidez do extrato etéreo, microbiologia e presença de insetos), e desempenho em panificação (volume específico, umidade e dureza dos pães de forma integrais). Os resultados demonstraram que: a) a qualidade da farinha de trigo integral e dos pães de forma é influenciada por sua estabilidade e características reológicas; b) os efeitos da radiação gama na farinha integral são dependentes da dose de radiação gama aplicada, sendo que todas elas afetaram de modo negativo as características reológicas e a qualidade dos pães, devido a modificações causadas nas frações amido e proteína; no entanto a utilização de baixas doses melhorou a estabilidade, porém, devido aos efeitos adversos na massa, esta técnica não é recomendada; c) os efeitos da radiação gama nos grãos de trigo também são dependentes da dose utilizada; no entanto, se observou que os efeitos no grão não são tão intensos como aqueles observados na farinha de trigo integral, sendo que a dose 0,5 kGy, foi eficiente na estabilização dos grãos e da farinha resultante, não interferindo significativamente nas características reológicas e na qualidade dos pães, podendo ser uma alternativa para o prolongamento da estabilidade dos mesmos; d) a utilização de radiação infravermelha demonstrou ser eficiente nos propósitos deste trabalho, pois, prolongou a estabilidade da farinha de trigo integral e melhorou a qualidade dos pães de forma integrais. Esta depende das condições de tempo e temperatura utilizadas, sendo verificado que a exposição do farelo a 90ºC por 20 minutos foi eficiente para reduzir a atividade da enzima lipase e a contagem de bolores e leveduras, melhorando a estabilidade da farinha de trigo integral e a qualidade dos pães / Abstract: There is an increasing demand for functional products with fibers, mainly for bakery products using whole wheat flour, due to health benefits, such as reductions of the risk cardiovascular and diverticular diseases, cancer, and problems related to obesity. However, whole wheat flour has a reduced shelf life because it presents high enzymatic activity and the presence of molds and yeasts that make its storage and conservatism difficult. Studies have demonstrated that the shelf life of whole wheat flour can be improved through stabilization methods, such as gamma radiation or infra red radiation used in adequate conditions. The objective of this work was to study the effect of stabilization methods for whole wheat flour using gammaradiation and infra red radiation on the shelf life and technological characteristics of the whole wheat flour and on whole bread elaboration. Experiments were carried out to establish the best doses of gamma radiation (0.5, 1.5, 2.5, 3.5 and 4.5 kGy), applied to whole wheat flour and to wheat grains. The ideal conditions of temperature and exposition time of the bran to infra red radiation, were determined through the Response Surface Methodology (CCRD 22), varying temperature from 66 (-1,41) to 94ºC (+1,41), and time from 8 (-1,41) to 22 minutes (+1,41). The infra red radiation assays were carried out in an oven equipped with infra red ceramic resistances, with a wave length of 2.7 µm. Analyses were carried out after the application of gamma radiation doses (in the flour and in the grain) and infra red radiation (in the bran)evaluating the physical-chemical (proximate chemical composition and color) and rheological (paste viscosity, farinograph, extensograph, gluten content and Falling Number) characteristics of radiated and control flours. The gamma radiated whole wheat flours and grains and the whole wheat flour reconstituted with the bran submitted to infra red radiation (20 min at 90ºC) were stored during four months and at each month analyses to follow stability (fat acidity, microbiology and presence of insects), and to evaluate baking performance (specific volume, moisture and hardness of whole breads) were carried out. The results demonstrated that: a) the quality of whole wheat flour and of the whole breads is influenced by their stability and rheological characteristics; b) the effects of gamma radiation on whole flour are dependent on the gamma radiation dose applied, but all doses negatively affected rheological characteristics and bread quality, due to modifications caused in the starch and protein fractions; however, the use of low doses improved stability, but due to the adverse effects on the dough, this technique is not recommended; c) the effects of gamma radiation on the wheat grains are also dependent on the dose used; however, it was observed that the effects of radiation on the grains are not so intense as those observed on the whole wheat flour, being the dose of 0.5 kGy efficient in the stabilization of the grains and resultant flour, not intervening significantly with rheological characteristics and bread quality, being an alternative for increasing their stability; d) the use of infra red radiation demonstrated to be efficient for the intentions of this work; as, it increased the stability of whole wheat flour and improved bread quality. It depends on the conditions of time and temperature used, being verified that the exposure of the bran to 90ºC for 20 minutes was efficient to reduce lipase activity and yeasts and molds count, improving stability of whole wheat flour and bread quality / Mestrado / Mestre em Tecnologia de Alimentos

Master of Science / Department of Grain Science and Industry / Jon Faubion / Whole wheat flour has become a popular ingredient in baked goods. Consumers are seeking the added benefits of consuming healthy phytochemicals and bioactive compounds. As the demand for wholemeal flour increases it is important to understand the factors contributing to changes in whole wheat flour breadmaking quality as a function of both wheat and flour age. In wholemeal flour, the lipid composition appears to be a factor causing variable baking quality. Changes that occur in both freshly harvested wheat and milled flour can cause variations in baking quality. Bakers’ attempts to adjust formulations and processes are often unsuccessful. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of aging both new crop wheat and freshly milled flour at 2 different temperatures on baking quality and glycolipid composition. This study aged freshly harvested Overley hard red winter wheat at RT (23˚C) and FZ (-26˚C) for 8, 50, and 91 days before milling. Whole wheat flour baking and lipid extraction studies were performed incrementally over 31 days of flour storage after each milling. Glycolipid structure and amounts were measured using automated electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry. The glycolipids analyzed in this study were DGDG (digalactosyldiglycerol), MGDG (monogalactosylmonoglycerol), MGMG (monogalactosylmonoglycerol), and DGMG (digalactosylmonoglycerol). Both the wheat and flour stored at -26˚C produced larger mean loaf volumes than did the 23˚C treatment for all 3 wheat ages. The FZ and RT DGDG:MGDG ratios were similar over both wheat and flour age so changes to the glycolipid fraction did not appear to be the cause of the significant difference between volumes of bread baked from samples stored at RT and FZ. There was limited change in mean volume over flour age except for an increase at the FZ 91 day point. The DGDG:MGDG ratios were generally unchanged over flour age. Loaf volumes were the same over wheat age except for an unexpected drop during the 50 day wheat study. The corresponding DGDG:MGDG ratios did not show any significant differences over wheat age. The FZ storage temperature might be inhibiting some biochemical change not affecting the glycolipids, leading to higher volumes than the RT storage treatment.

Whole grains are an increasingly popular health food in America. However, shelf life of whole grains is compromised due to the presence of lipoxygenases in the bran and germ, which lead to rancidity and generation of oxidative byproducts. These byproducts reduce sensory quality and may have a degradative effect on vitamins in whole grain products. The purpose of this study was to determine the degree of lipid and vitamin degradation during long-term storage of three whole grains: whole wheat flour, brown rice, and rolled oats. We also examined vitamin loss after cooking to determine if oxidative byproducts had an effect on vitamins during typical household cooking. Whole wheat flour, brown rice, and rolled oats were stored for 12 months and periodically analyzed for conjugated dienes, free fatty acids, tocopherols, thiamin, and riboflavin. Whole wheat bread, steamed brown rice, and oat porridge were made from samples stored for 0 months and 12 months and were analyzed for thiamin and riboflavin. Conjugated dienes increased significantly only in rolled oats, while tocopherols decreased significantly in whole wheat flour and rolled oats and insignificantly in brown rice. Free fatty acids increased significantly in whole wheat flour and brown rice. Thiamin and riboflavin were stable in raw stored grains and cooked products made from stored grains with the exception of brown rice, in which we observed a significant decrease in thiamin after 12-month storage and cooking. These results suggest whole wheat flour, brown rice, and rolled oats experience significant lipid and tocopherol degradation, but it does not appear to affect thiamin and riboflavin in raw stored products. Cooking appears to cause degradation of thiamin after storage of brown rice, but thiamin and riboflavin were otherwise stable in these whole grains.

Orientador: Caroline Joy Steeel / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-19T23:52:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Shiozawa_Simone_M.pdf: 5840556 bytes, checksum: b67677c4aa969540264feb24e03595d7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: Apesar de serem poucas as pesquisas sobre a qualidade e tecnologia associada a fabricacao de massas de pizza e existirem poucos indicadores de qualidade disponiveis na legislacao para este tipo de produto, alguns fenomenos podem ser explicados, por analogia, a fabricacao de pao, ja que os ingredientes basicos destes dois produtos sao praticamente os mesmos. O aumento do mercado de pizzas no Brasil, de 5% ao ano em vendas, e a crescente preocupacao da populacao em manter uma alimentacao saudavel, como tambem em buscar e dar preferencia aos alimentos de conveniencia e praticidade sao indicativos de que o desenvolvimento de massas de pizza pre-assadas enriquecidas com fibras podem ter impacto positivo sobre este mercado em expansao e sobre as tendencias para escolha de alimentos industrializados pelos consumidores. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos da adicao de farinha de trigo de grao inteiro (FTGI) e fibra branca de trigo (FBT) sobre a qualidade de massas de pizza pre-assadas. Foram identificados seus efeitos sobre o processamento e caracteristicas tecnologicas, sensoriais e de conservacao das massas de pizza pre-assadas. A FTGI e a FBT interferiram nos parametros farinograficos e extensograficos da mistura com a farinha de trigo refinada para pizza (FTR), o que refletiu nas condicoes de processamento das massas de pizza pre-assadas, como foi observado na pratica, como o aumento da quantidade de agua necessaria para o desenvolvimento da massa, os maiores tempos de mistura ate a formacao da rede de gluten e o aumento da elasticidade das massas. Na qualidade das massas de pizza pre-assadas, as fontes de fibras tiveram influencia significativa nas analises de volume especifico e espessura dos discos de pizza, de cor L* e cor a*, de acidez total titulavel, e, dentro das mesmas condicoes de processamento e das faixas de concentracao estudadas para a FTGI e FBT, e possivel afirmar que os modelos obtidos neste trabalho reproduzem os resultados praticos. A avaliacao microbiologica das massas de pizza pre-assadas, durante a estocagem refrigerada, garantiu a seguranca microbiologica por ate 58 dias apos sua fabricacao. Sensorialmente as formulacoes somente com FBT e a com ambas as fibras (ponto central do planejamento) foram tao aceitas pelos consumidores quanto a formulacao controle sem fibras, alem de serem produtos considerados alto teor de fibras (6 g de fibras/100 g de produto). Apesar da menor aceitacao pelos consumidores, e possivel obter um produto com apelo de fonte de fibras e de grao inteiro, pois o produto com 90% de FTGI substituindo a FTR, contem cerca de 5,6% de fibras e mais de 51% de grao inteiro em sua composicao final / Abstract: Although there is little research on the quality and technology associated with the production of pizza and few quality indicators available in the legislation for this type of product, some phenomena can be explained by analogy to the production of bread, since the basic ingredients of these two products are practically the same. The increase of the pizza market in Brazil, of 5% a year in sales, and the growing public concern in maintaining a healthy diet, but also seeking and giving preference to foods of convenience and practicality are indicators that the development of pre-baked pizza doughs enriched with fibers can have a positive impact on this expanding market and trends in the choice of foods by consumers. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of the addition of whole grain wheat flour (FTGI) and white wheat fiber (FBT) on the quality of pre-baked pizza doughs. Their effects on the processing and technological, sensory and conservation characteristics of pre-baked pizza doughs were identified. FTGI and FBT interfered in the farinographic and extensographic parameters, which affected the processing conditions of the prebaked pizza doughs, as observed in practice as an increase in the amount of water required for the development of the dough, longer mixing times for the formation of the gluten network and an increase in dough elasticity. Regarding pre-baked pizza dough quality, the sources of dietary fiber had a significant influence on specific volume and thickness of the pizza disks, color L* and a*, total titrable acidity, and it can be said that the models obtained in this work reproduce the practical results if the same processing conditions and ingredient variation ranges are used. The microbiological evaluation of the pre-baked pizza doughs, during refrigerated storage, guaranteed the microbiological safety for up to 58 days. Sensorially, the FBT formulation and the formulation with both fibers (central point of the experimental design) were as accepted by consumers as the control formulation without fibers, as well as being considered ¿high fiber products¿ (6 g fibers/100 g of product). Despite the lower acceptance by consumers, it is possible to obtain a high fiber and whole grain pre-baked pizza dough, since the formulation with 90% of FTGI replacing the refined flour contains about 5.6% of dietary fiber and more than 51% of whole grain in its final composition / Mestrado / Tecnologia de Alimentos / Mestre em Tecnologia de Alimentos