The objectives of this study are (1) to develop an accurate and efficient fatigue analysis procedure that can be used in reliability analysis and reliability-based design optimization (RBDO) of composite wind turbine blades; (2) to develop a wind load uncertainty model that provides realistic uncertain wind load for the reliability analysis and the RBDO process; and (3) to obtain an optimal composite wind turbine blade that satisfies target reliability for durability under the uncertain wind load. The current research effort involves: (1) developing an aerodynamic analysis method that can effectively calculate detailed wind pressure on the blade surface for stress analysis; (2) developing a fatigue failure criterion that can cope with non-proportional multi-axial stress states in composite wind turbine blades; (3) developing a wind load uncertainty model that represents realistic uncertain wind load for fatigue reliability of wind turbine systems; (4) applying the wind load uncertainty model into a composite wind turbine blade and obtaining an RBDO optimum design that satisfies a target probability of failure for a lifespan of 20 years under wind load uncertainty. In blade fatigue analysis, resultant aerodynamic forces are usually applied at the aerodynamic centers of the airfoils of a blade to calculate stress/strain. However, in reality the wind pressures are applied on the blade surface. A wind turbine blade is often treated as a typical beam-like structure for which fatigue life calculations are limited in the edge-wise and/or flap-wise direction(s). Using the beam-like structure, existing fatigue analysis methods for composite wind turbine blades cannot cope with the non-proportional multi-axial stress states that are endured by wind turbine blades during operation. Therefore, it is desirable to develop a fatigue analysis procedure that utilizes detailed wind pressures as wind loads and considers non-proportional multi-axial stress states in fatigue damage calculation. In this study, a 10-minute wind field realization, determined by a 10-minute mean wind speed V10 and a 10-minute turbulence intensity I10, is first simulated using Veers’ method. The simulated wind field is used for aerodynamic analysis. An aerodynamic analysis method, which could efficiently generate detailed quasi-physical blade surface pressures, has been developed. The generated pressures are then applied on a high-fidelity 3-D finite element blade model for stress and fatigue analysis. The fatigue damage calculation considers the non-proportional multi-axial complex stress states. A detailed fatigue damage contour, which indicates the fatigue failure locally, can be obtained using the developed fatigue analysis procedure. As the 10-minute fatigue analysis procedure is deterministic in this study, the calculated 10-minute fatigue damage is determined by V10 and I10. It is necessary to clarify that the rotational speed of the wind turbine blade is assumed to be constant (12.1 rpm) and the pitch angle is fixed to be 0 degree for different wind conditions, since the rotational speed control and pitch angle control have not been considered in this study. For predicting the fatigue life of a wind turbine, a fixed Weibull distribution is widely used to determine the percentage of time the wind turbine experiences different mean wind speeds during its life-cycle. Meanwhile, fixed turbulence intensities are often used based on the designed wind turbine types. These simplifications, i.e., fixed Weibull distribution and fixed turbulence intensities, ignore the realistic uncertain wind load when designing a reliable wind turbine system. In the real world, both the mean wind speed and turbulence intensity vary constantly over one year, and their annual distributions are different at different locations and in different years. Thus, it is necessary to develop a wind load uncertainty model that can provide a realistic uncertain wind load for designing reliable wind turbine systems. In this study, 249 groups of measured wind data, collected at different locations and in different years, are used to develop a dynamic wind load uncertainty model. The dynamic wind load uncertainty model consists of annual wind load variation and wind load variation in a large spatiotemporal range, i.e., at different locations and in different years. The annual wind load variation is represented by the joint probability density function of V10 and I10. The wind load variation in a large spatiotemporal range is represented by the probability density functions of five parameters, C, k, a, b, and τ, which determine the joint probability density function of V10 and I10. In order to obtain the RBDO optimum design efficiently, a deterministic design optimization (DDO) procedure of a composite wind turbine blade has been first carried out using averaged percentage of time (probability) for each wind condition. A wind condition is specified by two terms: 10-minute mean wind speed and 10-minute turbulence intensity. In this research, a probability table, which consists of averaged probabilities corresponding to different wind conditions, is referred as a mean wind load. The mean wind load is generated using the dynamic wind load uncertainty model. During the DDO process, the laminate thickness design variables are tailored to minimize the total cost of composite materials while satisfying the target fatigue lifespan of 20 years. It is found that, under the mean wind load condition, the fatigue life of the initial design is only 0.0004 year. After the DDO process, even though the cost at the DDO optimum design is increased by 31.5% compared to that at the initial design, the predicted fatigue life at the DDO optimum design is significantly increased to 19.9995 years. Reliability analyses of the initial design and the DDO optimum design have been carried out using the wind load uncertainty model and Monte Carlo simulation. The reliability analysis results show that the DDO procedure reduces the probability of failure from 100% at the initial design to 49.9% at the DDO optimum design considering only wind load uncertainty. In order to satisfy the target 2.275% probability of failure, it is necessary to further improve the fatigue reliability of the composite wind turbine blade by RBDO. Reliability-based design optimization of the composite wind turbine blade has been carried out starting at the DDO optimum design. Fatigue hotspots for RBDO are identified among the laminate section points, which are selected from the DDO optimum design. Local surrogate models for 10-minute fatigue damage have been created at the selected hotspots. Using the local surrogate models, both the wind load uncertainty and manufacturing variability has been included in the RBDO process. It is found that the probability of failure is 50.06% at the RBDO initial design (DDO optimum design) considering both wind load uncertainty and manufacturing variability. During the RBDO process, the normalized laminate thickness design variables are tailored to minimize the total cost of composite materials while satisfying the target 2.275% probability of failure. The obtained RBDO optimum design reduces the probability of failure from 50.06% at the DDO optimum design to 2.28%, while increasing the cost by 3.01%.

Vibration is an inherent phenomenon in dynamic mechanical systems. The work undertaken in this thesis is to identify natural frequencies of a variable length blade. Therefore designers can ensure that natural frequencies will not be close to the frequency (or integer multiples) of the main excitation forces in order to avoid resonance. For a wind turbine blade, the frequency range between 0.5 Hz and 30 Hz is relevant. The turbine blade is approximated by a cantilever, therefore, it is fully constrained where attached to a turbine shaft/hub. Flap-wise, edge-wise and torsional natural frequencies are calculated. The MATLAB program “BEAMANALYSIS.m” has been developed for the finite element analysis of a one dimensional model of the beam. Similarly, a three dimensional model of the beam has been developed in a finite element program Unigraphics NX5. The results found using the MATLAB program are compared with those found with NX5. Satisfactory agreement between the results is found for frequencies up to almost 500 Hz. Additionally, the frequencies one might expect in an experiment are identified. Experimental modal analysis has been performed on a uniform and stepped beam made of mild steel to extract the first five flap-wise natural frequencies. The results found have been compared to numerical results and the exact solution of an Euler-Bernoulli beam. Concurrence is found for the frequency range of interest. Although, some discrepancies exist at higher frequencies (above 500 Hz), finite element analysis proves to be reliable for calculating natural frequencies. Finally, the fixed portion and moveable portion of the variable length blade are approximated respectively by a hollow and a solid beam which can be slid in and out. Ten different configurations of the variable length blade, representing ten different positions of the moveable portion are investigated. A MATLAB program named VARIBLADEANALYSIS.m was developed to predict natural frequencies. Similarly three dimensional models of the variable length blade have been developed in the finite element program Unigraphics NX5. / This work was supported by the Research office of CPUT.

The goal of the European Union is to make strides towards a circular economy. This means recycling or re-using as much of the material in the economic system as possible. The wind industry faces a great challenge in the years to come as huge quantities of increasingly larger wind turbines reach the end of their service-life. When old wind turbines have been decommissioned, most parts are scrapped and recycled into other applications. The turbineblades however are made from glass- and carbon fibre polymers and are not as easily recycled. Recent bans of putting the blades into landfills steer the industry toward finding new applicationfor the old wind turbine blades. Re-purposing the blades as bridges, shelters, houses and towers has been suggested, as well as re-cycle the material or recover the blades as energy. Regardless of what method is preferred, the wind turbine blades need to be transported to a re-purpose or recycling facility. Because of the distribution of wind turbines within countries, the optimal location of such facilities can be hard to evaluate. The centre-of-gravity method (evaluating the centre-of-mass) has been suggested as a way of evaluating the optimal location of such facilities. The method is built upon the assumption that the wind turbine blade can be easily downsized, transported and accommodated in a single transport. In order to achieve this, the present thesis has compared and evaluated different methods of segmenting the wind turbine blade (mechanical, thermal and chemical) as well as different loading and compressing methods. The mechanical separation methods tend to be more suitable than the thermal and chemical counterparts. The choice of loading methods is dictated by the resulting fraction size of the wind turbine blade after separation. The mass density of the resulting blade could be increased with a suitable way of compression (hydraulic or gravity).

Dynamic Substructuring is a powerful tool for simplification of the analysis of complex structures and it has been well established along the years in analytical calculations by means of the Craig-Bampton technique. Recently, a new branch of substructuring, the Experimental Dynamic Substrucuring, appeared as a promising field of research for the engineering community. This area presents several intrinsic difficulties, evincing a need to develop the traditional substructuring methods towards obtaining better results using the experimental approach. In this scenery, the Transmission Simulator technique emerges as an instrument for potential improvement of the achieved results. This work represents a study on the use of the Transmission Simulator technique in the analysis of an Ampair A600 wind turbine blade subjected to loads at the interface to the hub, and it is a part of the benchmarking studies of SEM (Society of Experimental Mechanics). The work consisted of collecting experimental data via vibration tests of a single blade connected to different sizes of transmission simulators. After that, a mathematical representation of the blade was obtained via subtraction of the effect of the transmission simulators via substructuring technique. The computed model was subsequently coupled to a model of the remainder of the wind turbine (the hub plus two blades), and the results were compared to data acquired in tests of the whole assembly. The final findings did not reflect the theory prospects and further investigation is necessary to evaluate the effectiveness of the used methodology.

Αντικείμενο της παρούσας διδακτορικής διατριβής είναι η πειραματική και υπολογιστική διερεύνηση αεροδυναμικής συμπεριφοράς πτερύγων σε διφασική ροή αέρα–νερού και η εφαρμογή σε πτερύγια ανεμοκινητήρων. Αρχικά, γίνεται πειραματική και υπολογιστική μελέτη μονοφασικής ροής αέρα γύρω από αεροτομές, πτέρυγες και πτερύγιο ανεμοκινητήρα και στη συνέχεια μελέτη διφασικής ροής αέρα-νερού γύρω από τα ίδια σώματα. Η σύγκριση μεταξύ των αποτελεσμάτων της μονοφασικής ροής με τα αντίστοιχα της διφασικής ροής αέρα-νερού είναι αναγκαία ώστε να μελετηθούν οι επιπτώσεις της διφασικής ροής αέρα–νερού στην αεροδυναμική απόδοση. Η πειραματική ανάλυση αφορά τη διεξαγωγή πειραμάτων για τη μελέτη της αεροδυναμικής συμπεριφοράς αεροτομών και πτερύγων σε συνθήκες μονοφασικής και διφασικής ροής. Για την προσομοίωση συνθηκών διφασικής ροής αέρα-νερού τροποποιείται η αεροσήραγγα που διαθέτει ήδη το Εργαστήριο με την προσαρμογή ειδικών ακροφυσίων ψεκασμού νερού (συνθήκες βροχής). Για τις ανάγκες των πειραμάτων χρησιμοποιούνται τα μοντέλα αεροτομών και πτερύγων NACA 0012 που συνοδεύουν την αεροσήραγγα και κατασκευάζονται αεροτομή και πτέρυγες S809. Τα πειράματα μονοφασικής και διφασικής ροής γίνονται για την ίδια ταχύτητα αέρα. Για τη διφασική ροή αέρα-νερού εξετάστηκαν τέσσερις διαφορετικές πυκνότητες περιεχόμενης βροχής. Η υπολογιστική ανάλυση γίνεται με το υπολογιστικό πακέτο ANSYS CFD-Fluent. Αρχικά, γίνονται προσομοιώσεις για μονοφασική ροή αέρα γύρω από την αεροτομή NACA 0012, για την οποία υπάρχει πλήθος δημοσιευμένων αποτελεσμάτων, με τρία διαφορετικά μοντέλα τύρβης ώστε να βρεθεί το καταλληλότερο. Ο συντελεστής άνωσης υπολογίζεται με μεγάλη ακρίβεια, σε αντίθεση με το συντελεστή αντίστασης. Το πρόβλημα αυτό οφείλεται στην αδυναμία του Fluent να υπολογίσει το σημείο μετάβασης του οριακού στρώματος από στρωτό σε τυρβώδες. Κρίνεται επομένως αναγκαίο να γίνει σύγκριση του συντελεστή αντίστασης με πειραματικά δεδομένα για πλήρως τυρβώδες οριακό στρώμα. Για ακόμα πιο ακριβή αποτελέσματα αναπτύσσεται αλγόριθμος για τον υπολογισμό του σημείου μετάβασης από στρωτό σε τυρβώδες οριακό στρώμα και γίνονται προσομοιώσεις ορίζοντας την περιοχή αριστερά από το σημείο μετάβασης ως στρωτή και δεξιά από αυτό ως τυρβώδη. Υπολογίζονται οι κατανομές πίεσης και ταχύτητας γύρω από την αεροτομή, καθώς επίσης και τα σημεία ανακοπής, μέγιστης ταχύτητας, αποκόλλησης και επανακόλλησης του οριακού στρώματος. Παρουσιάζονται επίσης οι ροϊκές γραμμές και τα διανύσματα της ταχύτητας γύρω από την αεροτομή. Αντίστοιχες προσομοιώσεις γίνονται και για την αεροτομή S809. Για τη μελέτη του τρισδιάστατου χαρακτήρα της ροής, γίνονται προσομοιώσεις γύρω από πτέρυγα S809. Υπολογίζονται οι συντελεστές άνωσης και αντίστασης, τα σημεία ανακοπής, μέγιστης ταχύτητας, αποκόλλησης και επανακόλλησης του οριακού στρώματος. Επίσης παρουσιάζονται κατανομές της έντασης της τύρβης στην άνω επιφάνεια της πτέρυγας και της συνισταμένης ταχύτητας, της ταχύτητας στη z-διεύθυνση, της έντασης της τύρβης και της επιτάχυνσης της ροής πίσω από την πτέρυγα. Για τη μελέτη της ροής γύρω από περιστρεφόμενο πτερύγιο γίνονται προσομοιώσεις γύρω από το πτερύγιο Phase IV της NREL. Γίνεται μελέτη της κατανομής της αξονικής ταχύτητας πίσω από το δρομέα, της κατανομής της στατικής πίεσης και της έντασης της τύρβης πάνω στην επιφάνεια του πτερυγίου και της κατανομής της στατικής πίεσης σε διάφορα σημεία πάνω στο πτερύγιο. Η υπολογιστική μελέτη της διφασικής ροής αέρα-νερού γίνεται αρχικά για την αεροτομή NACA 0012 με πυκνότητα περιεχόμενης βροχής LWC=30 g/m³, επειδή υπάρχουν αντίστοιχα έγκυρα πειραματικά αποτελέσματα ώστε να γίνει σύγκριση για την εγκυρότητα της διαδικασίας της προσομοίωσης. Στη συνέχεια γίνονται προσομοιώσεις για διφασική ροή αέρα-νερού γύρω από την αεροτομή S809, την πτέρυγα S809 και το περιστρεφόμενο πτερύγιο Phase IV της NREL. Προσομοιώσεις γίνονται επίσης για διαφορετικές πυκνότητες περιεχόμενης βροχής για τη ροή γύρω από τις αεροτομές σε χαμηλό αριθμό Reynolds. Τα αποτελέσματα της διφασικής ροής αέρα-νερού συγκρίνονται με τα αντίστοιχα της μονοφασικής ροής ώστε να προκύψουν συμπεράσματα για τις επιπτώσεις της βροχής στην αεροδυναμική απόδοση. Γίνεται επίσης υπολογισμός του συντελεστή ισχύος του ανεμοκινητήρα σε συνθήκες μονοφασικής ροής αέρα και διφασικής ροής αέρα-νερού. Σε συνθήκες διφασικής ροής αέρα-νερού παρατηρείται υποβάθμιση της αεροδυναμικής απόδοσης, συγκεκριμένα μείωση της άνωσης με παράλληλη αύξηση της αντίστασης. Δυο είναι οι βασικοί μηχανισμοί που επικρατούν και έχουν ως αποτέλεσμα την υποβάθμιση αυτή. Στην επιφάνεια της αεροτομής δημιουργείται ανομοιόμορφο φιλμ νερού που αυξάνει την τραχύτητα και το πάχος της αεροτομής. Τα σταγονίδια καθώς προσκρούουν πάνω στο φιλμ νερού δημιουργούν «κρατήρες» αυξάνοντας την τραχύτητα της αεροτομής. Επίσης, τα σωματίδια νερού διασπώνται κατά την πρόσκρουσή τους πάνω στην αεροτομή σε άλλα σταγονίδια μικρότερης διαμέτρου και μειωμένης ταχύτητας. Αυτό έχει ως αποτέλεσμα τα σταγονίδια αυτά, επαναεπιταχυνόμενα από τη ροή του αέρα να αποσπούν ποσό ενέργειας από το οριακό στρώμα καθιστώντας το πιο ευάλωτο σε αποκόλληση. Στόχος της μελέτης της αεροδυναμικής συμπεριφοράς των πτερυγίων σε διφασική ροή αέρα-νερού είναι η κατασκευή ανεμοκινητήρων υψηλού βαθμού απόδοσης και η παραγωγή φθηνής ενέργειας από την όσο το δυνατόν καλύτερη αξιοποίηση της αιολικής ενέργειας. / The aim of the present doctoral thesis is the experimental and computational study of the aerodynamic behavior of wings in two-phase flow and the application on wind turbine blades. First of all, experimental and computational study of one-phase flow over airfoils, wings and wind turbine blade and afterwards study of two-phase flow over the same bodies is conducted. The comparison of the results between dry and wet conditions is necessary in order to show the effects of two-phase flow at the aerodynamic performance. Wind tunnel tests were conducted to show the aerodynamic behavior of airfoils and wings in one-phase and two-phase flows. To simulate two-phase flow, the wind tunnel of the Fluid Mechanics Laboratory has to be configured with adding commercial rain simulated nozzles. For the experiments NACA 0012 airfoils and wings which come along the wind turbine are utilized and airfoil and wings S809 are constructed. The experiments of one-phase flow and two-phase flow are conducted for the same air velocity. For the two-phase flow four different Liquid Water Contents are examined. For the computational analysis the commercial CFD code ANSYS Fluent is used. In first place, simulations of one-phase flow over the NACA 0012 airfoil are done with three different turbulence models. The NACA0012 airfoil is chosen because it has been studied in depth and has a precise data base to compare the results of the simulation with. The lift coefficients are computed with accuracy in contrast to the drag coefficient. The overprediction of drag is expected since the actual airfoil has laminar flow over the forward half. The turbulence models cannot calculate the transition point from laminar to turbulent and consider that the boundary layer is turbulent throughout its length. Therefore, it is necessary to compare the computational results with experimental data of a fully turbulent boundary layer. In order to get more accurate results, the computational domain could be split into two different domains to run mixed laminar and turbulent flow. The contours of pressure and velocity over the airfoil are presented, as well as stagnation, maximum velocity, detachment and reattachment points of the boundary layer are computed. Streamlines and velocity vectors over the airfoil are also presented. Similar simulations are conducted for the S809 airfoil. In order to study the tree-dimensional effects of the flow, simulations over the S809 wing are made. Lift and drag coefficients, stagnation, maximum velocity, detachment and reattachment points of the boundary layer are computed. Moreover, contours of turbulent intensity on the upper surface of the wing and velocity, z-velocity, turbulence intensity and helicity behind the wing are presented. Simulations over the Phase IV blade of NREL are also conducted. The axial velocity behind the rotor, the static pressure and the turbulence intensity contribution on the blade’s surface and the static pressure contours at several blade cross-sections are studied. First of all, the computational study of the two-phase flow over a NACA 0012 airfoil and Liquid Water Content LWC=30 g/m3 is conducted, because there are published experimental data for comparison, in order to validate the CFD developed model. After that, simulations of two-phase flow over the S809 airfoil, S809 wing and Phase IV blade are made. In addition, computational study of the effects of different Liquid Water Content on the aerodynamic performance of NACA 0012 and S809 airfoil at low Reynolds number is made. The results from two-phase flow are compared with the corresponding results from one-phase flow in order to show the effects of two-phase flow at the aerodynamic performance. The influence of two-phase flow on the power coefficient of a wind turbine is also investigated. The results show that the aerodynamic performance degrades when encountering rain, especially lift is degreased and drag is increased. The aerodynamic degradation is caused by the water film formation on the airfoil’s surface and the cratering effects from the raindrops impact. The presence of uneven water film on the airfoil surface roughens the airfoil surface and increases the airfoil thickness. The cratering effects from the water droplets impact on the water film layer increase also the airfoil thickness. Moreover, the droplets splash-back when they impact the airfoil and as a result droplets with smaller diameter and velocity are formed. The acceleration of the splashed-back droplets by the air flowfield acts as a momentum sink, deenergizing the boundary layer and leaving it more susceptible to separation. The aim of the study of the aerodynamic behavior of blades in two-phase flow is the construction of wind turbines with greater efficiency and the production of energy from wind with low cost.

Atmospheric icing presents serious challenges to the development of wind power of the wind energy industry in cold regions. The potential detrimental impact on the safe operation of wind turbines and the energy harvest hasn't been fully understood and requires further investigation. This thesis presents the research on icing profiles under different weather conditions and their impact on natural frequency, fatigue life, and lift and drag of the wind turbine blade. The research aims to develop a further understanding of the effect of atmospheric ice accretion on the structural integrity and aerodynamic performance of wind turbine blades through numerical and aerodynamic investigations to address the challenges facing the industry. A 5-MW NREL (National Renewable Energy Laboratory) wind turbine blade was selected for this study, due to availability of required geometric design parameters and experimental data for verification. The turbine rotor and its three blades were modelled and numerically simulated with commercial finite element software ANSYS. Three icing scenarios were chosen according to the ISO Standard and the corresponding icing profiles were developed to investigate their influence on vibrational behaviours of the wind turbine blade and rotor under different weather conditions. Icing loads were applied on the leading edge of the blade and natural frequency results were compared between clean and iced blades. It was found that harsh icing weather drove the natural frequency down to the near resonance limit, which could lead to significant issue on structural integrity of the wind turbine. The effect of atmospheric ice accretion with additional load due to varying wind speeds on the fatigue life of the wind turbine blade has been investigated. Significant reduction of fatigue life was found due to the increase of the von Mises stresses. Finally, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis was carried out to investigate the effect of atmospheric ice accretion on the aerodynamic performance of typical 1-MW and 5-MW wind turbine blades. Results of the drag and lift coefficients and power production under different icing scenarios were obtained for five angles of attack. Compared with the results of the clean aerofoil profile, remarkable reduction in the power generation was observed due to the accreted ice at various aerofoil sections in the spanwise direction of the blade, demonstrating the detrimental impact of atmospheric icing on energy harvest for the wind energy industry.

Significant advances in wind turbine technology have increased the need for maintenance through condition monitoring. Indeed condition monitoring techniques exist and are deployed on wind turbines across Europe and America but are limited in scope. The sensors and monitoring devices used can be very expensive to deploy, further increasing costs within the wind industry. The work outlined in this thesis primarily investigates potential low-cost alternatives in the laboratory environment using vibration-based and modal testing techniques that could be used to monitor the condition of wind turbine blades. The main contributions of this thesis are: (1) the review of vibration-based condition monitoring for changing natural frequency identification; (2) the application of low-cost piezoelectric sounders with proof mass for sensing and measuring vibrations which provide information on structural health; (3) the application of low-cost miniature Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems (MEMS) accelerometers for detecting and measuring defects in micro wind turbine blades in laboratory experiments; (4) development of an in-service calibration technique for arbitrarily positioned MEMS accelerometers on a medium-sized wind turbine blade. This allowed for easier aligning of coordinate systems and setting the accelerometer calibration values using samples taken over a period of time; (5) laboratory validation of low-cost modal analysis techniques on a medium-sized wind turbine blade; (6) mimicked ice-loading and laboratory measurement of vibration characteristics using MEMS accelerometers on a real wind turbine blade and (7) conceptualisation and systems design of a novel embedded monitoring system that can be installed at manufacture, is self-powered, has signal processing capability and can operate remotely. By applying the conclusions of this work, which demonstrates that low-cost consumer electronics specifically MEMS accelerometers can measure the vibration characteristics of wind turbine blades, the implementation and deployment of these devices can contribute towards reducing the rising costs of condition monitoring within the wind industry.

This master‘s thesis focuses on wind turbines. The first part describes the basic attributes of wind energy and wind turbines and is accompanied by a many images. The next section is a statistical processing of measured meteorological data from measuring stations of the Czech Hydrometeorological Institute. These data are then used for calculations of the blades of wind turbines. The calculations are carried by two different methods. The first method is called the blade element momentum theory, the second method is the theory of blade cascade. Using these methods are obtained by two different blades. The last section compares the two blades in terms of geometric and performance.

L’objet de cette thèse est de proposer et d’identifier un modèle de comportement mécanique en fatigue écrit à l’échelle du pli ou de la couche composite élémentaire. Le modèle doit permettre de prédire l’évolution des dégradations mais également la résistance résiduelle. Les matériaux concernés par cette étude sont des composites renforcés par des tissus de fibres de verre bi ou tri axiaux. Ce travail exclue les zones de liaisons ou de reprise de pli où des contraintes hors plan engendrent des couplages forts entre endommagement intra et inter laminaires. Les principaux objectifs de la thèse sont de : - Identifier sur le matériau de l’étude les mécanismes d’endommagement et leur couplage en quasi-statique et en fatigue - Caractériser et modéliser la perte de rigidité engendrée par les mécanismes d’endommagement - Caractériser et modéliser les cinétiques d’endommagement en fatigue - Caractériser et modéliser les pertes de résistance engendrées par les mécanismes d’endommagement - Implémenter et tester le modèle proposé (ou celui retenu de la littérature et qui sera modifié si besoin) dans un code de calcul EF / The purpose of this thesis is to propose and identify a model of mechanical fatigue behavior written for the lamina level. The model would be able to predict damage evolution but also residual strength. Studied materials are bi or tri axial glass fibre reinforced plastics fabrics. This work excluded joints areas where out of plane stresses generate strong coupling between intra and inter laminar damage. The main goals of the thesis are: - Identify on the material of the study damage mechanisms and their coupling in quasi-static and fatigue - Characterize and model residual stiffness caused by damage mechanisms - Characterize and model fatigue damage - Characterize and model residual strength caused by damage mechanisms - Implement and test the proposed model (or the one chosen in the literature and changed if necessary) in a computer FE code

This study aims to perform a feasibility study on the DTU 10MW-RWT wind turbine blades constructed in the fossil-free high-strength steel 1300 MPa from SSAB. The acceptance criteria, on which the study is based, are taken from the DTU composite wind turbine model. A maximum weight of 41 000kg and a maximum tip displacement of 12.5 m are chosen. By fulfilling the acceptance criteria, the results of this study could contribute to a more sustainable future by decreasing the carbon dioxide emissions of wind turbine blades and improving their  recycling options. To perform weight optimization the Finite Element Analyses software Abaqus and the optimization software Tosca Structure are used.  The study is conducted based on Design for Six Sigma (DFSS) up until the design concept SG2. The study results in a preliminary design of the wind turbine blade constructed in SSAB Strenx 1300 and proofs that Tosca is a suitable software for performing weight optimization. The results show that it would be feasible to replace the wind turbine blades with SSAB Strenx 1300 MPa, but it will result in a weight increase for the current design. For further studies, it is recommended to consult with the stakeholders on how much weight increase of the blade is acceptable and study on how to modify the design of the steel wind turbine blade.