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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

On Simultaneous Localization and Mapping inside the Human Body (Body-SLAM)

Bao, Guanqun 28 April 2014 (has links)
Wireless capsule endoscopy (WCE) offers a patient-friendly, non-invasive and painless investigation of the entire small intestine, where other conventional wired endoscopic instruments can barely reach. As a critical component of the capsule endoscopic examination, physicians need to know the precise position of the endoscopic capsule in order to identify the position of intestinal disease after it is detected by the video source. To define the position of the endoscopic capsule, we need to have a map of inside the human body. However, since the shape of the small intestine is extremely complex and the RF signal propagates differently in the non-homogeneous body tissues, accurate mapping and localization inside small intestine is very challenging. In this dissertation, we present an in-body simultaneous localization and mapping technique (Body-SLAM) to enhance the positioning accuracy of the WCE inside the small intestine and reconstruct the trajectory the capsule has traveled. In this way, the positions of the intestinal diseases can be accurately located on the map of inside human body, therefore, facilitates the following up therapeutic operations. The proposed approach takes advantage of data fusion from two sources that come with the WCE: image sequences captured by the WCE's embedded camera and the RF signal emitted by the capsule. This approach estimates the speed and orientation of the endoscopic capsule by analyzing displacements of feature points between consecutive images. Then, it integrates this motion information with the RF measurements by employing a Kalman filter to smooth the localization results and generate the route that the WCE has traveled. The performance of the proposed motion tracking algorithm is validated using empirical data from the patients and this motion model is later imported into a virtual testbed to test the performance of the alternative Body-SLAM algorithms. Experimental results show that the proposed Body-SLAM technique is able to provide accurate tracking of the WCE with average error of less than 2.3cm.
2

System Level Approach towards Intelligent Healthcare Environment

Avirovik, Dragan 16 July 2014 (has links)
Surgical procedures conducted without proper guidance and dynamic feedback mechanism could lead to unintended consequences. In-vivo diagnostics and imaging (the Gastro-Intestinal tract) has shown to be inconvenient for the patients using traditional endoscopic instruments and often these conventional methods are limited in terms of their access to various organs (e.g. small intestines). Embedding sensors inside the living body is complex and further the communication with the implanted sensors is challenging using the current RF technology. Additionally, continuous replacement and/or batteries recharging for wireless sensors networks both in-vivo and ex-vivo adds towards the complexity. Advances in diagnostics and prognostics techniques require development at multiple levels through systems approach, guided by the futuristic intelligent decision making environment that reduces the human interference. The demands are not only at the component level, but also at the connectivity of the components such that secure, sustainable, self-reliant, and intelligent environment can be realized. This thesis provides important breakthroughs required to achieve the vision of intelligent healthcare environment. The research contributions of this thesis provide foundation for developing a new architecture for continuous medical diagnostic and monitoring. The chapters in this thesis cover four fundamental technologies covering the in-vivo imaging, ex-vivo imaging, energy for sensors, and acoustic communication. These technologies are: locomotion mechanism for wireless capsule endoscope (WCE), multifunctional image guided surgical (MIGS) platform, shape memory alloy (SMA) thermal energy harvester and thermo-acoustic sonar using carbon nanotube (CNT) sheets. First, two types of locomotion mechanisms were developed, the first one inspired by millipede legged type mechanism and the second one based on the traveling waves that were induced onto the walls of the WCEs through vibration. Both mechanisms utilize piezoelectric actuators and couple their dynamics and actuation capability in order to achieve propulsion. This controlled locomotion will provide WCE advantage in terms of conducting localized diagnostics. Next, in order to conduct ex-vivo surgical procedures using the OCT such as removing the unwanted tissue and tumors short distance beneath the skin, MIGS platform was developed. The MIGS platform is composed of three key elements: optical coherence tomography (OCT) probe, laser scalpel and high precision miniature scanning and positioning stage. The focus in this dissertation was on design and development of the programmable scanning and positioning stage. The combination of in-vivo tool such as WCE and ex-vivo tool such as MIGS will provide opportunity to conduct many non-invasive procedures which will save time and cost. In order to power the feedback sensors that assist in remote operation of surgical procedures and automation of the diagnostic algorithms, an energy harvester technology based on the SMA thermal engine was designed, fabricated, and characterized. A mechano-thermal model for the overall SMA engine was developed and experimentally validated. Finally, the thermo-acoustic sound generation mechanism using CNT sheets was investigated with the goal of developing techniques for acoustic localization of WCE and customized sound generation devices. CNT thermo-acoustic projectors were modeled and experimentally characterized to quantify the dynamics of the system under varying drive conditions. The overall vision of this thesis is to lay down the foundation for intelligent healthcare environment that provides the ability to conduct automated diagnostics, prognostics, and non-invasive surgical procedures. In accomplishing this vision, the thesis has addressed several key fundamental aspects of various technologies that will be required for implementing the automation algorithms. / Ph. D.
3

Location and Tracking for Ultra-WideBand In-Body Communications in Medical Applications

Barbi, Martina 13 December 2019 (has links)
[ES] La cápsula inalámbrica de endoscopia (WCE) es una tecnología notable y atractiva adoptada en el sector biomédico hace varios años. WCE proporciona una tecnología de imagen inalámbrica no invasiva que permite a los especialistas reconocer y diagnosticar enfermedades que afectan todo el tracto gastrointestinal. Aunque los médicos pueden recibir imágenes claras de anomalías en el tracto gastrointestinal, no tienen información sobre sus exacta ubicación. La localización precisa de los trastornos detectados es crucial para el posterior procedimiento de extracción mediante cirugía. Actualmente, la banda de frecuencia asignada para aplicaciones de cápsula endoscópica es la banda MICS (402-405 MHz) que ofrece una velocidad de datos de hasta 500 kbps, insuciente para transmitir imágenes de alta calidad. Recientemente, la tecnología de banda ultra ancha (UWB) ha estado atrayendo atención como posible candidato para la próxima generación de cápsula endoscópica. Las ventajas de UWB incluyen arquitecturas de transceptor simples que permiten bajo consumo de potencia, baja interferencia a otros sistemas y amplio ancho de banda que resulta en comunicaciones a una velocidad de datos más alta. En esta disertación, el rendimiento de las técnicas de localización de WCE basadas en radiofrecuencia (RF) se investiga a través de simulaciones software, medidas experimentales de laboratorio que involucran fantomas homogéneos y heterogéneos y a través de experimentos in vivo que constituyen el escenario de prueba más realista. La tecnología UWB (3.1-10.6 GHz) se considera como interfaz de comunicación para aplicaciones de cápsula endoscópica. En tal escenario, el transmisor inalámbrico está ubicado en el tracto gastrointestinal, mientras que uno o más receptores inalámbricos están ubicados sobre la supercie del cuerpo. El enfoque basado en la potencia recibida (RSS) se investiga principalmente debido a su simplicidad de implementación y menos sensibilidad a las limitaciones de ancho de banda. Se analiza el impacto de la posición y del número de receptores seleccionados en la precisión de la localización. Finalmente, se desarrolla una interfaz gráfica de usuario (GUI) para visualizar los resultados de la localización en tres dimensiones (3D) obtenidos mediante las medidas in vivo. / [CAT] La càpsula sense fil d'endoscòpia (WCE) és una tecnologia notable i atractiva adoptada en el sector biomèdic fa diversos anys. La WCE proporciona una tecnologia d'imatge sense fil no invasiva que permet als especialistes reconéixer i diagnosticar malalties que afecten tot el tracte gastrointestinal. Encara que els metges poden rebre imatges clares d'anomalies en el tracte gastrointestinal, no tenen informació sobre les seues exacta ubicació. La localització precisa dels trastorns detectats és crucial per al posterior procediment d'extracció mitjançant cirurgia. Actualment, la banda de freqüència assignada per a aplicacions de càpsula endoscòpica és la banda MICS (402-405 MHz) que ofereix una velocitat de dades de fins a 500 kbps, insucient per a transmetre imatges d'alta qualitat. Recentment, la tecnologia de banda ultra ampla (UWB) ha estat atraient atenció com a possible candidata per a la pròxima generació de càpsula endoscòpica. Els avantatges d' UWB inclouen arquitectures de transceptor simples que permeten un baix consum de potència, baixa interferència amb altres sistemes i una gran amplada de banda que resulta en comunicacions a una velocitat de dades més alta. En aquesta dissertació, el rendiment de les tècniques de localització de WCE basades en radiofrequència (RF) s'investiga a través de simulacions amb programari, mesures experimentals de laboratori que involucren fantomes homogenis i heterogenis i a través d'experiments in vivo que constitueixen l'escenari de prova més realista. La tecnologia UWB (3.1-10.6 GHz) es considera com a interfície de comunicació per a aplicacions de càpsula endoscòpica. En tal escenari, el transmissor sense fil està situat en el tracte gastrointestinal, mentre que un o més receptors sense fils estan situats sobre la superfície del cos. L'enfocament basat en la potència rebuda (RSS) s'investiga principalment a causa de la seua simplicitat d'implementació i menys sensibilitat a les limitacions d'amplada de banda. S'analitza l'impacte de la posició i del numere de receptors seleccionats en la precisió de la localització. Finalment, es desenvolupa una interfície gràca d'usuari (GUI) per a visualitzar els resultats de la localització en tres dimensions (3D) obtinguts mitjançant les mesures in vivo. / [EN] Wireless Capsule Endoscopy (WCE) is a remarkable and attractive technology adopted in the biomedical sector several years ago. It provides a non-invasive wireless imaging technology for the entire gastrointestinal (GI) tract. WCE allows specialists to recognize and diagnose diseases affecting the whole GI tract. Although physicians can receive clear pictures of abnormalities in the GI tract, they have no information about their exact location. Precise localization of the detected disorders is crucial for the subsequent removal procedure by surgery. Currently, the frequency band allocated for capsule endoscopy applications is the MICS band (402-405 MHz). This band offers data rate up to 500 kbps, which is insufficient to transmit high quality images. Recently, Ultrawideband (UWB) technology has been attracting attention as potential candidate for next-generation WCE systems. The advantages of UWB include simple transceiver architectures enabling low power consumption, low interference to other systems and wide bandwidth resulting in communications at higher data rate. In this dissertation, performance of WCE localization techniques based on Radio Frequency (RF) information are investigated through software simulations, experimental laboratory measurements involving homogeneous and heterogeneous phantom models and in vivo experiments which constitute the most realistic testing scenario. Ultra-Wideband technology (3.1-10.6 GHz) is considered as communication interface in Wireless Capsule Endoscopy. In such scenario, the wireless transmitter is located in the gastrointestinal track while one or more wireless receivers are located over the surface of the body. Received Signal Strength (RSS)-based approach is mainly explored due to its implementation simplicity and less sensitivity to bandwidth limitations. Impact of the position and the number of selected receivers on the localization accuracy is analyzed. Finally, a graphical user interface (GUI) is developed to visualize the three-dimensional (3D) localization results obtained through in vivo measurements. / Barbi, M. (2019). Location and Tracking for Ultra-WideBand In-Body Communications in Medical Applications [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/132874 / TESIS
4

Επαγωγική ζεύξη ισχύος για ενεργά εμφυτεύσιμα ιατροτεχνολογικά προϊόντα / Inductively coupled power systems for active implantable medical devices

Αθανασόπουλος, Παναγιώτης 19 April 2010 (has links)
Στην παρούσα διπλωματική εργασία αναζητείται ένας αυτόματος τρόπος ελέγχου, του επιπέδου της εκπεμπόμενης ισχύος προς το εσωτερικό του ανθρωπίνου σώματος. Εκεί μέσα βρίσκεται κάποιο ενεργό ιατροτεχνολογικό εμφύτευμα. Αυτό το εμφύτευμα στην περίπτωση της εργασίας αυτής, ήταν μία κάψουλα που καταγράφει με φωτογραφίες το γαστρεντερικό σύστημα καθώς οι περισταλτικές κινήσεις του εντέρου προωθούν την κάψουλα προς την έξοδο. Οι φωτογραφίες μεταδίδονται προς καταγραφικό που βρίσκεται έξω από το σώμα με ασύρματο τρόπο. Όπως καταλαβαίνουμε η κάψουλα αυτή αλλά και οποιοδήποτε άλλο ενεργό ιατροτεχνολογικό εμφύτευμα έχει ενεργειακές ανάγκες για την απρόσκοπτη λειτουργία του. Αυτές οι ανάγκες καλύπτονται με ασύρματη μετάδοση ενέργειας. Οι καινοτομίες που υπάρχουν σ’ αυτήν την εργασία είναι οι εξής: 1. Όσον αφορά το εξωτερικό τροφοδοτικό χρησιμοποιήθηκε ένας αντιστροφέας συντονισμού κλάσης D 2. Το πιο καινοτόμο στοιχείο είναι η δημιουργία κλειστού βρόχου ελέγχου μεταξύ του εξωτερικού τροφοδοτικού και του εμφυτεύματος ώστε αυτό να λαμβάνει την ποσότητα της ενέργειας που χρειάζεται κάθε στιγμή. 3. Επίσης σημαντικό είναι ότι η μετάδοση πληροφορίας από το εμφύτευμα προς τα έξω δεν γίνεται με μία ξεχωριστή συχνότητα αλλά χρησιμοποιώντας αρχές παθητικής τηλεμετρίας. Η εργασία αυτή πέρα από την θεωρητική προσέγγιση υλοποιήθηκε και πρακτικά σε εργαστήρια του πανεπιστημίου KUL (ESAT MICAS) στο Βέλγιο. Ο Βρόγχος ελέγχου λειτούργησε και πολλά συμπεράσματα εξάχθηκαν για περεταίρω βελτιώσεις. Η δομή του παρόντος πονήματος είναι ως εξής: Μετά την αρχική εισαγωγή το δεύτερο κεφάλαιο μας δίνει ένα θεωρητικό υπόβαθρο για την ασύρματη μετάδοση ενέργειας. Στη συνέχεια τα διάφορα μέρη των ηλεκτρονικών κυκλωμάτων που αναπτύχθηκαν αναλύονται διεξοδικά στα επόμενα κεφάλαια. Τέλος καταγράφονται τα συμπεράσματα και προτείνονται πιθανές βελτιώσεις για το μέλλον. / In this diploma thesis a way to have an automated control of the transmitted power level into the human body is sought. Inside the body there is an active medical implant. This implant in the case of this project is a swallowable capsule-camera that captures images along the GI tract as the peristaltic propulusion of the bowel push the capsule towards the exit. The photos are transmitted wirelessly to a special recording device that is located out of the body. It is obvious that not only this capsule but any other active medical implant needs energy to operate uninterrupted. This necessary energy is given through inductive power transmission. Innovations in this project are these: 1. The power supply outside the body is realized with Class-D resonant inverter topology. 2. The most innovative is the effectuation of closed control loop between the outer power supply and the implant in order to be received from the implant the exact amount of power that is needed every instant. 3. Also significant is that the transmission of data from the implant to the controlled power supply is not be done with a different carrier but using passive telemetry principles. Beyond the theoretic approximation that was made for this project, it was also realized in KUL university laboratories (ESAT MICAS) in Belgium. The closed control loop functioned properly and conclusions for further development are inferred. The structure of this diploma thesis is as follows: After the starting introduction the theoretic background for wireless inductive power transmission is given in chapter 2. Following, the different parts of the electronic circuits that were developed are analyzed comprehensively in next chapters. Finally conclusions are registered and future improvements are proposed.
5

In-body to On-body Experimental UWB Channel Characterization for the Human Gastrointestinal Area

Pérez Simbor, Sofía 16 December 2019 (has links)
[ES] La población mundial en países desarrollados está envejeciendo y con ello existe un aumento de enfermedades en gran medida causadas por la edad. Las nuevas tecnologías médicas pueden ayudar a detectar, diagnosticar y tratar estas enfermedades y con ello ahorrar dinero, tiempo y recursos de los sistemas sanitarios. Las tecnologías inalámbricas implantables han abierto un nuevo panorama para la próxima generación de tecnologías médicas. Frecuencias como la Ultra Wide-Band (UWB) de 3.1 a 10.6 GHz están siendo consideradas para la nueva generación de dispositivos inalámbricos para dentro del cuerpo humano. Las características como el reducido tamaño de las antenas, la baja potencia de transmisión y la alta velocidad de datos son las más buscadas en este tipo de dispositivos. El problema surge porque el cuerpo humano depende de la frecuencia de modo que a mayores frecuencias, mayores son las pérdidas por propagación. Conociendo el canal de transmisión se puede solventar el problema de las altas pérdidas. Esta tesis tiene como objetivo caracterizar el canal de radio frecuencia (RF) para la nueva generación de dispositivos médicos implantables. Para caracterizar el canal se han empleado tres diferentes metodologías: simulaciones numéricas, medidas en phantom y experimentos en animales vivos. Las medidas en phantom fueron realizadas en un nuevo sistema de medidas expresamente disen¿ados para medidas de dentro a fuera del cuerpo humano en la banda de frecuencias UWB. Además, se utilizó un novedoso recipiente con dos capas de phantom imitando la zona gastrointestinal del cuerpo. Estos phantoms fueron creados para este tipo de medidas y son extremadamente precisos a las frecuencias UWB. Para los experimentos en animales se utilizaron cerdos y se intentó reproducir en ellos las medidas previamente realizadas en phantom. Las simulaciones software se realizaron con la intención de replicar ambas metodologías. Una vez realizados los experimentos se realizó un extensivo estudio del canal en dominio frecuencial y temporal. Mas en detalle, se compararon las antenas usadas en la recepción y transmisión, el efecto de la grasa en el canal, la formas del recipiente contenedor de phantom y las componentesmulticamino. Como resultado se ha propuesto un modelo de propagación del canal para la banda baja de las frecuencias UWB (3.1 -5.1 GHz) para la zona gastrointestinal del cuerpo humano. Este modelo de propagación ha sido validado utilizando las tres metodologías previamente descritas y comparada con otros estudios existentes en literatura. Finalmente, se midió el canal de propagación para una determinada aplicación a bajas frecuencias con señales UWB. También se realizaron medidas del canal de propagación en la zona cardíaca del cuerpo humano desde un punto de vista de seguridad de datos. Los resultados obtenidos en esta tesis confirman los beneficios que tendría la utilización de frecuencias UWB para las futuras generaciones de dispositivos médicos implantables. / [CA] La població mundial a països desenvolupats està envellint-se i enfrontant-se a un augment d'infermetats principalment causades per la edat. Les noves tecnologies mèdiques poden ajudar a detectar, diagnosticar i tractar aquestes malalties, estalviant diners, temps i recursos sanitaris. Els dispositius implantables sense fils han generat un nou panorama per a les noves generacions de dispositius mèdics. Les freqüències com la banda de UWB estan sent considerades per a les futures tecnologies implantables. La reduïda grandària de les antenes, la baixa potència de transmissió i les altes velocitats de dades son característiques buscades per als dispositius implantables. Per contra, els éssers humans depenen de la freqüència en el sentit que a majors freqüències, majors les pèrdues per propagació quan el senyal travessa el cos humà d'interior a exterior. Per solventar aquestes pèrdues el canal de propagació s'ha d'entendre i conèixer de la millor manera possible. Aquesta tesi doctoral te com a objectiu caracteritzar el canal de radio freqüència (RF) per a la nova generació de dispositius mèdics implantables. S'han emprat tres metodologies diferents per a realitzar aquesta caracterització: simulacions software, mesures amb fantomes i experiments amb animals vius. Els experiments amb fantomes es van realitzar a un sistema de mesures dissenyat expressament per a les transmissions de dins a fora del cos humà a les freqüències UWB. També es van utilitzar un contenidor per als fantomes de dues capes, imitant l'area gastrointestinal dels humans. Per als experiments a animals es van emprar porcs, replicant els experiments al laboratori en fantomes de la forma més semblant possible. Les simulacions software foren dissenyades per a imitar les experiments amb fantomes i animals. Després dels experiments el canal de propagació es va investigar exhaustivament des del domini freqüèncial i temporal. S'ha observat com les antenes en transmissió i recepció afecten al senyal, la influència de la grassa, la forma del contenidor de fantoma i les possibles contribucions multicamí. Finalment es proposa un nou model de propagació per a les baixes freqüències UWB (3.1 a 5.1 GHz) per a la zona GI del cos humà. El model es va validar utilitzant les tres metodologies abans esmentades i també foren comparades amb model ja existents a la literature. Finalment des d'un punt de vista aplicat, el canal es va avaluar per al senyal UWB a baixes freqüències (60 MHz). A més a més, per a la nova generació de marcapassos sense fil es va investigar el canal des d'un punt de vista de seguretat de dades. Els resultats obtinguts a aquesta tesi confirmen els avantatges d'emprar la banda de freqüències UWB per a la nova generació de dispositius médics implantables. / [EN] The current global population in developed countries is becoming older and facing an increase in diseases mainly caused by age. New medical technologies can help to detect, diagnose and treat illness, saving money, time, and resources of physicians. Wireless in-body devices opened a new scenario for the next generation of medical devices. Frequencies like the Ultra Wide-band (UWB) frequency band (3.1 - 10.6 GHz) are being considered for the next generation of in-body wireless devices. The small size of the antennas, the low power transmission, and the higher data rate are desirable characteristics for in-body devices. However, the human body is frequency ependent, which means higher losses of the radio frequency (RF) signal from in- to out-side the body as the frequency increases. To overcome this, the propagation channel has to be understood and known as much possible to process the signal accordingly. This dissertation aims to characterize the (RF) channel for the future of in-body medical devices. Three different methodologies have been used to characterize the channel: numerical simulations, phantom measurements, and living animals experiments. The phantom measurements were performed in a novel testbed designed for the purpose of in-body measurements at the UWB frequency band. Moreover, multi-layer high accurate phantoms mimicking the gastrointesintal (GI) area were employed. The animal experiments were conducted in living pigs, replicating in the fairest way as possible the phantom measurement campaigns. Lastly, the software simulations were designed to replicate the experimental measurements. An in-depth and detail analysis of the channel was performed in both, frequency and time domain. Concretely, the performance of the receiving and transmitting antennas, the effect of the fat, the shape of the phantom container, and the multipath components were evaluated. Finally, a novel path loss model was obtained for the low UWB frequency band (3.1 - 5.1 GHz) at GI scenarios. The model was validated using the three methodologies and compared with previous models in literature. Finally, from a practical case point of view, the channel was also evaluated for UWB signals at lower frequencies (60 MHz) for the GI area. In addition, for the next generation of leadless pacemakers the security link between the heart and an external device was also evaluated. The results obtained in this dissertation reaffirm the benefits of using the UWB frequency band for the next generation of wireless in-body medical devices. / Pérez Simbor, S. (2019). In-body to On-body Experimental UWB Channel Characterization for the Human Gastrointestinal Area [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/133034 / TESIS

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