Manufacturer-specific models of wind turbines are favored for use in wind power interconnection studies. While they are detailed and accurate, their usages are limited to the terms of the non-disclosure agreement, thus stifling model sharing. The primary objective of the work proposed is to develop universal manufacturer-independent wind power plant models that can be shared, used, and improved without any restrictions by project developers, manufacturers, and engineers. Each of these models includes representations of general turbine aerodynamics, the mechanical drive-train, and the electrical characteristics of the generator and converter, as well as the control systems typically used. In order to determine how realistic model performance is, the performance of the one of the models (doubly fed induction generator model) has been validated using real-world wind power plant data. This work also documents selected applications of these models. / text

Darbas susideda iš dviejų dalių teorinės bei praktinės. Darbo tikslas – įvertinti vėjo parametrus ir prognozuojamą vėjo elektrinių galią pajūrio ir Tauragės regionams. Teorinėje dalyje aprašoma vėjo energetikos pasiekimai ir perspektyvos Lietuvoje, aptariami vėjo srautų kitimo atmosferos pasienio sluoksnyje dėsningumai, vėjo prognozavimo metodai, vėjo jėgainių konstrukcija ir veikimo principas. Praktinėje dalyje pateikiama vėjo matavimo duomenų statistinė analizė, bei įvertinamas prognozuojamas metinis vėjo jėgainių pagamintos energijos kiekis. / The work consists of two parts: theoretical and practical. The aim of the work is to evaluate the parameters of the wind and prognosticated the power of wind- power- stations for near- shore zones and regions of Tauragė. In the theoretical part the achievements and perspectives of wind energetics in Lithuania are described, the regularity of wind flow changes in atmosphere terminal are discussed, the methods of wind prognostication, the construction and working principle of wind- power- stations. In the practical part the statistical analysis of wind measures is shown and the prognosticated amount of energy produced by wind- power- stations per year is evaluated.

Two of the most significant challenges facing the world in the 21st century are improving energy security and mitigating the effects of climate change. To counter these challenges, renewable energy sources, such as wind, are considered a possible solution and have gained importance worldwide. With many jurisdictions setting high wind-energy targets for the coming decades, risks have grown as the demand for new wind turbines has outstripped the growth of its suppliers. Integrating significant amounts of wind-electricity into existing networks raises reliability concerns due to variable nature of wind. A method for estimating the reliability of wind-energy systems is presented which is a combination of a forecasting method (probabilistic approach) and RL (Resistance-Load) technique (risk-based approach), demonstrated through a case study, and verified using real-time wind farm data.

Recently, electric vehicles (EVs) have been gaining attention in passenger transportation due to their greater fuel economy and reduced greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions compared to conventional vehicles (CVs). The amount of GHG emissions reduction from EVs depends on the energy sources used to generate electricity. Wind is a clean, renewable energy source and EVs charged from wind-generated electricity do not produce any emissions. However, wind is variable in nature. This thesis examines the potential impact of EVs on reducing a jurisdiction’s vehicular GHG emissions using locally available wind-electricity. Four methods of charging EVs using wind-electricity are considered, with grid-electricity as a backup, and the overall well-to-wheels GHG emission reductions are discussed. The thesis includes a case study of Summerside. The results show that up to 68% of the EVs’ demands were met with wind-electricity, and Summerside’s vehicular GHG emissions were reduced by between 56% and 73% when compared to CVs.

Šio darbo tikslas - ištirti aplinką tausojančių atsinaujinančių saulės ir vėjo energijos konversijos sistemų galimybes tenkinti pastatų kaimo vietovėse šilumos poreikius ir pagrįsti šių sistemų optimalius parametrus. Atsižvelgiant į planetos gamtos išteklių ribotumą ir siekiant užtikrinti aukštą aplinkosaugos lygį, skatinamas tvarus vartojimas ir gamyba. Vartojant mažiau energijos ir daugiau atsinaujinančių išteklių energijos galima padidinti energijos tiekimo garantijas bei sumažinti aplinkos taršą. Lietuvos gyvenamuosiuose būstuose per metus sunaudojama apie 55 - 57 PJ kuro ir energijos, iš kurių apie 25 - 27 PJ sunaudojama šilumos reikmėms. Vienbučiuose kaimo namuose šilumos reikmėms tenkinti naudojamos krosnys ir autonominiai kieto kuro katilai, kurui naudojantys malkas bei medienos atliekas. Kurą naudojant neefektyviai, degimo metu neišvengiama kenksmingų teršalų patekimo į aplinką. Šilumos reikmėms naudojant atsinaujinančių šaltinių energijos konversijos sistemas galima sumažinant aplinkai kenksmingų teršalų emisijas vartojant mažau kuro. Aplinką tausojančių saulės ir vėjo energijos konversijos sistemų naudojimo galimybės priklauso nuo šių energijos šaltinių potencialo ir energijos konversijos sistemų efektyvumo. Analizuojant daugiamečius saulės spindulinės energijos ir vėjo energijos potencialo tarpusavio sąveikos ir kitimo dėsningumus nustatyta, kad šias atsinaujinančios energijos rūšis pastatų šilumos reikmėms tenkinti tikslinga naudoti kompleksiškai, energijos... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The research work aim is to investigate the possibilities to use solar and wind energy conversion systems for answering of the thermal needs of the dwelling houses in rural areas and to substantiate the optimum parameters of these systems. The sustainable consumption and production is encouraged having in mind limited natural resources of the planet and actuated sustainable consumption and manufacturing. Less power consumption and greater application of renewable energy sources enable to increase the energy supply guarantees and minimize the ambient pollution. Approximately 55 – 57 PJ of the fuel and power have been used in the dwelling houses in Lithuania. About 25 – 27 PJ has been used for thermal needs. Firewood and wood residues are burned in furnaces of individual houses in rural areas. When the fuel is used inefficiently hazardous contaminants pollute the environment. When the energy conversion systems of renewable sources are used for thermal needs the emissions of harmful contaminants into the atmosphere can be greatly minimized because of the less fuel consumption. Possibility to use solar and wind energy conversion systems benevolent to the environment depends on the potential of these energy sources and the efficiency of these energy conversion systems. The analyses of the interaction of potential of solar radiant energy and wind energy during the decade and the change of its consistent pattern disclosed that these types of renewable energy used for thermal needs... [to full text]

Thesis (M.Tech.: Civil Engineering)-Dept. of of Civil Engineering and Surveying, Durban Institute of Technology, 2005 xii, 89 leaves : ill. ; 30 cm / The Reconstruction and Development Programme adopted by the Government of National Unity is more than a list of the services required to improve the quality of life of the majority of South Africans. It is not just a call for South Africans to unite to build a country free of poverty and misery; it is a programme designed to achieve this objective in an integrated and principled manner. Based on the strategic objectives, as highlighted in the White Paper on Water Supply and Sanitation Policy, with regard to alleviating the chronic potable water shortages in South Africa, this thesis investigates a design methodology to supply potable water through the use of wind energy. The design focuses on small rural off-grid developments where grid electricity either has not or will not reach, and where renewable energy is the only viable option. This thesis provides an overview of wind energy and presents the fundamentals of wind power calculations. It also formulates an overview of the historic and present situation with regards to potable water supply, and reflects on the need for urgent intervention. The feasibility of using wind energy to supply potable water to rural communities in South Africa is explored in a case study. The various problem areas are identified and examined and a wide range of possible solutions are recommended. A final flow chart for the system design is proposed, thus ensuring comprehensive design methodology from which future design of similar systems can be based.

New developments in science and technology are promoted through projections of anticipated benefit that justify research, help secure funding and institutional, political and public support, and encourage technology diffusion. This thesis explores the strategic influence of constructs of expected benefit through analysis of the claims advanced for two technology fields in New Zealand: genetic modification and wind energy. The ways benefits are framed, and the kinds of returns and outcomes that are promoted, have major implications for technoscience. Some technology pathways and applications are supported and fostered, while others are rejected or marginalised. The “downstream” impacts and potential risks of scientific innovation have received extensive academic and policy analysis, while the benefits claimed for R&D and new technologies have largely been taken for granted. However, science and technology futures have recently been addressed in an emerging field of international scholarship – the sociology of expectations. This thesis follows technoscience trajectories back “upstream”, to better understand the work of benefit framings in legitimating and valorising innovation in two sectors in New Zealand. Understanding the dynamics of such optimistic projections is crucial for publics, interested groups, practitioners and policy-makers engaging with the challenges of contemporary technoscience.

Electricity networks are undergoing a period of rapid change and transformation, with increased penetration levels of renewable-based distributed generation, and new influences on electricity end-use patterns from demand-manageable loads and micro-generation. This creates a number of new challenges for the delivery of a reliable supply of electrical energy. The main aim of this PhD research is to provide a methodology for a more detailed and accurate assessment of the effects of wind-based distributed generation (DG) and demand side management (DSM) on transmission network operation. In addition, the work investigates the potential for co-ordinated implementation and control of DG and DSM to improve overall system performance. A significant amount of previous literature on network integration of DG and DSM resources has focused on the effects at the distribution level, where their impact is direct and often easily observed. However, as penetration levels increase, DG and DSM will have a growing influence on the operation and management of the bulk transmission system. Modelling and analysis of the impact of embedded and highly-dispersed DG and DSM resources at transmission voltage levels will present a significant challenge for transmission network operators in the future. Accordingly, this thesis presents a number of new approaches and methodologies allowing for a more accurate modelling and aggregation of DG and DSM resources in power system studies. The correct representation of input wind energy resources is essential for accurate estimation of power and energy outputs of wind-based DG. A novel modelling approach for a simple and accurate representation of the statistical and temporal characteristics of the wind energy resources is presented in the thesis. An "all-scale" approach to modelling and aggregation of wind-based generation is proposed, which is specifically intended for assessing the impact of embedded wind generation on the steady state performance of transmission systems. The methodology allows to include in the analysis wind-based generation at all scales and all levels of implementation, from micro and small LV-connected units, through medium-size wind plants connected at MV, up to large HV-connected wind farms. The thesis also presents an assessment of the potential for DSM in the UK residential and commercial sectors, based on the analysis and decomposition of measured demands at system bulk supply points into the corresponding load types. Using a section of the Scottish transmission network as a case study, a number of DG and DSM scenarios are investigated in detail. These results demonstrate the importance of accurately modelling the interactions between the supply system and various DG and DSM schemes, and show that the aggregated effects of highly-distributed DG and DSM resources can have significant impacts on the operation of the bulk transmission system.

Using the wind speed measurements collected at the University of Victoria School-based Weather Station Network over the last several years, an assessment of the local wind power potential is presented focusing on its residential use. It is found that, while the local winds are generally characterized by relatively small mean values, their spacial and temporal variability is large. More wind power is potentially available during the winter season compared to the summer season, and during daytime compared to nighttime. The examination of wind characteristics at 32 stations in the network reveals areas with wind energy potential 1.5-2.3 times larger than that at the UVic location, which represents a site with average wind power potential. The station with the highest potential is found to be that of Lansdowne. The probability distribution of the local wind speeds can be reasonably well described by the Weibull probability distribution, although it is recommended that seasonal variability of local winds be taken into consideration when estimating the Weibull fitting parameters. Based on a theoretical and statistical analysis, wind power output and its dependence on wind power density are estimated for five different locations in Victoria, B.C. Overall, it is found that the largest amount of power can be produced from the wind at Lansdowne during winter where, among the micro and small turbines considered, the FD2.5-300 and ARE10kW, respectively, would produce the largest amounts of power.

This thesis presents a study on the applicability of common roughness parameterization guidelines in determining values of the surface roughness length (z0). These guidelines are often used for vertical extrapolation of wind speeds in the renewable energy industry. The specific goal of this thesis is to determine whether these guidelines (most notably the Davenport roughness classification system) can provide a quality estimate of the roughness length for wind resource assessment purposes. To test this hypothesis, empirical relationships between calculated values of z0 derived from logarithmic profile fitting and those estimated from subjective terrain analyses guidelines are compared at two prospective wind farm locations in Southern Ontario. The results suggest that the use of roughness parameterization guidelines for extrapolating wind speeds can cause serious underestimation of the local wind resources, especially at locations where local topographic challenges exist. Their use in energy assessments should be avoided if possible through on-site measurements of the wind profile.